564 research outputs found
Needham and UNESCO: perspectives and realizations
No full textA l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de l'Unesco, j'ai coordonné la première partie d'un ouvrage sur l'histoire du secteur des sciences naturelles à l'Unesco, Sixty years of Sciences at Unesco, principalement écrit par des fonctionnaires, retraités ou en activité du secteur des sciences de l'Unesco. Cette première partie concerne les 20 premières années (1945-1965). J'en ai écrit une grande partie, en coopération avec des historiens des sciences, l'introduction et neuf sections, soit 10 dépôts dans HAL, dans les versions qui précèdent l'édition finale. Le livre a été publié en novembre 2006, aux Éditions de l'Unesco : http://publishing.unesco.org/details.aspx?Code_Livre=4503Joseph Needham, biochemist and historian of science, Marxist and Anglican, was the first head of the Natural Sciences Division in UNESCO, from April 1946 when he just returned from China. He spent there 3 years to organize the Sino-British scientific co-operation, and many of his proposals for UNESCO came from his experience in China: a voluntary co-operation not to be left only to the scientific unions; a priority for the Third World ("Periphery Principle"); the promotion of History of science; the social aspects of science. Needham was also rooted in the Social Relations of Science Movement" of the 1930s. The 2 years during which Needham headed the Science Department marked the UNESCO culture for long.The following text is the section (1st part of the book) dedicated to Needham's original ideas and their sources.Joseph Needham, biochimiste et historien des sciences, marxiste et anglican, a été le premier directeur du secteur des sciences naturelles de l'Unesco, dès avril 1946 à son retour de Chine. Il venait d'y passer 3 ans comme responsable de la coopération scientifique sino-britannique et y puisera une grande partie de ses orientations : une coopération internationale volontariste à ne pas laisser dans les seules mains des Unions scientifiques, la priorité au Tiers-Monde ("principe de périphérie"), le développement de l'histoire des sciences, les implications sociales de la science. Toutes ces idées sont aussi enracinées dans le "mouvement pour les relations sociales de la science" des années 1930. Les deux ans passés par Needham dans cette fonction ont longtemps marqué la "culture" de l'Unesco.Le texte qui suit est la section (première partie du livre) consacrée aux orientations défendues par Needham et à leurs origines
Open access self-archiving: An author study
No full textThis, our second author international, cross-disciplinary study on open access had 1296 respondents. Its focus was on self-archiving. Almost half (49%) of the respondent population have self-archived at least one article during the last three years. Use of institutional repositories for this purpose has doubled and usage has increased by almost 60% for subject-based repositories. Self-archiving activity is greatest amongst those who publish the largest number of papers. There is still a substantial proportion of authors unaware of the possibility of providing open access to their work by self-archiving. Of the authors who have not yet self-archived any articles, 71% remain unaware of the option. With 49% of the author population having self-archived in some way, this means that 36% of the total author population (71% of the remaining 51%), has not yet been appraised of this way of providing open access. Authors have frequently expressed reluctance to self-archive because of the perceived time required and possible technical difficulties in carrying out this activity, yet findings here show that only 20% of authors found some degree of difficulty with the first act of depositing an article in a repository, and that this dropped to 9% for subsequent deposits. Another author worry is about infringing agreed copyright agreements with publishers, yet only 10% of authors currently know of the SHERPA/RoMEO list of publisher permissions policies with respect to self-archiving, where clear guidance as to what a publisher permits is provided. Where it is not known if permission is required, however, authors are not seeking it and are self-archiving without it. Communicating their results to peers remains the primary reason for scholars publishing their work; in other words,
researchers publish to have an impact on their field. The vast majority of authors (81%) would willingly comply with a mandate from their employer or research funder to deposit copies of their articles in an institutional or subject-based repository. A further 13% would comply reluctantly; 5% would not comply with such a mandate
IRUS-UK: making scholarly statistics count in UK repositories
No full textIRUS-UK is a new national standards-based statistics aggregation service for institutional repositories in the UK. The service processes raw usage data from repositories, consolidating those data into COUNTER-compliant statistics by following the rules of the COUNTER Code of Practice - the same code adhered to by the majority of scholarly publishers. This will, for the first time, enable UK repositories to provide consistent, comparable and trustworthy usage data, as well as supporting opportunities for benchmarking at a national level. This article provides some context to development, benefits and opportunities offered by the service, an institutional repository perspective and future plans
The Post-War International Laboratories Projects
No full textA l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de l'Unesco, j'ai coordonné la première partie d'un ouvrage sur l'histoire du secteur des sciences naturelles à l'Unesco, Sixty years of Sciences at Unesco, principalement écrit par des fonctionnaires, retraités ou en activité du secteur des sciences de l'Unesco. Cette première partie concerne les 20 premières années (1945-1965). J'en ai écrit une grande partie, en coopération avec des historiens des sciences, l'introduction et neuf sections, soit 10 dépôts dans HAL, dans les versions qui précèdent l'édition finale. Le livre a été publié en novembre 2006, aux Éditions de l'Unesco : http://publishing.unesco.org/details.aspx?Code_Livre=4503One of the first initiatives taken by Laugier and Needham in May 1946 has been to propose the establishment of international scientific laboratories. Laugier had a centralized conception, and Needham was more turned to favour the initiative from the scientists themselves. But they both shared the same "Third World priority". The first attempt has been in the Amazon Region, but was soon a failure. About fifteen laboratories have been proposed, but very few came into life.The following text is the section (1st part of the book) dedicated to this attempt to establish new forms of international scientific co-operation.Une des premières initiatives de Laugier et Needham, en mai 1946, fut de proposer la création de laboratoires scientifiques internationaux, avec une conception plus centralisée pour Laugier, et plus incitative pour Needham. Ils partageaient une même optique tiers-mondiste. La première tentative fut en Amazonie, et fut un échec. Une quinzaine de laboratoires furent envisagés, mais très peu virent le jour.Le texte qui suit est la section (première partie du livre) consacrée à cette tentative de nouvelles formes de coopération internationale
The Birth of the Scientific and Cultural History of Mankind Project
No full textA l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de l'Unesco, j'ai coordonné la première partie d'un ouvrage sur l'histoire du secteur des sciences naturelles à l'Unesco, Sixty years of Sciences at Unesco, principalement écrit par des fonctionnaires, retraités ou en activité du secteur des sciences de l'Unesco. Cette première partie concerne les 20 premières années (1945-1965). J'en ai écrit une grande partie, en coopération avec des historiens des sciences, l'introduction et neuf sections, soit 10 dépôts dans HAL, dans les versions qui précèdent l'édition finale. Le livre a été publié en novembre 2006, aux Éditions de l'Unesco : http://publishing.unesco.org/details.aspx?Code_Livre=4503Febvre, Needham and Huxley shared the paternity of the UNESCO's project to publish an Scientific and Cultural History of Mankind (SCHM). The project aimed to give a central part to the sciences and to the techniques in the development of humankind, and to put the exchanges between civilizations into the centre of this history. The project wished to favour the mutual understanding between peoples, which was the proper UNESCO's Charter. The preparation of the project lasted nearly three years, with an astonishing convergence between Needham, Febvre and Huxley. Their project was innovative for the historiographical content as for the methodology, but faced a strong opposition from conservative sectors, whether historians, scientists, or diplomats. The final piece, published by UNESCO in the 1960s, was very far from their project.The following text is the section (1st part of the book) dedicated to the first steps of the SCHM under the aegis of Needham, Febvre, and HuxleyLa paternité du projet d'histoire scientifique et culturelle de l'humanité, éditée par l'Unesco, est partagée par Febvre, Needham et Huxley. Le projet voulait donner une place essentielle aux sciences et techniques dans l'histoire de l'humanité, et mettre les échanges entre civilisations au cœur de cette histoire pour favoriser la compréhension entre peuples, ce qui était le projet général de l'Unesco. Les trois années de préparation du projet ont montré une étonnante convergence entre ces trois personnalités. Leur projet, innovant sur le plan du contenu historiographique et de la méthodologie, a rencontré l'hostilité des conservateurs, fussent-ils scientifiques, historiens, ou diplomates. La réalisation finale, dans les années 1960, sera très loin de leur projet.Le texte qui suit est la section (première partie du livre) consacrée aux premiers pas du projet d'Histoire scientifique et culturelle de l'humanité sous l'égide de Needham, Febvre et Huxley
UNESCO and the International Union for History of Science
No full textA l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de l'Unesco, j'ai coordonné la première partie d'un ouvrage sur l'histoire du secteur des sciences naturelles à l'Unesco, Sixty years of Sciences at Unesco, principalement écrit par des fonctionnaires, retraités ou en activité du secteur des sciences de l'Unesco. Cette première partie concerne les 20 premières années (1945-1965). J'en ai écrit une grande partie, en coopération avec des historiens des sciences, l'introduction et neuf sections, soit 10 dépôts dans HAL, dans les versions qui précèdent l'édition finale. Le livre a été publié en novembre 2006, aux Éditions de l'Unesco : http://publishing.unesco.org/details.aspx?Code_Livre=4503The International Academy for History of Science had many difficulties to survive after the war. It has been a very small, elitist, closed, and bureaucratic body. The importance given by Needham to the history of science prevailed on him to impose – through UNESCO's science division – the establishment of an International Union for the History of Science (IUHS) besides the Academy. He engaged Cortesao, an historian of science, in the science division; he gave money to publish the Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences; and he provoked the creation of a commission for "the history of the social relations of science" within the IUHS. Needham's intervention deeply shaped the development of the IUHS in the following years.The following text is the section (1st part of the book) dedicated to the part played by Needham and Cortesao in the establishment of the IUHSL'Académie internationale d'histoire des sciences avait de grosses difficultés à survivre après guerre. C'était un organisme très restreint, élitiste, fermé et bureaucratique. L'importance donné par Needham à l'histoire des sciences l'a conduit, avec l'aide de la division des sciences de l'Unesco, à provoquer la création d'une Union Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences (UIHS) à côté de l'Académie. Il a embauché un historien des sciences, Armando Cortesao, pour la division des sciences, financé la publication des Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, et poussé à la création d'une commission pour "l'histoire des relations sociales de la science" au sein de l'UIHS. Cette intervention de Needham a profondément marqué le développement futur de l'UIHS.Le texte qui suit est la section (première partie du livre) consacrée au rôle de Needham et Cortesao dans la création de l'UIH
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Breaking out from the straitjacket: an appreciation of the art of teaching in a business classroom within a scientifically-based teaching environment
No full textTeachers might develop a wonderful feeling that many young people have understood a lesson and have not just enjoyed the experience but done so in a way that has created some 'thing' special for all of those involved ('thing' is highlighted in this instance as it is a tangible event taking place and not any attempt to represent it). Some teachers describe this as a buzz; in other words, like nature itself, as something education. The paper argues that scientific enframing not only puts a straitjacket on teachers within the UK, it also makes it difficult for them to develop and appreciate the 'art of teaching'. unquestionably unique that justifies their commitment to their teaching and their students. No matter how much we know about botany and genes, every flower is unique and blooms because it blooms. As Angelus Silesius indicates within his poetry "The rose is without why; it blooms because it blooms, It pays no attention to itself, ask not whether it is seen." (Heidegger,1991) The United Kingdom education system has existed under the hammer of transformation, with a National Curriculum (1988), a rigorous inspection regime (Woodward, 2001) and countless changes in curriculum and associated assessments (QCA, 2004), as well as a substantive apparatus that makes many assumptions about how teachers should operate within the classroom. The primary concern of this paper is to question how the 'scientific framing' of teaching through competences and other measures of accountability has influenced the work of teachers within the context of business
The WFSW and Unesco in the late 1940s
No full textA l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de l'Unesco, j'ai coordonné la première partie d'un ouvrage sur l'histoire du secteur des sciences naturelles à l'Unesco, Sixty years of Sciences at Unesco, principalement écrit par des fonctionnaires, retraités ou en activité du secteur des sciences de l'Unesco. Cette première partie concerne les 20 premières années (1945-1965). J'en ai écrit une grande partie, en coopération avec des historiens des sciences, l'introduction et neuf sections, soit 10 dépôts dans HAL, dans les versions qui précèdent l'édition finale. Le livre a été publié en novembre 2006, aux Éditions de l'Unesco : http://publishing.unesco.org/details.aspx?Code_Livre=4503The left-sided scientists, most of them being in fact British or French, established the World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFSW) in July 1946, when UNESCO was "a work in progress". UNESCO's science division and the WFSW had the same roots in the Social relations of Science Movement of the 1930s. Initially, the WFSW (Joliot and Bernal) and UNESCO (Needham and Huxley) were conceived as complementary. But the Cold War provoked an American hostility to the WFSW and a Russian hostility to UNESCO. Needham hoped an agreement between the WFSW and UNESCO similar to the one with the ICSU, but only obtained a limited one in July 1947, which was suppressed already in June 1950 following an American pression.The following text is the section (1st part of the book) dedicated to the first years of the failed partnership between UNESCO and the WFSW.Les scientifiques progressistes, principalement anglais et français, ont créé la Fédération Mondiale des Travailleurs Scientifiques (FMTS) en juillet 1946, en même temps que l'Unesco. La FMTS avait les mêmes racines que la division des sciences de l'Unesco dans le mouvement pour les relations sociales de la science des années 1930. La FMTS (Joliot, Bernal) et l'Unesco (Needham, Huxley) les concevaient à l'origine comme complémentaires. Mais la guerre froide, avec l'hostilité des États-Uniens envers la FMTS et des Russes envers l'Unesco allait bloquer une coopération entre les deux organismes. Needham souhaitait un accord identique à celui passé entre l'Unesco et l'ICSU, mais n'obtint qu'un accord limité en juillet 1947, supprimé dès juin 1950 sous pression des États-Uniens.Le texte qui suit est la section (première partie du livre) consacrée à l'échec initial du partenariat entre l'Unesco et la FMT
An investigation into violence against nurses in the southern region of Malawi Chimwemwe Chikoko.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Incidences of violence in nursing have been reported in local media in Malawi. Although violence in the health sector is not a new concept, it has become a global concern in the 21st century (Needham, Kingma, O'Brien-Pallas, McKenna, Tucker & Oud, 2008:6). The aim of the study was to investigate and describe the nature and extent of violence against nurses and the perceived effects thereof on nurses in selected health facilities in the southern region of Malawi
Delivery, Management and Access Model for E-prints and Open Access Journals within Further and Higher Education
No full textThis study identified three models for open access provision in the UK: (a) the centralised model, where e-prints of articles are first deposited directly into a national archive and then made accessible to users and service providers; (b) the distributed model, where e-prints are deposited in any one of a distributed network of OAI-compliant institutional, subject-based and open-access journal archives, whose metadata are then harvested and made accessible to users and service providers; and (c) the model we have termed the ‘harvesting’ model, a variant of the distributed model in which the harvested metadata are first improved, standardised or enhanced before being made accessible to users and service providers. In considering the relative merits of these models, we addressed not only technical concerns but also how e-print provision (by authors) can be achieved, since without this content provision there can be no effective e-print delivery service (for users). For technical and cultural reasons, this study recommends that the centralised model should not be adopted for the proposed UK service. This would have been the costliest option and it would have omitted the growing body of content in distributed institutional, subject-based, and open-access journal archives. Moreover, the central archiving approach is the ‘wrong way round’ with respect to e-print provision since for reasons of academic and institutional culture and so long as effective measures are implemented, individual institution-based e-print archives are far more likely to fill (and fill quickly) than centralised archives, because institutions and researchers share a vested interested in the impact of their research output, and because institutions are in a position to mandate and monitor compliance, a position not enjoyed by centralised archives. The study therefore recommends the ‘harvesting’ model [(c) above], constituting a UK national service founded upon creating an interoperable network of OAI-compliant, distributed, institution-based e-print archives. Such a service, based on harvesting metadata (and, later, full-text) from distributed, institution-based e-print archives and open access journals would be cheaper to implement and would more effectively garner the nation’s scholarly research output. The model also permits further enhancement of the metadata to provide improved features and functionality
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