5,682 research outputs found
Mechanisms of rhinovirus-induced asthma
No full textSeveral epidemiological studies using sensitive detection methodologies have confirmed that the majority of acute asthma exacerbations follow upper respiratory tract infections – common colds. Most of these colds are due to human rhinoviruses (RVs). RVs are able to reach and replicate in epithelial cells of the lower airways and can activate these cells to produce pro-inflammatory mediators. Under some circumstances, RVs can also become cytotoxic to the epithelium. Atopic asthmatic individuals produce less interferon-γ and more interleukin-10 than normal subjects in response to RV infection. Symptom severity as well as viral shedding after experimental RV infection, is inversely correlated with ‘atopic’ status, expressed as the interferon-γ to interleukin-5 ratio. Expression of co-stimulatory molecules on immune cells is also affected in atopic asthmatics, suggesting an aberrant immune response to RV that may lead to suboptimal viral clearance and viral persistence. Some of the above effects can be reversed in vitro by corticosteroids, second-generation antihistamines or anti-oxidants; however, the optimal strategy for treating acute asthma exacerbations requires further research at both mechanistic and clinical levels
Corticosteroids inhibit rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation and promoter activation on respiratory epithelial cells
No full textBACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations. To date, the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations is still unclear, and no safe effective therapy is available. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has a central role in inflammatory cell recruitment to the airways in asthma and is the receptor for 90% of rhinoviruses. We have previously shown that rhinovirus infection of lower airway epithelium induces ICAM-1 expression by a transcriptional mechanism that is critically nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic (hydrocortisone [HC], dexamethasone [DM]) and topical (mometasone furoate [MF]) corticosteroids on rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation. METHODS: Cultured primary bronchial or transformed (A549) respiratory epithelial cells were pretreated with corticosteroids for 16 hours and infected with rhinovirus type 16 for 8 hours. ICAM-1 surface expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. In A549 cells ICAM-1 messenger RNA was evaluated by specific reverse transcription-PCR and promoter activation by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay. RESULTS: We observed inhibition of rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation with corticosteroid pretreatment in both primary bronchial epithelial and A549 cells. In A549 cells systemic and topical corticosteroids demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition with similar efficacy (inhibitory concentration 50% 10(-10) mol/L, 10(-11) mol/L, and 10(-11) mol/L for HC, DM, and MF respectively). MF also inhibited ICAM-1 messenger RNA induction by rhinovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner. MF completely inhibited rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 promoter activation. HC, DM, and MF had no direct effect on rhinovirus infectivity and replication in cultured cells. CONCLUSION: Corticosteroids decrease rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation in respiratory epithelial cells and modulate pretranscriptional mechanisms. This effect may be important for the therapeutic control of virus-induced asthma exacerbation
A defective type 1 response to rhinovirus in atopic asthma
No full textBACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most frequent precipitants of the common cold and asthma exacerbations, but little is known about the immune response to these viruses and its potential implications in the pathogenesis of asthma. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with atopic asthma and normal subjects were exposed to live or inactivated RV preparations. Levels of interferon (IFN)gamma and interleukins IL-12, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were evaluated in the culture supernatants with specific immunoassays. RESULTS: Exposure of PBMC to RVs induced the production of IFNgamma, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-13. Cells from asthmatic subjects produced significantly lower levels of IFNgamma and IL-12 and higher levels of IL-10 than normal subjects. IL-4 was induced only in the asthmatic group, while the IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio was more than three times lower in the asthmatic group. CONCLUSIONS: This evidence suggests that the immune response to RVs is not uniquely of a type 1 phenotype, as previously suggested. The type 1 response is defective in atopic asthmatic individuals, with a shift towards a type 2 phenotype in a way similar, but not identical, to their aberrant response to allergens. A defective type 1 immune response to RVs may be implicated in the pathogenesis of virus induced exacerbations of asthma
Si Kenkoy Bilang Kuwelang Ingles sa Komiks: Isang Pagdalumat sa Karabaw English Bilang Instrumento ng Pagsulong ng Makabayang Diwa sa Panahon ng Kolonyalismong Amerikano; 1929-1934
No full textAbstrakAng tinaguriang “Carabao English” ay inilalarawan bilang isang katawa-tawa at hindi kanais-nais na paraan ng komunikasyon. Kinikilala ito bilang paaran ng pilit na paglakip sa dayuhang wika kung saan nagkaroon ng korupsiyon (sariling maka-Pilipinong pagbabaybay) ang wikang Ingles dahil sa naging paghahalo nito sa wikang Filipino. Tatangkain ng papel na ito na matunton ang naging paggamit sa “Carabao English” na mababakas sa mga diyalogo na inilarawan ni Tony Velasquez sa kaniyang likhang-sining na Kenkoy Komiks. Si Kenkoy ang kumatawan sa ‘kuwelang Ingles’ na sa unang pagtingin ay katawa-tawa ngunit kung bibigyan ng malalim na pagsusuri ay nagpapahiwatig ng mga makabayang aral at mga tunggalian sa isang kolonyal na lipunan. Ang layunin ng pag-aaral ay mabigyan ng masusing pagtalakay at masuri ang mga simbolismong pumapaloob sa Kenkoy Komiks na makikita sa ilustrasyon at mga linya nito. Bukod pa rito, layunin ding mabigyang-linaw at maisakonteksto ang nilalaman ng sining ng pagguhit at wikang “Carabao English” sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas at ang papel at paggamit ng nasabing wika sa layunin ng may-akda upang maisulong ang kaniyang mithiing pagkabansa. Matutunghayan mula sa pag-aaral ang pagtugon at ang pakikipagtunggali ng lipunang Pilipino sa panahon ng mga kultural na pagbabago sa dagok ng kolonisasyon mula sa komiks. Iminumungkahi ng pag-aaral na nagkaroon ng proseso ng akulturasyon sa wika kung saan sinasalamin nito ang pag-angkin ng lipunang Pilipino sa mga dayuhang elemento, ngunit nagkaroon ng pagtatakip upang maipagpatuloy ang diwang makabayan sa kabila ng kaayusang kolonyal na pinatatakbo ng Estados Unidos sa bansa. Mga Susing Salita: komiks, Carabao English, Kenkoy, patriotismo, wika Kenkoy’s Humourous English in Comics: An Analysis on the use of “Carabao English” as an Instrument of Advancing Patriotism under the American Colonial Period; 1929 – 1934 Abstract“Carabao English” is portrayed as a farcical and an unfavorable means of communication. It was known to caused by an enforced adherence to the use of a foreign language wherein it formed a ‘corrupted version’ (based on the Philippine enumeration) of the English language due to its contact and mixing with the Filipino language. This paper aims to trace the usage of “Carabao English” based on the dialogues in Tony Velasquez’ Kenkoy Komiks. The main character, Kenkoy, embodies the use of “Humourous English” which at first glance may seem laughable however under thorough analysis implies patriotic values and underscores the struggles of Filipinos under a colonial society. The purpose of this study is to highlight and contextualize the use of “Carabao English” under the American colonial period in the Philippines and its use by the author in order to achieve nationhood. The dynamics of response and conflict within the Filipino society under a period of cultural change brought about by a new colonial era based on the comics, can be seen from the study. The study proposes that language underwent a process of acculturation where it reflects a gradual acceptance of foreign cultural elements within the Filipino society but nevertheless, became instrumental in promoting patriotism by serving as an alternative expression of continued resistance to American colonial rule.Keywords: comics, Carabao English, Kenkoy, patriotism, languag
Artemio Aranas: Panukalang Salin sa Filipino ng Isang Sugilanon ni Vicente Rama at ang English Translation Dito ni Rudy Villanueva
Full text linkABSTRAKAng “Artemio Aranas” ay isang maikling kuwento (sugilanon) sa Sugbuanong Binisaya na inakda ni Vicente Rama, kuwentista, peryodista, at politiko mula Cebu. Isinalin ang “Artemio Aranas” sa Ingles ni Renato Madrid, ang sagisag-panulat ni P. Rodolfo Villanueva, at kasama sa mga salin na inilabas sa isang kalipunan noong 2003. Nakapaloob ang kuwento sa kontekstong historikal ng epidemya ng kolera na tumama rin sa Cebu at ibang bahagi ng Pilipinas noong unang dekada ng siglo 20. Iyan ang tatalakayin sa unang bahagi ng papel. Mapapansin sa naratibo ang tunggalian ng tradisyonal na paniniwala at ng mga “bago” noong konsepto na hatid ng medisinang Kanluranin na dinala ng mga mananakop noong Amerikano. Bukod pa rito ang tunggalian sa pagitan ng nakatatanda at mga kabataan, sa loob ng mga pagbabago sa politika, mga wikang opisyal, at kultura sa kapuluan. Kapansin-pansin din ang pagpaksa ng kuwento sa maling pagpapalaganap ng impormasyon umano ng ilang pahayagan sa Cebu at ang pagmamatigas ng ilang mamamayan ng bayan sa harap ng isang epidemya. Ipinapanukala ng may-akda ang salin sa Filipino ng kuwento upang higit na maipaabot sa mga mambabasa na walang access sa orihinal na Sugbuanong Binisaya o saling Ingles. Babanggitin din ang ilang suliranin at siwang sa pagsasalin, lalo na at may mediasyong isinagawa ang Ingles sa pagsasaling ito.Susing salita: Vicente Rama, salin, kathang pangkasaysayan, kolera ABSTRACT“Artemio Aranas” is a short story or sugilanon in Sugbuanong Binisaya. It was written by Vicente Rama: fictionist, newspaper editor, and politician from Cebu City, Cebu. “Artemio Aranas” was translated into English by essayist-fictionist Renato Madrid (nom de plume of Fr. Rodolfo Villanueva) and was among those rendered into that language in a compilation of Rama’s works released in 2003. The short story was situated during one of the cholera epidemics that hit Cebu in the 1900s. That context will be discussed in the first part of the paper. One can notice in the narrative the tensions between “modern, scientific” knowledge in medicine that were brought by American occupiers and the traditional beliefs being held by the Cebuanos during at that time. There were also tensions between the “older” and “younger” generations that broke out amid the political, cultural, and lingustic changes raveling in the archipelago during those times. “Artemio Aranas” also features the perceived misinformation by some newspapers in Cebu on the epidemic and the bull-headedness of some people in that capital of Cebu province. This author recommends a Filipino translation of “Artemio Aranas” in order to make the story more accessible to readers who do not have a copy, either of the Sugbuanong Binisaya original or of the English translation. The challenges in making this translation will also be mentioned. Keywords: Vicente Rama, translation, historical fiction, choler
Ang Babae sa Pook Pagawaan: Mga Espasyo ng Pag-aangkin sa Piling mga Nobela ni Valeriano Hernandez-Peña
No full textABSTRAKNakatuon ang pag-aaral na ito sa pagsusuri sa pampanitikang representasyon ng babae sa pook pagawaan at ang espasyo ng pag-aangkin sa piling mga nobela ni Valeriano Hernandez-Peña. Kung sinasabing ang panitikan ay representasyon ng isinahirayang ugnayan ng mga indibidwal sa kanilang kondisyon ng pag-iral sa lipunan, paano nabibigyan ng pampanitikang representasyon ang babaeng manggagawa sa mga nobela ni Valeriano Hernandez-Peña? Paanong muling nalikha sa mga akda ang mga karanasan ng kababaihang manggagawa – ang pagsasamantala sa tauhan bilang babae at bilang manggagawa? At sa gitna ng mga ito, paano nabibigyan ng ahensiya ang tauhan para baguhin ang kaniyang kalagayan sa nobela? Naging puwersa ang kababaihang manggagawa na kongkretong nagiging materyal ng manunulat sa pagsasahiraya sa unang mga dekada ng siglo 20. Gamit ang alegorikal na pagbasang sumasaklaw sa hanggahang politikal, panlipunan, at historikal, sinikap na bakatin ang ugnayan ng teksto sa konteksto ng ekonomiya, paggawa, at turing sa kababaihan sa unang dekada ng pananakop ng Amerikano, kung kailan umusbong ang mga nobela. Sa pangkalahatan, bagaman karamihan sa mga nobela ni Hernandez-Peña ay tumatalakay sa pag-ibig at nakakahon sa ideolohiya ng patriyarka, may mga guwang sa teksto na nagsilbing daluyan ng mga resistant na imahen/espasyo ng/para sa babaeng manggagawa. Tinatayang mapupunan ng pag-aaral ang mga puwang na naiwan ng ibang manunulat na pumaksa sa kasarian at gayundin, makapagdaragdag sa mga pananaliksik tungkol sa babaeng manggagawa sa ilalim ng kolonyalismong Amerikano. Mga susing salita: nobelang Tagalog, panunuring pampanitikan, babae, manggagawa, panahon ng Amerikano ABSTRACTThe study analyzes how representations in literature relate the imagined and real lives of individuals in society. Because women workers provided a tangible material for Valeriano Hernandez-Peña in re-imagining American colonialism, the article examines how they were recreated in the novels of the author. How did Hernandez-Peña articulate the experiences of the female character and her oppression as a woman and a worker? In the process, how is the character given agency to transform her condition in the novel? Using an allegorical reading that encompasses the political, social, and historical, the researcher outlined connections and correspondences in the context of economics, labor, and prevailing concepts on women during the period. As a whole, even if Hernandez-Peña produced mostly romantic novels confined to the patriarchal ideology, there are crevices in the text where resistant images/spaces of/for women workers flow. The study contributes to the existing research on women workers during American colonialism as well as to the continuing discourses on gender. Keywords: Tagalog novel, literary criticism, women, workers, American perio
Effect of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upregulation and promoter activation in respiratory epithelial cells
No full textBACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses have been recently associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations for which current therapy is inadequate. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) has a central role in airway inflammation in asthma, and it is the receptor for 90% of rhinoviruses. Rhinovirus infection of airway epithelium induces ICAM-1. Desloratadine and loratadine are compounds belonging to the new class of H(1)-receptor blockers. Anti-inflammatory properties of antihistamines have been recently documented, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely defined. OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the effects of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 expression, mRNA upregulation, and promoter activation. METHODS: Cultured primary bronchial or transformed (A549) respiratory epithelial cells were pretreated with desloratadine and loratadine for 16 hours and infected with rhinovirus type 16 for 8 hours. ICAM-1 surface expression was evaluated with flow cytometry, and ICAM-1 mRNA was evaluated with specific RT-PCR. In A549 cells promoter activation was evaluated with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay, and binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B in nuclear extracts was evaluated with an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: Desloratadine and loratadine (0.1-10 micromol/L) inhibited rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 upregulation in both primary bronchial or transformed (A549) respiratory epithelial cells. In A549 cells the 2 compounds showed a dose-dependent inhibition with similar efficacy (inhibitory concentration of 50%, 1 micromol/L). Desloratadine and loratadine also inhibited ICAM-1 mRNA induction caused by rhinovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner, and they completely inhibited rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 promoter activation. Desloratadine also inhibited rhinovirus-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation. Desloratadine and loratadine had no direct effect on rhinovirus infectivity and replication in cultured epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: These effects are unlikely to be mediated by H(1)-receptor antagonism and suggest a novel mechanism of action that may be important for the therapeutic control of virus-induced asthma exacerbation
Viruses and bacteria in acute asthma exacerbations – A GA(2) LEN-DARE* systematic review.
No full textReducing agents inhibit rhinovirus-induced up-regulation of the rhinovirus receptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in respiratory epithelial cells
No full textRhinoviruses are the major cause of common colds and of asthma exacerbations. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has a central role in airway inflammation and is the receptor for 90% of rhinoviruses. Rhinovirus infection of airway epithelium induces ICAM-1. Because redox state is directly implicated in inflammatory responses via molecular signaling mechanisms, here we studied the effects of reducing agents on rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 expression, mRNA up-regulation, promoter activation, and nuclear factor activation. To investigate the effects of rhinovirus infection on the intracellular redox balance, we also studied whether rhinovirus infection triggers the production of reactive oxygen species. We found that reduced (GSH) but not oxidized (GSSG) glutathione (1-100 microM) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation and mRNA induction in primary bronchial and A549 respiratory epithelial cells. GSH but not GSSG also inhibited rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 promoter activation and rhinovirus-induced NF-kB activation. In parallel, we found that rhinovirus infection induced a rapid increase of intracellular superoxide anion that was maximal at the time of NF-kB activation. This oxidant generation was completely inhibited by GSH. We conclude that redox-mediated intracellular pathways represent an important target for the therapeutic control of rhinovirus-induced disease
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