196,137 research outputs found
ITALIA - Geologia in rilievo (scala 1.1.250.000)
No full textSi tratta di un prodotto cartografico di sintesi dell'intero territorio italiano, comprensivo di Corsica ed Alpi estere (scala 1:1.250.000; dimensioni 120 x 85 cm), realizzato su supporto plastico tridimensionale. Ai dati di superficie si aggiungono gli elementi tettonici sommersi dei mari italiani. Il prodotto, necessariamente di sintesi, si basa sui più recenti dati cartografici di dettaglio del territorio italiano e alpino (estero) e si rivolge non solo ai geologi, quanto e soprattutto alle scuole secondarie inferiori e superiori e al vasto pubblico degli appassionati. La sua funzione didattico-divulgativa è assicurata dalle legende stratigrafica e tettonica, innovative nel loro genere, ed entrambe strutturate in modo autoreferenziale.
La prima, attraverso un semplice confronto grafico, comunica l’età delle singole successioni rocciose e ne raffigura i contesti genetico-ambientali di produzione e sviluppo (in totale 21 macrounità: 11 sedimentarie, 7 magmatiche e 3 metamorfiche). La seconda, sempre tramite block diagrammi, visualizza i vari significati dei simboli di deformazione fragile (faglie) usati per i territori alpini, appenninici e nei fondali marini.
Il presente plastico geologico, denominato ITALIA - Geologia in rilievo, è il risultato di una sinergia tra le istituzioni statali (Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna, Servizio Geologico d’Italia - ISPRA; curatori scientifici: C. Venturini e M. Pantaloni) e la Global Map – S.EL.CA., società leader nel settore della cartografia tematica, tradizionale ed in rilievo (sono attualmente in fase di avanzata realizzazione, i plastici geologici di varie Regioni italiane). Ad esso si aggiunge la versione cartacea (scala 1:1.250.000) e quella stampata su tywek (scala 1.1.000.000)
Geomorphological map of the Pianosa Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)
No full textThe Island of Pianosa is located in the Tuscan Archipelago, a few kilometers south-east of Elba Island, approximately 40 km from Corsica, and 50 km from the Tuscany coast. It represents the emerged portion of a long N-S submarine ridge connecting the Island of Capraia with Scoglio d'Africa, a very small islet located west of the Island of Montecristo. Pianosa has a sub-triangular shape with a similar to 10 km(2) surface area, a coastal perimeter of approximately 18 km, and a maximum height of 29 m a.s.l. The Pianosa landscape has primarily been formed by coastal and karst processes, which have resulted in numerous related landforms. Due to the particular scientific interest of the island, the Geological Survey of Italy has promoted research on Pianosa Island aimed at the development of a 1:12,500 scale geomorphological map
Caratteristiche geomorfologiche dell’Isola di Pianosa.
No full textPianosa Island belongs to the Tuscany Archipelago; it has an extension of 10 km2, 18 km of coastal development and a max altitude of 29 m a.s.l.
The island is made up of neogenic and quaternary sediments; pelitic Miocene sediments outcrops at the base of the cliff in the south-western coast, while the bio-calcarenitic Pliocene sediments cover most part of the island. Quaternary deposits are established by biodetrital shore sediments of Tyrrhenian age and by Late Pleistocene colluvial deposits.
The island is characterized by cliffs in the western and southern sector, by plain surfaces and by a small beach in the east side.
Cliffs have been distinguished in 3 different types. In the first type is always present a developing wave notch.
When the coast is not characterized by cliff we can found erosion plains (at maximum level of approximately 4 m) formed during the Tyrrhenian high stand (Isotopic stage 5e).
These erosion planes can be suspended and sub-horizontal (when the layers of the pliocenic substrate dip towards inland), or gently tilted towards sea (when the layers of the pliocenic substrate dip towards sea).
On these various erosion planes are always present rock pools characterized by different shape and dimension, besides rare fossiliferous shore deposits (Panchina). In these sediments have been recognized, between others: Strombus bubonius, Patella ferruginea and Conus testudinarius, dating Tyrrhenian age.
On the island we can found three different order of erosion planes at 2-4 m, 8 m and 25 m a.s.l.
Karst process produced erosion epigean micro-landforms, such us dissolutional flutes, dissolutional groves and dissolutional pans (kamenitza), macro-landforms represented by E-W karst oval basin depressions, enlarged hundred meters and few meters deep. The same process left isolated rock promontory residual of the tyrrhenian cliffs coast lines.
Much diffused are hypogean karst shape such as caves and conduits that, sometimes, are opened on the cliff and are visible only by the sea. In some of these caves, characterized by speleothemes, we discovered, at a quote of 7 m a.s.l., marine deposits and litodomes holes probably of Tyrrhenian age. Frequently is the founding of breccias breeded by collapse of caves and conduits. Surface karst landforms are widening covered by high agricoltural activity developed in the last two centuries due to the presence of the agricoltural penal colony
Mapping petroleum resources in Italy: from Antonio Stoppani to the foundation of Agip (1926)
No full textL’opera di Antonio Stoppani segna l’inizio della ricerca in chiave scientifica moderna nel campo della geologia del petrolio in Italia, e fu stimolata dal rapido sviluppo dell’industria petrolifera americana iniziato alla fine del 1859. Negli anni immediatamente successivi all’Unità d’Italia, diverse aree del Paese videro una fioritura sia dell’esplorazione geologica del sottosuolo, sia dei rilievi di campo, eseguiti dal Corpo delle Miniere e dal Regio Ufficio Geologico, anche se la mappatura delle risorse petrolifere rimase praticamente confinata nelle sole provincie emiliane. Nel primo dopoguerra gli studi si estesero al resto della penisola e, con il riassetto legislativo in tema di proprietà del sottosuolo, questa attività passò quasi integralmente nelle mani dell’Agenzia Generale Italiana Petroli, la compagnia petrolifera di Stato fondata nel 1926.Antonio Stoppani marks the beginning of petroleum geology in Italy, stimulated by the developments of the newborn American oil industry (1859). Soon after the Italian unification, petroleum exploration was carried out in many areas of the Country, which generated the elaboration of several technical and statistical reports carried out by the Corps of Mines and the Royal Geological Survey. In this context, petroleum resources mapping concerned only the most productive areas, i.e., the pede-Apenninic areas of some provinces of the Emilia Region, at least until the end of the eighteenth century. After World War I, geological studies spread to the rest of Italy (Abruzzi, Lazio) and, with the unitization of mining laws concerning underground ownership, this activity passed almost entirely into the hands of AGIP, the Italian state-owned oil company founded in 1926
La cartografia geologica in Calabria nel XIX secolo
No full textIt is a widely diffused opinion that the knowledge of the geologic features of the Calabrian territory may be referred to the early XX century; nevertheless, a thorough investigation carried out in the cartographic collection of the ISPRA Library, that preserves the historical heritage of the Geological Survey of Italy, allowed to access and analyze original XIX century maps of undoubted scientific interest. The precursor of all 'modern' geological studies in Calabria was Leopoldo Pilla, who analyzed the relationships between the intrusive units and sedimentary successions in the '30s, soon after followed by the German naturalist Rodolfo A. Philippi. Appended to a handwritten Italian translation of a paper of Philippi we have found some geological sketches of the Calabrian region; despite their uncertain attribution, they most likely represent preparatory drafts for a final publication, and are, to date, the first known geological maps of the region. After the mentioned pioneers, up to the '70s, only few authors dealt with the geology of Calabria, and a surprising finding of our research was the discovery of a map and a document drawn up by S. Giancossi, which was however almost ignored by the scientific community. The interest for the geology of Calabria was renewed in the '70s of the XIX century, first by Gerhard vom Rath and then by Vincenzo Rambotti. Subsequently and until the end of the XIX century, just prior to the publication of the Calabrian sheets of the official cartographic map at 1:100,000 scale of the Geological Survey of Italy, many projects of geological mapping were carried out by several geologists, including Carlo De Stefani, Renato Fucini, Giuseppe Seguenza and, above all, Domenico Lovisato. Between 1878 and 1881 Lovisato, appointed by the Royal Geological Committee, realized a geological map in 32 sheets of Northern Calabria on the 1:50,000 scale, that represents the first geological map of the region conceived in a modern way. Undoubtedly, this work was the milestone for the production of the official cartography, realized since 1895 under the direction of Emilio Cortese
Geosciences and engineering of Lungro rock salt: unveiling Italy’s longest-lived underground mining site in Calabria
No full textThe Lungro area is renowned for the presence of the longest-lived Italian underground rock salt mine, exploited almost continuously from ancient times until 1978. The history of mining activity is documented since the Middle Ages, although evidence suggests that salt production by near-surface excavation dates to the Greek and Roman civilization or even to prehistoric times. During the Middle Ages, mining methods were aimed to the maximum profit, and the mine, rather than being rationally developed, was deepened along the vertical, following the winding path of higher quality salt layers. This approach led to problems such as of rock instability, inadequate ventilation and water infiltration arose (Galli, 1828), that characterized this mine up to its recent abandonment.
Following the Napoleonic invasion of the Kingdom of Naples (1806-1815), the modernizing spirit of the new rulers was aimed to reorganize the feudal administration and diminish most of the rights and privileges of the old nobility. As part of this process, mines were nationalized, and the mineral resources of Calabria attracted the interest of the French government. In 1811 the naturalist and geologist Giuseppe Melograni published a comprehensive report on the site, rich in geological considerations, technical descriptions, geometrical surveys, and practical recommendations for a modern and rational mining operations (Melograni, 1822). Concurrently, Pietro Pulli, Inspector General of the Kingdom, was commissioned to provide information on the economic and social conditions existing in Lungro (Pulli, 1813). By the mid-19th century, the mine, with its four production levels, a ventilation shaft and a complex tunneling network, was an important industrial enterprise, with over 400 miners, alongside a technical and administrative staff, a number comparable only to the steam spinning mills of Villa San Giovanni (Reggio di Calabria). In 1879, Torquato Taramelli visited Lungro and the surrounding area during a field trip to Calabria, and provided invaluable stratigraphic and paleontological observations, both still very unknown at the time (Taramelli, 1880). His report contains also a precious first-hand description of the bad working conditions he experienced inside the mine.
Although partially renovated at the end of the 19th century, both in its internal structure and in work organization, the mine decline began in the early 1900s. This decline accelerated as the Italian government estimated that sea salt produced in Sicily was cheaper than rock salt from Lungro. Consequently, a “slow death” approach was used, gradually decreasing exploitation of the deposit until all workers retired, without layoffs but also without new hires. Miners access to the underground was never solved: still in the 1970’s, two of the eight working hours of the daily shift were lost to descend into and ascend from the mine, as there were over 2000 steps to walk. Poor mining methods persisted throughout the 20th century, culminating in its final abandonment in 1978
Upper Pleistocene-Holocene relative sea level changes at Pianosa Island (Tuscany Archipelago): geological, geomorphological and archaeological markers
No full textBased on geological, geomorphological and archaeological markers, we provides new data and interpretations on
the relative sea level change occurred at Pianosa Island (Italy) since the last 125 ka. The MIS 5.5 deposits are
characterized by a 2 m thick whitish fossiliferous calcarenite, cropping out at a maximum altitude of 4 m a.s.l.
containing Strombus bubonius. Archaeological remains provide evidence of sea level change for the last 8 ka.
Particularly useful are some fishtanks and a quarry cut around 2 ka BP (Roman age)
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