223,207 research outputs found
De Pictura Contumeliosa Commentationem Orationi Muneris Antecessoris Ordinarii Solemniter Auspicandi Caussa Habendae Praemisit D. Io. Ludovicus Klübe
No full textNicht identisch VD18 10427465, dort abw. Titel ... Commentationem Scripsit D. Io. Lvdovicvs Klüber, jedoch Text identischAutopsie nach Ex. der ULB Sachsen-AnhaltVorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Erlangae Apvd Io. Iac. Palm M D CLXXXVIIIll. (Kupferst.
Section properties of palm petioles, part 2: The relationship of petiole histology with the torsional rigidity of the palm, Trachycarpus fortunei
No full textThe Trachycarpus fortunei palm is a good example of a palm with a large leaf blade supported by a correspondingly large petiole. The interaction of the material and functional properties of the petiole was analysed using engineering and botanical methods with a view to understanding how the petiole functions from a structural standpoint. The histological aspects of the petiole were analysed from sections taken at regular intervals along the petiole axis, in order to determine the density and position of the vascular bundles. A modified torsion rig was then used to acquire torsion readings and calculate the rigidity modulus variation along the petiole. To supplement this, shape factor derived data from the Trachycarpus fortunei palm petiole were calculated and then compared with the empirical results and the differences analysed
Palm oil in Australia: facts, issues and challenges
No full textThis report, commissioned jointly by WWF-Australia and the Food and Grocery Council of Australia (AFGC), provides a broad, independent overview of the facts, issues and challenges surrounding palm oil, and is intended to provide a springboard for efforts to increase the supply of sustainable palm oil into the Australian market.
Executive Summary
A growing global population and changing diets, combined with the production efficiency of the oil palm and the unique properties and versatility of palm oil for both edible and non-edible uses, means that palm oil cultivation, processing and use will continue – and likely grow – in the decades ahead. Ensuring positive economic and social impacts are realised and environmental impacts are minimised is vital to achieve a palm oil industry that is sustainable for all.
The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) is proving an effective mechanism to engage major stakeholders across the value chain in the pursuit of more sustainable production of palm oil. While it has already achieved certification of more than 10 per cent of current palm oil production, complimentary actions from governments, major buyers, and large processors are also necessary – the agenda for sustainable palm oil cannot be left to the RSPO alone.
Palm oil’s continued use in Australian grocery products and food service, while showing some evidence of declining, remains a contentious issue for Australian consumers and environmental advocacy groups, primarily due to the negative environmental impacts of palm oil cultivation. Many major Australian businesses have already made commitments to convert to using sustainable palm oil, yet significant work remains to fulfil these commitments. There are also opportunities for the Australian industry to be involved in projects in Indonesia, Malaysia and other palm oil producing countries in the region, given our geographic proximity.
This report provides a comprehensive snapshot and analysis of the palm oil sector that will be of use to industry, government and NGO decision makers. An understanding of the nature of the industry and the drivers for palm oil production and consumption will inform more effective solutions and the development of a more sustainable palm oil sector, with benefits for all along the value chain.
 
Recalculating Default Values for Palm Oil
No full textOn 05 December 2010, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) came into force in the EU. Member States are still working to fully transpose the Directive into national law and establish a framework for achieving their legally binding greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. However, governments got off to a slow start as debate continues on the validity of the directives foundations including the default values used to measure the sustainability of biofuels. Only sustainable biofuels can be counted towards Member State targets. This, as a matter of principle, makes sense with respect to the very aim of renewable energy policies. On the other hand, the vague and distortive formulation and values regarding what is to be classified as "sustainable" have negatively impacted the perception of the underlying scientific base and methodologies as well as the reliability in the European biofuels sector. This uncertainty and the ongoing controversial debates are affecting investment and progress in the biofuel sector not just in Europe but all over the world. Producers of soybeans in the US, sugarcane in Brazil and palm oil in Malaysia and Indonesia as well as European importers and end-users of these products have all been sharply critical of the default values, citing significant variations in calculations that undermine the credibility of the values contained in the Directive. Given the remarkable difference between the calculation of carbon reduction performance of palm oil based biofuel by the EU and a range of scientific studies which we documented in an earlier paper (Pehnelt and Vietze 2009), we are re-calculating GHG emissions saving potentials for palm oil biodiesel in order to further assess the carbon footprint of palm oil to overcome the lack of transparency in existing publications on the issue and EU regulations governing the biofuel feed-stocks. The aim of this paper is to calculate realistic and transparent scenario based CO2-emission values for the GHG emission savings of palm oil fuel compared with fossil fuel. Using the calculation scheme proposed by the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), we derive a more realistic overall default value for palm oil diesel by using current input and output data of biofuel production (e.g. in South-East Asia) and documenting every single step in detail. We calculate different scenarios in which reliable data on the production conditions (and the regarding emission values during the production chain) of palm oil diesel are used. Our conservative calculations based on the Joint Research Centre's (JEC 2011) background data and current publications on palm oil production result in GHG emissions saving potentials of palm oil based biodiesel fairly above the 35% threshold. We cannot reproduce the EU's GHG saving values for palm oil. Rather, our results confirm the higher values obtained by other studies mentioned in our last paper (Pehnelt and Vietze 2009) and elsewhere in this study. Our results indicate default values for the GHG emission savings potential of palm oil biodiesel not only way beyond the 19 percent default value published in RED but also beyond the 35 percent threshold. Our findings conclude that the more accurate default value for palm oil feedstock for electricity generation to be 52%, and for transportation biodiesel between 38.5% and 41%, depending on the fossil fuel comparator. Our results confirm the findings by other studies and challenge the official default values published in RED. As indicated by lawsuits filed by environmental NGOs against the Commission for greater transparency related to the assessment of biofuels, the process has been severely lacking in full disclosure of metrics used to achieve the values contained in the Renewable Energy Directive. As a result, the reliability of the Directive to support the EU's low-carbon ambitions is being undermined, exposing the EU and Commission to charges of trade discrimination and limiting the ability of Member States to achieve their legally binding GHG emission reductions. This analysis demonstrates that a full review of the values contained in the Directive should be undertaken and the values revised to ensure their accuracy, and raises questions as to the method that the values were originally established. Were outside parties consulted, including the industries directly affected by the assessments in the Directive? Were these values peer reviewed? In light of grievances expressed by producers throughout the world, including US soybean growers, Brazilian sugarcane farmers, and Malaysian and Indonesian palm growers, ensuring the Directive does not discriminate against imports is critical to the long-term efforts in the EU to reduce GHG emissions.Biofuel, Palm Oil, Biodiesel, RED, Renewable Energy Directive, Default Values, GHG-emissions
Beiträge zur praktischen Bearbeitung der Sonn- und Festtags-Evangelien : Nach dem Plan der Rauischen Materialien zu Kanzelvorträgen über die Episteln ; Erster Band. Erste Abtheilung / Von M. Albrecht Bayer, ordentlichem Lehrer der Philosophie
No full textVorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Erlangen bei Johann Jakob Palm. 1794
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for efficient delivery of palm phytonutrients
No full textPalm phytonutrients found in crude palm oil consist of carotenes and tocols as well as other minor components including sterols, squalene, ubiquinones, coenzyme Q10 and phospholipids. Palm phytonutrients contains all the naturally occurring phytonutrients present in crude palm oil, whereas commercially available individual phytonutrients, such as Gold-tri E and Tocomin 50% mainly consist of palm tocotrienols. The encapsulation of palm phytonutrients by nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) was investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy. NLC was proven to effectively encapsulate palm phytonutrients in oil droplets. Based on the particle size analysis and rheological study, NLC was found to be the most physically stable delivery system when compared to the macro-emulsion and the nano-emulsion carriers. The long-term chemical stability of the palm phytonutrient using β-carotene as the prototype active in NLC was also determined. The degradation of β-carotene in NLC was lower when compared to the macro-emulsion and the nano-emulsion carriers. The efficacy of NLC as a delivery system and the effect of the addition of lecithin and propylene glycol to the NLC formulation were also studied. The parameters investigated were skin hydration and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). NLC with the presence of 1% lecithin and 2% propylene glycol were found to enhance skin hydration and prevent water loss
Synergies for Improving Oil Palm Production and Forest Conservation in Floodplain Landscapes
No full textLowland tropical forests are increasingly threatened with conversion to oil palm as global demand and high profit drives crop expansion throughout the world’s tropical regions. Yet, landscapes are not homogeneous and regional constraints dictate land suitability for this crop. We conducted a regional study to investigate spatial and economic components of forest conversion to oil palm within a tropical floodplain in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The Kinabatangan ecosystem harbours significant biodiversity with globally threatened species but has suffered forest loss and fragmentation. We mapped the oil palm and forested landscapes (using object-based-image analysis, classification and regression tree analysis and on-screen digitising of high-resolution imagery) and undertook economic modelling. Within the study region (520,269 ha), 250,617 ha is cultivated with oil palm with 77% having high Net-Present-Value (NPV) estimates (637/ha?yr); but 20.5% is under-producing. In fact 6.3% (15,810 ha) of oil palm is commercially redundant (with negative NPV of -65/ha?yr) due to palm mortality from flood inundation. These areas would have been important riparian or flooded forest types. Moreover, 30,173 ha of unprotected forest remain and despite its value for connectivity and biodiversity 64% is allocated for future oil palm. However, we estimate that at minimum 54% of these forests are unsuitable for this crop due to inundation events. If conversion to oil palm occurs, we predict a further 16,207 ha will become commercially redundant. This means that over 32,000 ha of forest within the floodplain would have been converted for little or no financial gain yet with significant cost to the ecosystem. Our findings have globally relevant implications for similar floodplain landscapes undergoing forest transformation to agriculture such as oil palm. Understanding landscape level constraints to this crop, and transferring these into policy and practice, may provide conservation and economic opportunities within these seemingly high opportunity cost landscapes
Characterisation of synthesized protected fat from used cooking palm oil and palm olein for animal feed application
No full textIn the present work, a new protected fat was produced from used cooking palm oil (UCO) by using modified fusion method. Used cooking oil protected fat (UCOPF) was compared with produced palm olein protected fat (POPF) and commercial protected fat (CPF). The quality of protected fat produce was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the well-formation of protected fat from UCO and the XRD analysis revealed fatty acid from UCO bind well with calcium ion. FTIR spectroscopy indicated carboxylate bands at 1542 and 1575 cm–1 showed the calcium ions associated with the COO- ions in the monodendate and bidendate structures in PF. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study was conducted to find out the thermal behaviour of the produced UCOPF and the results clearly indicated good thermal stability. DSC indicated onset of melting at 151°C and 148°C for samples prepared UCOPF and POPF, respectively and it was slightly lower than CPF (157°C). Smooth and porous surfaces morphology of UCOPF and POPF was confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. From the results it was evident that UCO can be utilised to produce protected fat as a safe animal feed
The Structural Change in the Supply Chain of Oil Palm – A Case of North Sumatra Province, Indonesia
No full textIn this paper, we analyze the structural change in the supply chain of oil palm in North Sumatra, Indonesia, especially after the financial crisis of the late 20th century. We first describe the past and present market structure and conduct of oil palm industries in North Sumatra with an industrial organization approach based on our field study. The analysis reveals that the supply chain of oil palm in North Sumatra has changed such that farmers had more power to determine FFB prices over crushing companies, especially from 2001 through 2004. However, farmers lost bargaining power during 2007-2008 due to a decrease in palm oil demand, plunging of palm oil prices, and a regulation imposed upon crushing companies by the Ministry of Agriculture. To analyze such structural changes empirically, we test the existence of Asymmetric Price Transmission (APT), in which the speed of adjustments of the output price after the input price increases or decreases is different; the existence of APT implies the existence of market power. We apply the (Momentum) Threshold Autoregressive ((M-)TAR) model to estimate APT. According to the estimation results, crushing companies had more power to determine FFB prices over farmers until around March 2002. This situation changed such that farmers had more bargaining power from around April 2002 to around April 2007 before the power became balanced. The structural change test also shows these time points as optimal structural change points. The APT estimation, however, has little rigorous theoretical background, and the concept of APT is not necessarily related to market power. Hence, we next analyze the market power of crushers and farmers both theoretically and empirically. The estimation result of market power indicates that the farmers had no market power before the third quarter of 2002, but they did have market power from the next quarter to the first quarter of 2008, after which time they again lose market power. These empirical results are consistent both with each other and with the descriptions of the structural change. Finally, we conclude and draw some implications for farmers, crushers, and consumers of palm oil.Indonesian palm oil, market power, Asymmetric Price Transmission (APT), (Momentum) Threshold Autoregressive ((M-)TAR) model., Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Labor and Human Capital,
Oil Palm Production and Cooperatives in the Philippines
No full textThe promotion of oil palm production as an agribusiness development policy is a major issue in response to the increasing demand of palm oil in the Philippines. This paper focused on oil palm production cooperatives composed of agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs) as members who were granted the Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA). The paper scrutinized the difference of farm incomes with the land titles between the Individual CLOA and the Collective CLOA under the Agribusiness Venture Arrangement (AVA) mode through the field survey of the cooperatives in the provinces in Mindanao. In conclusion, the proposal was made with the emphasis on the necessity to provide production technology and management skill to the cooperatives and its ARBs members with the special emphasis given to those granted the Collective CLOA through the various kinds of agricultural assistance.
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