151 research outputs found
La delazione nell’Atene del V-IV secolo: un fenomeno tradizionalmente osteggiato o sfruttato per le politiche imperialiste?
No full textA partire dalla classica accezione data del fenomeno della delazione nell’Ate-
ne del V-IV secolo a.C., tradizionalmente considerata in termini negativi e dunque come
32 L. Whibley, Political Parties in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, Cambridge, 1888.
33 Plut. Alc. 19; And. 1.61; Erod. Stor. 5.71; Esch., 1.58; Dem. 21, 23, 29, 40, 54.
34 V. L. Pepe, Atene a processo, cit., 20 ss., la quale espone, fra le diverse teorie atte a individuare i
principi su cui sarebbe costruito l’impianto processuale attico, quella per cui il processo altro non sarebbe
se non un vero e proprio agone, sì da parlarsi di agonistic performance. In base alla tesi in argomento, non
trovando applicazione il principio iura novit curia, ne deriva che i discorsi giudiziari pronunciati da attore
e convenuto sarebbero stati simili a veri e propri esercizi di retorica, tali per cui a prevalere sarebbe stato
quello ritenuto maggiormente convincente.
94 Carla Capizzi
attività da limitare, con la previsione di strumenti atti sia a punire, sia a disincentivare
quanti presentassero false denunce nei confronti di altri individui, si cercherà di dimo-
strare come sia possibile dare una lettura del tutto opposta, tale da consentire altresì
l’elaborazione di un nuovo paradigma. Per quanto, infatti, il fenomeno in argomento
fosse all’apparenza deprecabile, al punto tale che ‘delatore’ era termine usato alla stregua
di un insulto, il ridotto numero e la scarsa utilità degli strumenti giuridici previsti per
contrastarlo portano a ipotizzare che la delazione fosse, al contrario, uno strumento
per ottenere non solo vantaggi personali, ma anche e soprattutto per perseguire mire di
carattere politico che consentissero ad Atene di mantenere quella posizione di prima inter
pares che l’avrebbe condotta a realizzare la cosiddetta egemonia ateniese
Il design contrattuale delle Startup VC-financed in Italia
No full textIl presente studio ha due obiettivi. Il primo, di carattere preliminare, consiste nell’individuazione delle società startup realmente finanziate da investitori esterni (quali fondi di venture capital, network di business angels o singoli business angels, imprese industriali che operano quali finanziatori di imprese innovative). Tale identificazione è effettuata attraverso l’esame empirico di un vasto campione di statuti di s.r.l. e S.p.A. iscritte nella se- zione speciale del registro delle imprese negli anni 2019-2020. Definiremo per semplicità nell’ambito del presente articolo le società così individuate come startup VC-financed.
Il secondo obiettivo è quello di verificare come gli statuti delle startup italiane VC-financed affrontino in concreto alcuni specifici problemi po- sti dal diritto societario italiano, con particolare riguardo alla disciplina riformata della s.r.l. Da questa prospettiva lo studio costituisce, a quanto consta, il primo contributo di carattere empirico ad indagare l’architettura contrattuale del mondo delle startup innovative italiane
The Corporate Design of Investments in Startups: A European Experience
No full textThis is the first European study to conduct an extensive empirical research of startup charters. Our aim is to test whether the significant reforms of the law on the Italian società a responsabilità limitata (the GmbH-type limited liability company) were successful in making Italian corporate law more amicable towards startups and ven- ture capital contracting techniques. We explain why, in the Italian context, charters provide significant information on financing deals, and we analyse more than 5000 charters of Italian startups. We find almost 200 charters that reflect the features pre- dicted by the financial contracting theory, albeit with some significant variations in comparison to the US experience. The main one is that convertible preferred shares are not used. We report the large use of (non-convertible) participating preferred shares but also the increasing adoption of preferred shares that are functionally equivalent to US convertible non-participating preferred shares. The absence of con- vertibility mechanisms also explains the different structure of antidilution clauses in the Italian market. Hybrids are used to provide SAFE- and KISS-like contrac- tual solutions. Co-sale clauses (tag-along and drag-along) are widespread and also highly standardized. US-like vesting schemes are equally observed. Some of the peculiarities we report depend on Italian law idiosyncrasies that are mainly the prod- uct of doctrinal constructions. However, corporate practice is pushing the envelope in its efforts to adapt Italian charters to startuppers’ and investors’ needs. From this standpoint, the Italian reforms look, though not completely, successful. Startup law appears to be transforming the European corporate law tradition
Hydrogen-induced states near the GaAs band edges
No full textIn the present study the link between the inclusion of H species in GaAs and the appearance in the band gap of near-band-edge energy levels has been investigated. The equilibrium geometries and the electronic structures relative to different locations of H atoms, ions, and dimers in the GaAs lattice have been evaluated by first-principle local-density-functional methods. Atomic arrangements in GaAs identical to those found for different equilibrium geometries of the H species, but with the H species removed, have also been investigated in order to separate the effects of the lattice deformations due to the H inclusion from those produced by the formation of H-host-atom bonds. Discrete near-edge levels appear in the band gap, which are induced by the H interactions with the GaAs lattice as well as by charge effects in the case of H ions. Finally, radiative transitions from the conduction-band to the valence-band near-edge states are shown to account for the main features of the emission bands observed in the photoluminescence spectra of hydrogenated III-V compounds
Business Angels, Venture Capital e la nuova s.r.l.
No full textIn questo articolo proponiamo un’interpretazione adeguatrice della disciplina della s.r.l., che tenga conto non solo e non tanto del fenomeno del finanziamento via crowdfunding, ma anche e soprattutto del finanziamento via business angels e venture capital. Avanziamo quindi una proposta di rilettura integrale della materia come uscita dalle riforme del 2012- 2015-2017, tesa laddove possibile a rendere attuabili le pratiche negoziali del venture capi- tal financing. La nuova lettura della disciplina della s.r.l. riflette gli originali intenti del le- gislatore, riduce l’ancora elevato tasso di imperatività di quella disciplina ed è coerente con i sentiti bisogni di modernizzazione del nostro diritto societario
STRUCTURAL AND VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE SI-H-AL COMPLEX IN CRYSTALLINE SILICON
No full textThe atomic complex formed by silicon, hydrogen, and aluminum atoms has been investigated by use of the pseudopotential-density-functional method in a supercell approach. The stable equilibrium geometry found for this complex is an off-axis configuration, with the hydrogen atom located near a Si-acceptor pair, noticeably different from the on-axis configuration obtained in the boron case. This result, together with a H local mode at quite low frequency, explains the fine structure reported for the vibrational spectra in hydrogenated Si:Al
VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SI-P-H COMPLEXES IN CRYSTALLINE SILICON - A THEORETICAL-STUDY
No full textStructure, kinetics, and passivation of hydrogen-acceptor complexes in gallium arsenide: A theoretical study
No full textThe structure, reorientation kinetics, and passivation mechanism of complexes formed by a H atom and As-site or Ga-site accepters, e.g., the Si(As)-H-Ga and the Zn(Ga)-H-As complexes in GaAs, have been investigated by first-principles local-density-functional methods. In both complexes, the stable configuration is found for the H atom located at a bond-centered site. The H atom is bound to the Si acceptor in the Si(As)-H-Ga complex and to the As atom in the Zn(Ga)-H-As complex. In spite of the different H bonds, similar vibrational properties and reorientation kinetics have been theoretically found for the two complexes. The present calculations well reproduce the experimental values of the vibrational frequencies and of the complex dissociation energies, as well as account for the acceptor passivation. A good agreement is also found with the reorientation energy of the Si(As)-H-Ga complex, while the unusually high relaxation rates of the Zn(Ga)-H-As complex measured by anelastic-relaxation investigations remains unexplained. In fact, neither the energy barrier estimated for the complex reorientation nor two different tunneling models account for those high relaxation rates
SILICON-HYDROGEN-ACCEPTOR COMPLEXES IN CRYSTALLINE SILICON
No full textAn extensive investigation of the equilibrium sites of H in p-type silicon has been performed in order to clarify the influence of the specific impurity on the geometry of the silicon-hydrogen-acceptor complexes. Previous studies focused onto the B and Al cases have been extended to the isovalent acceptors Ga and In, making clear the relevance of the impurity atomic size. The on-axis BC site is shown to be a marginal equilibrium position, which evolves toward an off-axis position as soon as the acceptor size exceeds that of B. A novel H metastable site has been estimated, only in Si:In, at the AB-In site, thus suggesting a dependence of H equilibrium sites on the full chemistry of the impurity. These results account well for far-infrared measurements in Si:Al and Si:Ga, as well as for perturbed gamma-gamma-angular correlation results in Si:In
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