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Purification and characterization of manganese superoxide dismutase from Ganoderma microsporum
No full textPan Ku, the Hsiung-nu and "Han Shu" 94.
No full textI set myself three interrelated tasks in this dissertation. The first is to examine the historical method and purpose of Pan Ku (A.D. 32-92), one of China's greatest historians, as revealed in selected chapters of the Han Shu, his history of the former Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 23). I emphasise Han Shu 94, the chapter devoted to the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people who lived beyond the northern and northwestern frontiers of the Former Han empire and represented the greatest external threat to its peace and stability. I argue that Pan Ku shaped his presentation of Former Han-Hsiung-nu relations into an argument against the policies for managing the Hsiung-nu adopted and maintained by the first three emperors of the Later Han, rulers in whose reigns he lived and worked. For him to have done so was fully in accord with the Chinese belief that history could and should provide sure guidance for one's own time. My second task is to focus attention on the extremely successful policy of barbarian management based on the principle of chi-mi or "loose rein" that had been formulated by the eminent scholar-official Hsiao Wang-chih, adopted by the Chinese court in the 50's B.C. and not ab and oned by it until A.D. 9. Pan Ku held this policy in high regard as the only sound basis upon which to order China's foreign relations. His regard for chi-mi as implemented in the Former Han was not shared by later statesmen and historians with the result that the policy has since been ignored or misrepresented. This occurred because chi-mi seemed "to bring Heavenly constants into disorder." Not only did chi-mi not dem and the formal submission of the Hsiung-nu to China, it actively discouraged it. My third task has been to evaluate and criticise recent interpretations of Han foreign policy on the basis of close reading of the relevant Han Shu chapters. In this, as in all other aspects of this dissertation, I have sought to approach my text, the Han Shu, with as few preconceptions as possible.PhDAsian historyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/161983/1/8821663.pd
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