3,562 research outputs found
Are rain gauges in the right place?
No full textRain gauges are a powerful tool to measure rain entering a watershed. When water flow through a watershed is modeled, these rainfall measurements are used as inputs. Hydrological models have become increasingly complex as they more accurately represent the physical processes occurring. This is mostly done by increasing the spatial and temporal resolution of the model. As this resolution is increased, the inputs also need to increase. This thesis looks into if rain gauges are in the right place when used as inputs for hydrological models. This has been done by analysing four factors which literature showed to have affect rain gauges. The four considered factors are: the distribution of rain gauges, the steepness of the slope they are on, the location on that slope and their location within a watershed. For each of these factors algorithms have been developed in Python which compute relevant information on a given station. These algorithms have been applied to 368 gauges across the United Kingdom (UK), available from an open data source. The rain gauges are well distributed across different altitudes matching the distribution of heights across the UK. Above 400 m there are no gauges and this area is therefore underrepresented. The spacing of stations is good, a few close together and some isolated gauges on islands. The steepness of slopes varies strongly, when a steepness of 25% is used as a threshold only around 3% are on too steep of a slope. A fair amount of gauges are on ridges. Especially those near the coast have steep seaward slopes and thus will suffer from underestimating the actual rainfall. Within watersheds gauges are often near rivers causing other areas of the watershed to be underrepresented, especially areas of higher elevation. In future research it is recommended to use more gauges in the data set. Secondly focusing on a baseline comparison can help identify which stations are placed incorrectly. Lastly it is recommended to vary the resolution of elevation data and the spatial area considered, focusing on watersheds.GitHub containing used code - https://github.com/Daafip/Are-rain-gauges-in-the-right-placeCivil Engineerin
Acid Rain - 02
No full textDocument - An article written by Martha Kostuch entitled, The Sour Side of Acid Rain, and letters from Martha Kostuch about acid rain. Brief to the Subcommittee on Acid Rain of the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Forestry (9 pages
Let it rain
No full textAs a result of the climate change, showers of rain become more and more extreme. This results in water problems in dense build areas where large amounts of rain water are immediately discharged into the sewer system. Rotterdam is one of these dense cities that struggles with this problem. The water system of Rotterdam can’t handle the amount of water during extreme weather. The sewer is discharged into the city canals which results in large water problems. Rotterdam is solving the direct causes of the water problems but also stimulation solutions to solve the problem in a indirect way. This project is about solving the water problem at its cause: the 99% hard surface in the inner city. The location along the Hoogstraat is chosen because it is a part of the area in which the municipality of Rotterdam has planned an open water system to collect rain water. Also the location includes a new-construction project and is situated along a main route. The special charachteristic of this is location is the link between the quiet Grote Kerkplein, the bustle Hoogstraat and the Delftsevaart. The Waterplan of Rotterdam argues for more temporary rain water storage in the innercity of Rotterdam. In the Museumpark a new parking garage is combined with water storage and the same concept will soon be used for the Zuidplein. But what happens if we combine rain water storage and architecture in a visible way? Multifunctional use of space and construction becomes possible and the relation between water and daily use will become more and more important. We already know buildings that collect rainwater and re-use it in a self-sufficient way. It is a challenge to design a building that also collects rain water from its surroundings and provides the surrounding area with purified water. If architecture and rain water storage are combined in a visible way the architecture and shape of the building will change if it rains. Rain water can be an integrated part of the architecture and the functional design. The project will be designed following these new concepts. The project will contain a restaurant and open air theater that is already planned in the area in the masterplan of KCAP. These two functions will be combined with a new and political relevant function: a museum about Water and Climate Change.Delta InterventionsArchitectureArchitectur
Citizen rain gauges improve hourly radar rainfall bias correction using a two-step Kalman filter
No full textThe low density of conventional rain gauge networks is often a limiting factor for radar rainfall bias correction. Citizen rain gauges offer a promising opportunity to collect rainfall data at a higher spatial density. In this paper, hourly radar rainfall bias adjustment was applied using two different rain gauge networks: tipping buckets, measured by Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), and daily citizen rain gauges. The radar rainfall bias correction factor was sequentially updated based on TMD and citizen rain gauge data using a two-step Kalman filter to incorporate the two gauge datasets of contrasting quality. Radar reflectivity data from the Sattahip radar station, gauge rainfall data from the TMD, and data from citizen rain gauges located in the Tubma Basin, Thailand, were used in the analysis. Daily data from the citizen rain gauge network were downscaled to an hourly resolution based on temporal distribution patterns obtained from radar rainfall time series and the TMD gauge network. Results show that an improvement in radar rainfall estimates was achieved by including the downscaled citizen observations compared with bias correction based on the conventional rain gauge network alone. These outcomes emphasize the value of citizen rainfall observations for radar bias correction, in particular in regions where conventional rain gauge networks are sparse.Water Resource
Rain
No full textThe author reflects on how the blessings of God flow as rain. Sometimes it is gentle and caressing, sometimes it feels like punishment, but everything the Lord allows us to go through, it is always for our benefit. His presence sustains us
Deep neural network based rain/no-rain classification and rain rate estimation
No full text2022 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Quantitative Precipitation Estimation is the process of computing rainfall rate or rainfall accumulation based on the state of the atmosphere. Atmospheric conditions can be described by using observations from meteorological instruments. Extreme weather events caused due to high rainfall can be dangerous in terms of loss of property and life. To prevent such disasters, accurate QPE algorithms that analyze and estimate the amount of rainfall observed in a region are critical. Moreover, rain rate estimates are crucial products in making management decisions in water, energy, construction infrastructure, and many other institutions. Researching state-of-the-art rainfall estimation techniques that make use of reliable remote sensing equipment such as satellites and radars is important as deploying rain gauges everywhere is not possible and is not a viable option. As rain precipitation is a complicated phenomenon, depending on multiple factors in the atmosphere, research is being done in this domain for many decades and the goal is to improve the accuracy of estimation by using new state-of-the-art methods. Weather radars are reliable remote sensing instruments that are used to capture the different properties of weather in form of products called moments. The goal of this work is to use weather radars in conjunction with Deep Neural Networks to provide solutions to multiple tasks in the QPE domain. Neural networks can be used for precipitation flagging such as classifying rain and no rain events. They can also be used for estimating the rain rates at specific coordinates or along regions. Though multiple empirical relationships between radar moments and rain rate already exist, this work provides good state-of-the-art alternatives to these equations and can even achieve comparable accuracy
"Cat in the rain": un preludio simbólico-narrativo en la obra de Ernest Hemingway
No full text«Cat in the Rain» is one of the earliest Hemingway\u27s short stories included in In Our Time (1925). Its study and analysis must be taken into account as very outstanding to understand the relationships between men and women in his following fiction.The plot, with certainty based partly on real facts, contains the most striking and literary symbols used by this author along his careen Nearly all these symbols are gathered together in this work, so we find the typical American couple in problems, the hotel and the room standing for a claustrophobic living space, the window focusing the action on the landscape or on the person to stand out, the symbolic animals in this case represented by the cat, the rain always in scene meaning grief and inner storm, the short hair emphasizing the weakness of the woman and her lack of feminity, the mirror facing hidden wishes with the surrounding reality and, at last, big hands symbolizing manliness and sometimes sexual encounter or its desire
The early morning departure to the Hunter Valley from Lakemba Mosque in Sydney, for the performance of the Salatul Istisqa, the Islamic rain prayer, 19 January 2003 [picture] /
No full textTitle supplied by photographer, see file NLA/16245.; Acquired in digital format; access copy available online.; Part of collection: Salatul Istisqa, Islamic prayer for rain ceremony, Hunter Valley, New South Wales, 9 January 2003.; Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. "The party visiting the Hunter Valley included officials from the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils and the Lebanese Muslim Association, prominent Muslim academics living in Sydney (including Dr Ahmed Abdul Magid Hammoud, author of 'The Status of Women in Islam'), families and young people from the Sydney Muslim community. Some non-Muslim people also attended as a gesture of support."--File NLA/16245
- …
