30,378 research outputs found
Kuei Tung is the Panvesco President Because he's 'Pan Friendly'
No full textFormer Finance Minister Brian Kuei Tung is the new chairman of Pan Trinbago’s Pan Investment Company (PANVESCO)
Thickness-Dependent Smectic- A – Smectic- C * Transition in Chiral Smectic Free-Standing Liquid-Crystal Films
No full textOptical Textural Study of Surface Phase Transitions Involving Tilted Hexatic Phases in Free-Standing Liquid-Crystal Films
No full textSurface phase transitions in free-standing films of nonchiral tilted hexatic liquid crystals
No full text
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
Full text linkThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
[[alternative]]The Analysis of Master's Theses in Sport Management in Taiwan
No full text[[abstract]]The Analysis of Master’s Theses in Sport Management in Taiwan
Lin, Wen-Cheng
Advisor：Philip Cheng, Shao-Tung, Ph.D.
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to understand and analyze the contents and the status of the development of 398 master’s theses and their 26803 references in sport management during 1993-2003 in Taiwan. The Content Analysis was used as the study’s main research method, with the assistance of the Citation Analysis. The instrument “content analysis checklist of master’s theses in sport management in Taiwan” was used to collect data. The data was statistically analyzed in terms of Frequency Distribution and Percentage, Chi-square. The results showed as the followings：
1.The total number of master’s theses in sport management has been growing significantly since 1998. The total number of master’s theses in sport management in different areas has been in unbalanced distribution. There were six major universities playing the key roles in terms of sport management research.
2.The main three research topics of the master’s theses were Sport Marketing Management（Sponsorship included）, Sport Management, Organization and Leadership, Sport Leisure Management.
3.There was no significant correlation found among master’s theses in different years and research topics. The significant correlations were found between these master’s theses were correlations among research purposes, research areas, research instruments, and computerize statistical software.
4.There was no significant correlation found among master’s theses in different areas, research purposes, research areas, research instruments, and computerize statistical software. The significant correlations were found between these master’s theses and their respective research topics, and research instruments.
5.The quantity of references has been increasing. The languages of the references were mainly Chinese and English. Most of the references were published between the year of 1991 and 2003. The main types of the references were books and journals. The most cited English author was Chelladurai, P., and the Chinese counterpart was Ministry of Education（Taiwan）.
This study provides the research information and analysis of Master’s Theses in Sport Management in Taiwan during recent 10 years, and expects the increasing application of qualitative research method in sport management. It would be combined together between Sport Marketing Management and Sport Leisure Management to create benefit for organization, and it would be a future trend.
Key words：Content Analysis, sport management.
Optical-Thermal Phenomenon and Structural Study of Liquid Crystal Thin Films
No full text我們使用高解析ac微小訊號熱分析儀、光反射儀和改裝的穿透式電子顯微鏡。分別對正交型液晶(液晶材料為14S5)、鐵電型液晶(液晶材料為C7)，這兩種液晶材料進行液晶薄膜光熱及結構相位性質上的研究。
由電子繞射和光反射實驗研究發現，液晶膜發生相變是以一層接著一層(layer-by-layer)表面層相變的方式，從Sm-A相直接變成Cry-B相。在相變過程中，並沒有經歷Hexatic中間相。此外、由液晶分子間的交互作用的wetting行為來看，我們發現分子與分子間的交互作用力是延遲的凡德瓦爾力(retarded van der waals forces)。
而在使用高解析ac微小熱訊號分析儀研究自由懸浮液晶薄膜，由Sm-A－SmC*相變附近比熱的行為，證實了早期對液晶分子傾角量測工作上，內部液晶層發生由一階相變到二階相變的過程是與液晶膜厚度呈函數關係。並且由不對稱的比熱異常(anomaly)數據來看。在極薄膜時顯現了crossover行為，同時我們亦觀察到液晶膜在低溫時，將由Sm-C相相變為傾斜的Cry-G相。這相是有晶格點存在的。此外、我們也推測因為液晶分子是傾斜的，所以液晶薄膜表面的有序性強度是大過正交型的層狀型(smectic)液晶。Defect-mediated phase transition has been generally considered as one of the most exciting topics in condensed matter physics in recent years. The phase transitions in reduced-dimensional system have attracted great attention because it involves the research of fundamental physics and technical applications. Free-standing liquid crystal thin films provide an ideal experimental system for the research of reduced-dimension.We have performed AC calorimetry and optical reflectivity studies on various liquid- crystal thin films and reported the following discoveries：
(1) I have investigated the Sm-A- Cry-B Phase transition of 14S5 in a liquid-crystal material, using electron diffraction and optical reflectivity have provided the direct confirmation of the existence of layer-by-layer surface transitions, without going through an intermediate hexatic phase. The molecular interactions are found to be through retarded van der waals forces.
(2) We have also studied heat-capacity measurements near the smectic-A- smectic-C* phase transition in free standing films of one chiral liquid-crystal compound-C7. The heat-capacity behavior confirms the evolution of the transition in the interior layers from first to second order as function of film thickness suggested earlier in tilt angle measurements. The asymmetry in the heat-capacity anomaly exhibits an interesting crossover in thinner films. The surface ordering strength in these films is found to be much larger than that in other orthogonal-smectic films, which we speculate is due to the molecular tilt.
In this thesis, by using our state-of-the-art ac calorimeter and high-resolution optical reflectivity setup, I have systematically studied several phase transitions in 14S5 and C7 liquid-crystal materials.
It can’t be denied that the ac calorimetric and optical-reflectivity studies provide a new and important field for the study of the free-standing liquid-crystal films. Many interesting compounds including their phase diagrams remain to be investigated. The substrate-free property also with the quantized layer number makes free-standing liquid-crystal films unique and suitable for the study of the reduced-dimensional system. Chiral LC compounds have many new phase and some interesting physical phenomena, and of course, need further studies.目錄
口試委員會審定書 ……………………………………………………………………i
誌謝 …………………………………………………………………………………ii
中文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………iii
英文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………iv
第一章 導論 1
1.1 引言 1
1.2 液晶的由來與發展歷史 3
1.3 液晶的種類 5
1.4 液晶分子的物理性質 16
1.5 各章節目錄 23
參考文獻………………………...…………………………………...24
第二章 液晶分子特性介紹 25
2.1 液晶分子的物理性質 25
2.2 液晶分子的排列與有序性分類 27
2.3 液晶分子統計理論 34
2.4 Free-standing 液晶薄膜 35
參考文獻…………………………………...……………………...….37
第三章 液晶薄膜相變理論與界面現象(Wetting理論) 40
3.1 平均場理論 40
3.2 二維缺陷溶化理論(連續相變) 48
3.3 SmecticA－SmecticC相變 58
3.4 液晶表面層Layer-by-Layer Wetting理論 68
參考文獻……………………………………...…………………...….71
第四章 液晶薄膜光熱現象與結構量測方法 74
4.1 一維熱流模型與光反射原理 74
4.2 液晶薄膜微小熱訊號量測系統 87
4.3 光反射率量測系統 97
4.4 同時量測…………………….……………………….…………….101
4.5 改裝之穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM Modification)……………..……103
4.6 液晶薄膜層數校正………………………………….....….……….106
參考文獻……………………………………………...……….….…108
第五章 分析與結果…………………………………….110
引言…………………………………………….………………….......110
主題一………………………………………………………………...112
5.1 前言…………………………………………………...……………..112
5.2 研究課題………..………………………….……….…….……….….114
5.3 實驗方法與結果..………………………….……….…………..….….114
主題二………………………………………………….……………...125
5.4 前言…..………………..…………………………….…..………...….125
5.5 研究課題…..………………………………………...……….……….125
5.6 實驗方法與結果…..……………………………………....………….127
參考文獻…………..………………………….….…...…...………....136
第六章 結論………………………...……………………….……...……………..140
第一章圖目錄
圖1.1 物質結構三態變化情形示意圖……………………….…………….2
圖1.2 一般固體液體與液晶分子排列情形之比較……………….……….3
圖1.3 棒狀形液晶分子大小示意圖…………………………………….….7
圖1.4 實驗室常用之液晶化合物材料種類的化學結構式………………..8
圖1.5 層狀型(Smectic)液晶結構示意圖…………………………..……….9
圖1.6 向列型(Nematic)液晶結構示意圖…………………………..………10
圖1.7 膽固醇型(Cholesteric)液晶結構示意圖…………………..………...11
圖1.8 圓盤型(Discotic)液晶化學結構示意圖………………..……………12
圖1.9 圓盤型液晶以Nematic相的排列示意圖…………………….….....12
圖1.10 雙親分子Amphiphilic示意圖…………………………..…………..13
圖1.11 (a)部分為 hexagonal 溶致型液晶相示意圖，
(b)部份為 reversed hexagonal 溶致型液晶相示意圖…………..15
圖1.12 為Lamella相(或稱neat相)………………………………….……15
圖1.13 為micelle相及reverse micelle相………………………..………..15
圖1.14 雙親分子依含水量多寡而分成各種不同中間相
示意圖…………………………..……………………….......……...15
圖1.15 雙層或多層的雙親分子層泡泡狀相位(vesicle相)...........................16
圖1.16 因缺陷而產生的dislocation現象形成原因………….………......18
圖1.17 偏光顯微鏡下的液晶disclination缺陷示意圖………………….…20
圖1.18 為disclination line缺陷變化情形…………………………....…...20
圖1.19 為Vortex值與相位隨空間座標的變化情形………………....…..22
圖1.20 在不同的disclination下強度S變化的拓樸
(topology)行為…………………………………………..………...22
第二章 圖目錄
圖2.1 液晶分子指向方向與主長軸夾一角度之空間位置
示意圖…………………………………………….…....…………....26
圖2.2 層狀型(Smectic)液晶其相位是依分子排列的有序性而
區分之示意圖…………………………………………....………….27
圖2.3 液晶相的繞射圖形…………………………………………………30
圖2.4 液晶分子鍵的方向有序程度(B.O.O.)示意圖……………………..31
圖2.5 為Free-Standing液晶膜於兩層膜時的情形……………………...36
第三章 圖目錄
圖3.1 為平均場論中的Landau自由能區域模型示意圖…………….….41
圖3.2 連續相變中對稱性變化情形………………….…………………...44
圖3.3 在低溫下2D XY模型中Vortex束縛情形…………………….....50
圖3.4 溫度上升後將由bound vortex pair分離成為電荷為
+1、-1情形……………………………….………........……..…51
圖3.5 電腦模擬2D XY模型中連續相變比熱情形……….…...….........53
圖3.6 5-fold的disclination被7-fold的disclination所束縛
而成的缺陷情形………………………….…...................….…..55
圖3.7 (a)部分為5-fold的disclination它是藉由移除1/6的
晶格然後將 與 線段連結在一起而成。
(b)部分為典型的5-fold disclination……..............................…..55
圖3.8 包含Hexatic相的二維系統，溫度(T)－壓力(P)關係
之相圖。圖中呈現代表因defect-mediated而造成的
連續相變過程。雙線代表式一階相變化....................................56
圖3.9 在電子繞射實驗下所看到的Hex-B相的繞射圖形以
及繞射圖形結構上各個方向的掃描示意圖……………..............57
圖3.10 層狀型液晶各個相的幾何形狀表示………….….………....……58
圖3.11 為H(10)F(5)MOPP液晶材料在30層膜厚時的比熱
數據增加Gaussian fluctuations項後的fitting結果..................... 62
圖3.12 為C7液晶材料在Sm-A－Sm-C*相變過程中比熱值
Cp與溫度的關係…………………………………………............63
圖3.13 為C7自由懸浮液晶膜在不同層數時溫度與平均分子
傾角的關係…………………………………………..……...……64
圖3.14 為Nematic、Smectic-A、Smectic-C三相點之相圖…………....66
圖3.15 為Sm-A－Sm-C相變是一個似平均場相變，伴隨一
個過渡行為………………………………………….………...…67
圖3.16 由power-law公式fitting驗證layer-by-layer 表面層
freezing的行為………………………………….…….…………70
第四章 圖目錄
圖4.1 理想一維熱流模型示意圖……………………………………………76
圖4.2 為4O.8和54COOBC液晶材料的 值與液晶層厚度關
係……………………………………………………...………………82
圖4.3 對75OBC(4層膜)時光反射量測所得到液晶分子的
In-Plane密度值與X-ray的實驗結果…………….…..………….….86
圖4.4 刮自由懸浮液晶膜的方法示意圖………...…….…...…………....…89
圖4.5 高解析ac微小熱訊號分析儀示意圖……………..…….…………..89
圖4.6 使用精密Screw調整液晶膜板位置高度示意圖......................….…91
圖4.7 調整TC位置的高精密微調器……………….………..….....………92
圖4.8 為Thermocouple結構示意圖………….……………..…..…….........95
圖4.9 基本光反射儀器原理架構…………………………..……..………...98
圖4.10 同時進行高解析ac微小熱訊號量測及光反射率值量測實
驗………………………………………………..….………….……102
圖4.11 改裝後的穿透式電子顯微鏡內部結構圖…………...……….……104
第五章 圖目錄
圖5.1 藉由電子繞射圖形看出由Sm-A－Hex-B－Cry-B
相變過程情形………………………....……………………….113
圖5.2 為14S5液晶材料在40層膜時的電子繞射圖形…………….116
圖5.3 為14S5液晶膜在六層膜溫度64.5℃時的Cry-B
相位…………………………………………………………….117
圖5.4 液晶膜三層膜厚(N=3)時縱向方向掃描的情形…...............…118
圖5.5 為14S5液晶膜在64層膜時的光反射率值…………………122
圖5.6 以三種液晶材料顯示在6層膜厚時液晶膜
layer-by-layer surface freezing的相變過程………...............124
圖5.7 在Sm-A相上表面層顯現的兩種傾斜Synclinic相
和Anticlinic相…………………………………….…….……127
圖5.8 為C7液晶膜在不同層數時的Sm-A－Sm-C*相變
之比熱值……………………………...……….….....………...130
圖5.9 為C7液晶膜在13層15層18層23層時，Sm-C*
－Cry-G相變的比熱訊號…………………….……...……….134
圖5.10 為C7液晶膜以15層膜為例，溫度在59℃以下持
續降溫所顯現整個的相變過程………………..…..…...…….135
表目錄
表1-1 液晶中間相依其狀態與溫度或對稱性結構而分的圖表………...6
表2-1 在3D系統中液晶分子之間的相關聯性的有序程度..................33
表2-2 在2D系統中液晶分子之間的相關聯性的有序程度..................34
表3-1 各個統計模型在溫度不為零的情況下，是否發生連續
相變的情形………………………………………………………49
表4-1 比熱值與樣品及交換氣體之間關係表…………………………80
附錄
作者歷來發表著作集與參加國際會議論文集………….…..……14
Letter from Wong Puey Tung, San Hop Company to Mr. Geo. [George] H. Hand, Chief Engineer, Dominguez Estate Company, January 17, 1925
No full textResponse to letter from Hand requesting information about the employment status of Chinese individuals on land leased by Tung. Tung confirms persons are employees of his and are not breaking the Alien Land Act
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