1,354,651 research outputs found
Services of general economic interest, integreted water service "in -house" management in light of directive 2014/23EU: a general overview
No full textThe Author analyses the influence of Directive 2014/23 on the management of services of general economic interest, stressing the impact of the free administration principle. The Author gives special attention to the integrated water service (IWS) direct management, although IWS does not fall in the scope of Directive 2014/23.A focus is put on the in-house company and on the special local undertaking. Anyway, the provisions of art. 149 bis of L.D. 152/2006 establishing that the public shareholders have to belong to the same “best territorial division” is a further clarification of the general model, provided for at art. 17 of Directive 2014/23.This is motivated by the IWS specific characteristics. The content of article 149 bis, therefore, does not undermine the general model of the in-house company set out on the basis of the Directive 2014/23 and its further transposition: on the contrary, they represent one of the possible manifestations of this model
Food quality and "terroir" from the perspective of administrative courts
No full textFood safety and food quality law are analysed from the perspective of italian administratives courtes. The essay will focus mainly on geographical origins. Food safety is linked to food quality as the latter can contribute to achieve the former. The Knowledge where a product comes from and the techniwque by which it has been obtained may be very important to guarantee a certsainb level of quality and in the meanwhile to rotect the health of consumers. the fil royge of this essay lies on the powers and the role that italian administratives courts fave within the italian legal system when the link of food quality to geographical origins is at play. The italian administrative line of cases analysed in the book shows that through the" sharpen tools" brought by the admistrative trial code,administratives judges can deeply influence the correct interpretation of food quality schemes in the light of the existing link between quality and territory
Stochastic Model Predictive Control for economic/environmental operation management of microgrids
No full textMicrogrids are subsystems of the distribution grid which comprises generation capacities, storage devices and controllable loads, which can operate either connected or isolated from the utility grid. In this work, microgrid management system is developed in a stochastic framework. Uncertainties due to fluctuating demand and generation from renewable energy sources are taken into account and a two-stage stochastic programming approach is applied to efficiently optimize microgrid operations while satisfying a time-varying request and operation constraints. Mathematically, the stochastic optimization problem is stated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem, which can be solved in an efficient way by using commercial solvers. The stochastic problem is incorporated in a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme to further compensate the uncertainty though the feedback mechanism. Simulations show the effective performance of the proposed approach
Robust optimal demand-side management in smart grids
Full text linkSmart grids (SGs) are experiencing an increasing growth due to their economic, social and environmental benefits. The concept of SG has recently gained significant attention from the research community due to its ability to effectively integrate distributed energy resources (DER) including renewable energy sources (RES), energy storage systems (ESS) and the demand side management (DSM) programs. A SG can change the operation paradigm of the electric grid to ensure an efficient and sustainable electricity supply with lower losses and greater reliability and security. Despite these potential benefits, the massive penetration of DERs in SGs may impose new challenges to the system design and functioning. A substantial challenge arises from system uncertainties due to forecast errors. For instance, the inherent intermittency of RESs, the unpredictable changes in users’ electricity demand, and the volatility of the dynamic electricity price in electricity markets can inject considerable amounts of uncertainty into the electric grid.
Facing these challenges, this thesis investigates the integration of DERs and DSM programs as great sources of flexibility and essential elements for effective supply-demand balancing into SGs in the presence of uncertainty. Firstly, we present a comprehensive classification, review and analysis of existing approaches and findings for DSM to highlight key features and components of energy management systems for more flexible and intelligent grids. We provide a definition of DSM and introduce the reader to the functionalities and achievements of DSM applications in SGs. We then focus on the state-of-the-art decision-making and control approaches for DSM, followed by a comprehensive description of demand side applications detailed for smart users, distribution networks and transmission networks.
Afterwards, we characterize our novel methodologies presented in this thesis in two main parts including centralized and decentralized/distributed approaches.
In the first part, we present five novel robust centralized DSM approaches for the optimal scheduling of residential microgrids (MGs) comprising a number of interconnected end-use consumers with various types of electrical loads, RESs, ESSs, and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The general objective of the optimal scheduling is minimizing the expected electricity cost while satisfying device/comfort/contractual constraints of the system under the uncertainties on RES generation and users’ electricity demand. In addition, we deal with the conservativeness of the proposed approaches for different scenarios in terms of the cost saving, the peak-to-average ratio (PAR), and the constraints’ violation rate. The proposed robust DSM approaches allow the decision maker (i.e., the energy manager of the system) to make a satisfactory trade-off between the electricity cost and constraints’ violation rate considering the system technical limits and the users’ comfort. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches on several simulated case studies and provide comparisons and discussions on the results.
In the second part, we explore decentralized and distributed DSM approaches for the coordinated optimal charge control of PEVs in SGs. In particular, we develop a novel fully distributed control strategy for the optimal charging of large-scale PEV fleets aiming at the minimization of the aggregated charging cost and battery degradation, while satisfying the PEVs’ individual load requirements and the overall grid congestion limits. The proposed resolution algorithm requires a minimal shared information between PEVs that communicate only with their neighbors without relying on a central aggregator. Thus, it guarantees the PEV users’ privacy. We validate the proposed approach on numerical experiments with a large number of PEVs to demonstrate the ability of the approach in finding a global optimum solution with a favorable computational efficiency. Moreover, we present a new robust decentralized framework for day-ahead charge control of PEV fleets under uncertainties on the dynamic electricity price and the inelastic loads demand. The main objective of this work is minimizing both the overall charging cost and the aggregated battery degradation cost of PEVs while preserving the robustness of the solution against perturbations in the uncertain parameters. In addition, power congestion limits of the overall capacity of the distribution network and the PEVs’ individual needs such as charge level requirements and battery degradation cost are taken into account
Beni ferroviari, servizio di trasporto ferroviario, demanio e patrimonio
No full textLo scritto si occupa, alla luce del fenomeno delle privatizzazioni, della classificazione e regime dei beni ferroviari, intendendo con tale locuzione l’insieme dei beni necessari per lo svolgimento del servizio di trasporto ferroviario.
Viene approfondita la disciplina della rete ferroviaria nel Codice civile del 1865, nelle previsioni del Codice civile del 1942 e nella legge n. 210/1985.
Nel saggio ci si sofferma sulla costituzione delle “Ferrovie dello Stato S.p.a.” nonché sulla nozione e gestione della rete ferroviaria e del servizio pubblico di trasporto, nel rispetto dei principi di concorrenza.
Particolare attenzione viene assicurata anche allo studio dell’accesso all’infrastruttura ferroviaria nonché alla sua utilizzazione.
Lo scritto intende verificare se anche le vicende dei beni ferroviari, osservatorio privilegiato dal quale ci si pone, dimostrano che la distinzione contemplata nel Codice civile tra beni demaniali e beni patrimoniali indisponibili tende ad assottigliarsi sempre di più, o meglio confermano un tendenziale rifluire del demanio nel patrimonio.
I beni demaniali tradizionalmente caratterizzati dalla necessaria appartenenza allo Stato o agli enti pubblici territoriali e dall’inalienabilità, in seguito alle ben note vicende connesse al fenomeno delle privatizzazioni, vengono a porsi in capo a soggetti strutturati in forma privatistica, pur continuando ad adempiere ad una funzione pubblicistica.
Proprio le vicende delle privatizzazioni, che hanno toccato anche l’ente pubblico “Ferrovie dello Stato” trasformandolo in S.p.a., hanno contribuito a consolidare l’appartenenza esclusiva dei beni pubblici in capo a persone giuridiche strutturate in forma privatistica, come risposta al progressivo oggettivarsi della funzione amministrativa.
Nello scritto si rileva che la nozione di demanialità non può più ignorare il principio di sussidiarietà, nella sua declinazione orizzontale, alla luce della quale anche il privato può essere chiamato a svolgere funzioni pubbliche.
Infine, si sottolinea che la sola veste formale (privatistica) non può andare ad intaccare il regime pubblicistico, derogatorio rispetto a quello di diritto comune, che da sempre connota i beni necessari per lo svolgimento di un pubblico servizio. Tale particolare regime è sorto proprio a garanzia della regolare e imparziale erogazione del servizio, essendo chiamato a permettere un effettivo sviluppo delle collettività che fruiscono di questi servizi
A review of balancing costs in Italy before and after RES introduction
No full textThe massive introduction of RES in electricity markets is recognized to have induced a merit order effect on wholesale prices. While day-ahead prices are likely to decline as RES-E production increases, the effects on balancing market sessions are more ambiguous. Taking into account the Northern Italian zone characterized by a high solar PV and hydro penetration, we provide empirical evidence that balancing quantities decreased while costs increased between two samples associated with low (2006–08) and high (2013–15) RES levels. We estimate balancing costs for different technologies and compare their dynamics across specific hours. We find evidence of increasing balancing prices in particular market conditions, that we interpret as a signal of strategic use of real time sessions by conventional producers prone to the merit order effect in the day-ahead market. We compare our results to those obtained in the German market (where, on the contrary, balancing costs have decreased) and postulate that the different market designs may explain these results. Our findings suggest that the Italian policy makers should carefully monitor all trading sessions, especially those close to real time, to avoid the exercise of market power by few operators allowed to guarantee system security and, additionally, to promptly adopt a capacity market
A Model Predictive Control Approach to Microgrid Operation Optimization
No full textMicrogrids are subsystems of the distribution grid, which comprises generation capacities, storage devices, and controllable loads, operating as a single controllable system either connected or isolated from the utility grid. In this paper, we present a study on applying a model predictive control approach to the problem of efficiently optimizing microgrid operations while satisfying a time-varying request and operation constraints. The overall problem is formulated using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), which can be solved in an efficient way by using commercial solvers without resorting to complex heuristics or decompositions techniques. Then, the MILP formulation leads to significant improvements in solution quality and computational burden. A case study of a microgrid is employed to assess the performance of the online optimization-based control strategy and the simulation results are discussed. The method is applied to an experimental microgrid located in Athens, Greece. The experimental results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed approach
Principio di libera amministrazione delle amministrazioni pubbliche e gestione diretta dei servizi di interesse economico generale: questioni vecchie e nuove
No full textIl saggio analizza la portata del principio di libera amministrazione nella gestione dei servizi di interesse economico generale. Da ultimo il pacchetto direttive 2014/23,24 e 25 in tema di appalti pubblici e concessioni, nonché il codice dei contratti ( d.lgs. n. 50 del 2016) hanno espressamente codificato tale principio che però non impedisce ai diversi stati europei di valorizzare l'esternalizzazione dei SIEG nel rispetto del principio del divieto di gold plating. Vengono esaminate le diverse modalità di gestione dei SIEG , inclusa l'azienda speciale. Particolare attenzione è posta sulla incerta natura delle società pubbliche con particolare attenzione alle società in house, nelle quali la forma privatistica si pone in contrasto con la sostanza pubblicistica
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