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Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century
Get PDFReview of: Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century. Parman, Donald L
Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century
Get PDFReview of: Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century. Parman, Donald L
Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century
Get PDFReview of: Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century. Parman, Donald L
Native Americans and the Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service, 1910-1940
No full textThe Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service (CES) began serving Native American communities in the 1910s because Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) agricultural instruction was insufficient to help Indians become prosperous farmers, and because progressivism philosophy called for the inclusion of Native Americans into the political and cultural mainstream. In 1915, J. F. Wojta, Wisconsin leader of county agents, attended the Menominee Fair to judge exhibits and discuss farming. Other Wisconsin reservation communities invited Wojta to help them as well. Because Indian fairs contained too many distractions, Wojta adopted the Farmers\u27 Institute approach and held more than fifty such events in Native American communities over the next twenty years. County agents and University of Wisconsin agricultural specialists also visited Native American communities during the 1910s and 1920s to provide farming instruction. By 1930, however, Congress began increasing federal appropriations for Indian affairs. The BIA organized its own extension division and boosted its agricultural and extension activities. By 1940, however, the federal government had once again began to relinquish its responsibility for Native Americans, and the CES again began to sponsor programs in Indian communities
To do some good among the Indians: Henry Roe Cloud and twentieth century Native American advocacy
No full textA study of Henry Roe Cloud, a full-blood Winnebago Indian from Nebraska, offers an extraordinary vehicle to add to the field of Indian biography. Born on the Winnebago reservation in Nebraska in the 1880s, Cloud attended government and mission schools for his primary and secondary education. In 1901 he left Nebraska to study at Mount Hermon Preparatory School, an elite institution that served as a conduit for entry into Yale University. Cloud attended Yale, receiving his AB degree in 1910 and his AM degree in 1912, purportedly the first full-blood Indian to do so. Cloud also attended seminary and became an ordained Presbyterian minister. Cloud\u27s education, elite by any standard, allowed him throughout his public life to assume a variety of important roles. In his more than forty years of public life, Cloud acted as a reformer, an educator, and Indian Service official. As arguably the most prominent Indian figure of the 1920s and 1930s, Cloud\u27s life demonstrates how and to what extent Indians were able to influence federal Indian policy. His life also provides a window into the close ties between progressive ideas and the evangelical Protestant Christianity that prompted and guided many of the reform efforts in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cloud\u27s work also shows him to be capable of moving beyond this Progressive Era paradigm of assimilation and embracing new currents of reform such as the push for cultural pluralism. This dissertation provides a picture of this important Indian leader\u27s life and places his life in historical perspective. It ties the key events in his life to the major currents in twentieth-century American Indian policy and clearly identifies the role that Cloud played in the formation and the implementation of this policy. It also analyzes how and why Cloud\u27s role changed over time
Two cultures, one cause: Biculturalism and Native American reform in the career of Arthur Caswell Parker (Gawasowaneh), 1906-1925
No full textThis study will examine and analyze in depth the career of Arthur Caswell Parker whose work as an archaeologist, ethnologist, and Native American reformer spanned the first half of the twentieth century. Born in 1881 to an Iroquois father and Scotch-English mother, Parker\u27s ancestral lineage included several distinguished Iroquois. He achieved prominence as archaeologist of the New York State Museum, a leading member of the Society of American Indians, secretary of the New York State Indian Commission, chairman of the Committee of One Hundred and Director of the Rochester Museum and Science Center. A prolific scholar-writer, he published fourteen books, and over three-hundred articles on such topics as the history, archaeology, and ethnology of the Seneca and Native American assimilation. The work begins with an examination of Parker\u27s ancestral background, childhood and educational and professional training. Subsequent chapters focus on Parker\u27s activities as an archaeologist and ethnologist, his participation in the Society of American Indians, and his contribution to Indian affairs at the state and national level. A concurrent inquiry in completing this study addresses Parker\u27s cultural association. Was he a highly assimilated Indian who retained a Native American world view while participating in white society or a fully acculturated Indian espousing a white-oriented perspective? A general conclusion summarizes Parker\u27s place in early-twentieth-century Native American History
“Eyes on the Wabash”: A history of Indiana\u27s Indian people from pre -contact through removal
No full textBeginning with the Paleo-Indians and moving forward allows an examination of the incredibly long duration of Native American habitation in Indiana. A long view of changes over time illustrates the ability of Indian cultures to adjust to changing conditions in what became Indiana. Also of great importance is the tendency of Indiana Indians to incorporate gradual cultural change within the parameters of their preexisting understanding of the world. Certain basic ideas such as kinship and reciprocal relationships remained constant throughout the duration of this study. Indians in Indiana had figured out how to live in their environment and to prosper both physically and spiritually long before the coming of the Europeans. These ideas worked out over the centuries had a strong impact on how the pre-contact groups understood and interacted with Europeans from the very beginning. This study of Indians in Indiana from pre-contact through removal shows how the original inhabitants\u27 battle to retain their land and autonomy remained a constant theme in the region. The tribesmen of the Indiana strongly defended their independence as politically autonomous entities that successfully played off first the French and the British, and later the Americans and the British. Negotiations and the constant maneuvering of the tribes in their interactions with the Europeans and their colonists remained the key to an often-strained relationship. With the loss of the French, and the later withdrawal of the British to Canada, Indiana Indians were severely restricted in the number of options they had in maintaining this hard fought independence. As the Americans established real political boundaries via territories and states in the Great Lakes region, tribal autonomy disintegrated. By the removal period, Americans chose to ignore the fact that Indians had exercised political and military power for millennia, instead treating them as dependent people no longer capable of taking care of themselves
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