835 research outputs found
Lessons from diagnosis-prescribing and antibiotic resistance surveillance in Ujjain, India : the lull before the storm
No full textBackground: The evolution of antibiotic resistance is a global public health crisis building over decades. In this build-up antibiotic use has been the main driver for antibiotic resistance. To develop context-specific interventions, effective surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance are needed in counties like India, which have witnessed a rapid rise in resistance recently and where the need for effective antibiotics is high.Aim: The main aim of this thesis is to increase the knowledge regarding antibiotic prescribing patterns and prevalence of resistance in an Indian setting, so as to identify targets for interventions aimed to improve clinical practice for common infections.Methods: This thesis includes five cross-sectional studies. Paper I and paper II describes the patterns of antibiotic prescribing for outpatients with suspected infectious aetiology and among admitted patients, respectively. The defined daily doses (DDDs) were calculated per 1000 patients per diagnosis considered in paper I. Focus of infection specific DDDs were calculated per 100 patient days in paper II. In paper III, prescriptions for children with diarrhoea were analysed for adherence to treatment guidelines and factors associated with adherence were explored. In paper IV healthy children were screened for nasal carriage of S. aureus to identify factors associated with nasal carriage and to describe the resistance patterns. Paper V describes the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pathogens isolated from patients with suspected infections. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. All the studies were done using structured, pilot tested questionnaires.Results: Overall antibiotic prescribing was 66.3%, 3732 out of 5623 outpatients (Paper I) and 92%, 5531 out of 6026 admitted patients (Paper II). Quinolones were the most frequently prescribed antibiotic group among outpatients and third generation cephalosporins among the admitted patients (Paper I and II). For diarrhoea in children only 6 out of 843 prescriptions adhered completely to treatment guidelines. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) was prescribed for 58%, ORS with zinc for 22% and antibiotics for 71% of the cases (Paper III). The prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus was 98 out of 1562 i.e. 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.1-7.5). Of these, 16.3% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Overcrowding was associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus (Paper IV). Among pathogens (n=716) isolated form admitted patients (n=2568), Gram-negative pathogens predominated (62%). Extendedspectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates (n=149) was 69% (95% CI 61.6–76.6) and in K. pneumoniae isolates (n=107), 41% (95% CI 31.6–50.5). MRSA constituted 30% of all S. aureus isolates (n=221).Conclusions: The targets identified for interventions were: high antibiotic prescribing rates for diarrhoea (Paper I, II and III) and upper respiratory tract infection (Paper I). Other targets include, longer than recommended duration of prophylaxis (86% of 1846 patients) and lack of distinction between prophylaxis and therapy among surgical patients, irrational antibiotic prescribing in gastroenteritis, overuse of quinolones and lack of use of penicillin in pneumonia, overuse of quinolones and lack of use of doxycycline and macrolides in genital infections, and overreliance on antibiotics in treating skin and soft tissue infections (Paper II). The high rate of antibiotic prescribing among admitted patients together with the high rates of ESBL producing pathogens shows urgent need to curb antibiotic use when there is no indication for it (Paper V).List of scientific papersI. Pathak A, Mahadik K, Dhaneria SP, Sharma A, Eriksson B, Stålsby Lundborg C. Antibiotic prescribing in outpatients: Hospital and seasonal variations in Ujjain, India. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011 Jul, 43(6-7): 479-88. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2011.554854 II. Pathak A, Mahadik K, Dhaneria SP, Sharma A, Eriksson B and Stålsby Lundborg C. Surveillance of antibiotic consumption using “focus of infection” approach in Ujjain, India. [Submitted]III. Pathak D, Pathak A, Marrone G, Diwan V, Stålsby Lundborg C. Adherence to treatment guidelines for acute diarrhoea in children up to 12 years in Ujjain, India-a cross-sectional prescription analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 28; 11:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-32 IV. Pathak A, Marothi Y, Iyer RV, Singh B, Sharma M, Eriksson B, Macaden R, Stålsby Lundborg C. Nasal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy preschool children in Ujjain, India. BMC Pediatr. 2010 Dec 29; 10:100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-10-100 V. Pathak A, Marothi Y, Kekre V, Mahadik K, Macaden R and Stålsby Lundborg C. High prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing pathogens: Results of a surveillance study in 2 hospitals, Ujjain, India. Infect and Drug Resist. 2012, 5:65-73. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S30043 </p
RTA 2012 Proceedings Frontmatter
No full textFrontmatter, Table of Contents, Conference Organization, External Reviewers, Author Index
2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
No full textIsaac Macwan (with Shrinivas Bhosale, Ashish Aphale, Miad Faezipour, Priya Bhosale, and Prabir Patra) is a contributing author Computer Assisted Detection of Liver Neoplasm (CADLN), pp.1510-1513
Towards Post Development in India. Lessons of Community Resilience in Times of Crises
No full textAuthor: Ashish Kothari is an Indian environmentalist working on development – environment interface, biodiversity policy, and alternatives. Environment and wildlife have been his passions since high school in Delhi, when (in 1978-79) he helped found Kalpavriksh, a non-profit organisation in India which deals with environmental and development issues. Since then, he has been associated with peoples’ movements like Narmada Bachao Andolan and Beej Bachao Andolan. He is also involved in coordinateing national and global networks like Vikalp Sangam and Global Tapestry of Alternatives
Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms using molecular affinity separation and mass spectrometry
No full textSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) constitute the most abundant human genetic variations and are important markers for studying interindividual variability with many different techniques having being developed for their study. The use of mass spectrometry (MS) is an attractive detection method for SNP genotyping due to label free detection based on molecular mass, especially for use in diagnostic applications that would require analysis of tens of SNPs in cohorts of individuals. The work in this thesis explores the use of a molecular affinity purification system for improving multiplexing levels of SNP genotyping using MS based detection and approaches for improving its throughput.
The strong molecular affinity between biotin and streptavidin has been employed for isolation of biotinylated oligonucleotides before analysis by MS using the previously developed solid phase capture-single base extension approach. We have been able to genotype up to 50 SNPs simultaneously using two genes from the cytochrome 450 family of genes as model system. These results have demonstrated the utility of the biotin-streptavidin affinity system for highly multiplexed SNP genotyping using MS. Following this, two approaches have been employed to reduce processing time and improve throughput of the technique. First, we have used monomeric avidin coated microbeads to fabricate a device that leads to a substantial reduction in processing time for the isolation step to ~2 hours, and allows simultaneous processing of multiple samples for genotyping a limited number of SNPs. Additionally, the microbead device can be reused 5 times with a simple regeneration protocol thus acting as a low cost tool for enhancing sample cleanup prior to MS. A second approach involves the use of heat and water for breaking the biotin-streptavidin interaction that allows direct analysis of released fragments by MS. We have shown its utility for reducing processing time after the isolation step substantially, and used it for highly multiplexed SNP genotyping. In concert, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of using the molecular affinity interaction between biotin and (strept)avidin for high throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms using MS.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-78)by Ashish Misr
Estimation of Reliability Parameters of a Complex Repairable System
No full textIn this paper estimation of reliability parameters of a complex repairable system is considered and semi-markov process is used in analyzing various reliability parameters such as Transition Probabilities, Mean sojourn times, MTSF, Availability and Busy period of repairman in repairing the failed units. In the past, Arora et-al[2] has done reliability analysis of two unit standby redundant system with constrained repair time. Gupta et-al [6] has worked on a compound redundant system involving human failure. Rander et-al [2] has evaluated the cost analysis of two dissimilar cold standby systems with preventive maintenance and replacement of standby units. A pioneer work in this field was done by Gopalan [1] and Osaki [3] by performing analysis of warm standby system and parallel system with bivariate exponential life respectively. Earlier, Pathak et al [7&8] studied reliability parameters of a main unit with its supporting units and also compared the results with two different distributions. In this paper, Chapman-Kolmogorov equations are used to develop recursive relations. Also the involvement of preventive maintenance in the model increases the reliability of the functioning units. In the end a particular case is also taken for discussion
Precipitation climatology of the Garhwal Himalayas
No full textThe knowledge of precipitation climatology is essential for the development of any region particularly mountainous region like Garhwal. In this paper, mean monsoon, winter, monthly and annual precipitation, estimates of maximum precipitation and point PMP values for different stations of Garhwal Himalayas for the past 100 years have been given and analysed. -from Author
Meta-Data of Papers in Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference from 2010 to 2015
No full textThe Asia-Pacific Software
Engineering Conference (APSEC) is an annual conference started in the year 1994
in Tokyo (Japan) with the aim of brining software engineering researchers and
practitioners from both university and industry around the world to exchange
research results and ideas. APSEC 1994 (Tokyo, Japan) was the first edition of
the conference and the annual event completes 23 editions in 2016 (Hamilton,
New Zealand). The dataset contains meta-data on APSEC 2010 to APSEC 2015 papers
from various perspectives such as paper
acceptance rates, conference location, scholarly output of various countries, keynotes,
workshops, conference organizers and sponsors, tutorials, prolific authors,
citation impact, internal and external collaboration, university and industry
participation and collaboration, gender imbalance, topical analysis, yearly author
churn and program committee characteristics. The paper titled “A Review of Six
Years of Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference” by Lov Kumar, Saikrishna
Sripada and Ashish Sureka published in APSEC 2016 is based on this dataset</p
Meta-Data of Papers in India Software Engineering Conference from 2008 to 2016
No full textThe India Software Engineering
Conference (ISEC) is an annual conference in the field of Software Engineering
(SE) in India. ISEC started in the year 2008 and completed 9 years in 2016. The
dataset contains meta-data of 9 years of ISEC publications and programs. The dataset contains information about ISEC
program (paper submission data, tutorials, workshops, keynotes, invited talks, geographical
location, programs and general chairs), author-affiliation-based geographical contributions
(international and national levels), topics, university and industry
collaborations, contributions across university types in India, prolific
authors and new authors, gender equality and imbalance, program committee
characteristics, open-source or close-source datasets and citation-based impact.
A paper on the dataset analysis is published in ACM SIGSOFT Software
Engineering Notes (September Issue 2016). The title of the paper is “A Nine
Year Story of the India Software Engineering Conference from 2008 to 2016”
published by Richa Sharma and Ashish Sureka. </p
Summary of shortlisted genes by PCA
No full text<p><strong>Supplementary Table 1. </strong>Enriched ontologies identified in mutants at different developmental stages on the basis of molecular function</p>
<p><strong>Supplementary Table 2. </strong>Enriched ontologies identified in mutants at different developmental stages on the basis of biological function</p>
<p><strong>Supplementary</strong> <strong>Figure 1.</strong> Comparison of targets of ABI 3 identified in shortlisted genes for <em>abi 3-5</em>, <em>fus 3-3</em>, <em>lec 1-1</em> and <em>abi 3-1</em> mutant lines</p>
<p><strong>Additional Data 1</strong>. Functionally more important genes shortlisted by PCA, for <em>abi3-5</em>, <em>fus3-3</em>, <em>lec1-1</em> & <em>abi 3 -1 </em>at 15, 17 and 21 DAF.</p>
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