134,221 research outputs found
FIGURES 1A–K. A–J. Penapis larraini Packer, n in Penapis larraini Packer, a new species of rophitine bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from a fog oasis in Northern Chile
No full textFIGURES 1A–K. A–J. Penapis larraini Packer, n. sp. A–H male, I–J female. K. Penapis toroi female. A. head lateral view. B. S4 ventral view. C. apex of metasoma ventral view. D. S5 ventral view. E. S5 lateral view. F. S6 ventral view. G. S8 ventral view. H. Genital capsule ventral view. I. Head lateral view. J. T1–T3 dorsal view. K. T1–T3 dorsal view. Note that the individual shown in J has the most sparse but large punctures of all the specimens available. Scale line = 1mm.Published as part of Packer, Laurence, 2012, Penapis larraini Packer, a new species of rophitine bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from a fog oasis in Northern Chile, pp. 54-58 in Zootaxa 3408 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21437
Contract Pricing and Packer Competition in Fed Cattle Market
No full textWe use a game-theoretical framework to analyze the coexistence of spot and contract markets in the cattle industry. A duopsony scenario with two packers and N feeders is used to reflect the reality in the cattle industry. Our main contribution is to incorporate the risk components and the pricing of hedonic attributes of cattle quality. Our preliminary results show that packers have an incentive to transform bidding strategies in spot markets when a series of hedonic characteristics play some significant roles in establishing cattle prices in contract market. That is, we will show that the effectiveness of contract with TOMP clauses on packer competition in a spot market depends on whether there is a correlation between spot price and hedonic characteristics. The results may shed light on understanding potential effects of captive supplies on market power and may aid in the assessment of the policies designed to enhance competition in the cattle industry.Marketing,
FIGURE 3 in Mirnapis ohloweni Packer and Dumesh, new species with notes on M. inca Urban (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini)
No full textFIGURE 3. Terminalia of male Mirnapis, ventral views. A and C, M. ohloweni (S7–S8 and genital capsule respectively); B and D, M. inca (S7–S8 and genital capsule respectively).Published as part of Packer, Laurence & Dumesh, Sheila, 2012, Mirnapis ohloweni Packer and Dumesh, new species with notes on M. inca Urban (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini), pp. 113-122 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 116, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20940
ogoturukensis
No full textPackera ogoturukensis (Packer) Á. Löve & D. LöveOgotoruk Creek groundselséneçon du ruisseau Ogotoruk7 km. S. of Tok Jctn. Along roadsideAchillea millefolium, Populus tremuloide
ogoturukensis
No full textPackera ogoturukensis (Packer) Á. Löve & D. LöveOgotoruk Creek groundselséneçon du ruisseau OgotorukAlaska Highway roadside - km. 1704; Sheep mountain Trail near base of trail.rocky slope
ogotorukensis
No full textPackera ogotorukensis (Packer) Á. Löve & D. LöveOgotoruk Creek groundselséneçon du ruisseau OgotorukTanacrossJoanne Goldengravelly banks of road around Tanacross Air Tanker Bas
ogoturukensis
No full textPackera ogoturukensis (Packer) Á. Löve & D. LöveOgotoruk Creek groundselséneçon du ruisseau OgotorukMile 1363 Alaska Hwy between Tok and Delta JunctionEpilobium latifolium, Alnus sp
Geodiscelis (Nazcoediscelis) Packer and Dumesh, new subgenus
No full textGeodiscelis (Nazcoediscelis) Packer and Dumesh, new subgenus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0249B 978 - 22 A 9-4919 - 95 D 9 -A 54 EE 618 DE 33 Type species. Geodiscelis nazcalinea Packer & Dumesh sp. nov. Here designated. Diagnosis. The combination of metasoma with pale subapical transverse bands, maxillary palpus with all 6 palpomeres similarly robust and malar space at least 3 X as long as the basal depth of the mandible is sufficient to identify any colletid bee as belonging to this subgenus. Additionally, the males have S 6 obtusely angulate or with a spine apicomedially. Description. Lower paraocular area black. Male protibia entirely or almost entirely yellow. Metasomal terga with pale subapical integumental bands, basal bands of appressed squamose pubescence present, minute silvery hairs absent. Clypeus and lower paraocular area dull due to imbricate microsculpture. Frontal area with interspaces equal to or greater than puncture diameters. Mesoscutum somewhat shiny, microsculpture imbricate; punctures transversely effaced. Galeal comb teeth absent. Mandible with subapical tooth small to absent. Malar space enormous, at least three time as long as basal depth of mandible. Anterior tentorial pit elongate, almost attaining apex of clypeus. Supraclypeal area mostly flat. Metasternum between metacoxae very narrow, width subequal to MOD. First abscissa of M+Cu of hind wing shorter than 2 nd abscissa. Male hindleg unmodified, narrow; both sexes with two metatibial spurs. Horizontal surface of metapostnotum subequal in length to scutellum. Sclerotized portion of proctiger undivided medially. Male S 6 with apex angulate or spinose. S 7 apicodorsal lobe simple, flat. S 8 apical process narrowing to apex; posterior margin of lateral lobe narrowly concave, posterior convexity laterad. Gonobase with apicoventral rim lacking a median process. Gonoforceps with subapical medial angulation. Gonostylus short, narrow; retrorse lobe broad, rounded. Female sternal scopa well developed. Included species. Geodiscelis longiceps Packer, 2005, G. nazcalinea Packer & Dumesh, sp. nov. and G. phisquiri Packer & Dumesh sp. nov. Etymology. The name is derived from that of the type species, which was first found very near to the famous Nazca lines in Peru, combined with Oediscelis. Comments. This subgenus is known only from west of the peaks of the Andes mountains and occurs from the coastal plains of Peru to moderate altitude on the western slopes of the mountains in Chile. The enormously elongate head is undoubtedly related to the need to obtain nectar from Boraginaceae with deep nectaries. Similarly elongate heads are known in a few species of Xeromelissa where additional mouthpart elongation arises primarily through lengthening of the maxillary palpus. In contrast, the maxillary palpi of Geodiscelis (Nazcoediscelis) are unmodified, as is the case in all xeromelissine genera except Xeromelissa (although they are elongate in some species of Chilicola (Hylaeosoma)); Geodiscelis (Nazcoediscelis) have the cardines, stipites and prementum all extremely elongate. While three subgenera may seem excessive for a genus containing only 5 species at present, the enormous diversity found within these few species would seem to justify recognizing them at this rank. It is perhaps worth noting that there are 170 monotypic subgenera, and almost 100 monotypic genera, among the bees (Ascher & Pickering, 2013). All Geodiscelis species have been found associated with flowers of Heliotropium or Tiquilia, both members of the Boraginaceae. There are numerous species in this group of plants in the region encompassed by known records of Geodiscelis and additional searching among their flowers will undoubtedly result in the discovery of more undescribed bees. Following more exhaustive searches for these interesting little bees and the discovery of more species, a formal biogeographic analysis might be of interest. Currently, the two short headed subgenera are from Argentina whereas species of the long headed subgenus are from west of the Andes.Published as part of Packer, Laurence & Dumesh, Sheila, 2014, Two new species of Geodiscelis Michener & Rozen (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae) with a phylogenetic analysis and subgeneric classification of the genus, pp. 275-291 in Zootaxa 3857 (2) on page 288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22550
ogotorukensis
No full textPackera ogotorukensis (Packer) Á. Löve & D. LöveOgotoruk Creek groundselséneçon du ruisseau OgotorukTok River State ParkJoanne Goldendry gravelly banks of access road to campgroundArnic
Chilicola setosicornis Packer, n. sp.
No full textChilicola setosicornis Packer, n. sp. (Figs. 16 A–O) Diagnosis. This is a somewhat isolated species, perhaps most closely related to Toro and Moldenke’s Heteroediscelis (Packer, in press). It can be most readily separated from all other Chilicola in the male, by the long setae towards the apices of the apical flagellomeres (Fig. 16 A). The form of the hind trochanter is also unique (Fig. 16 D and E). Females differ from other Chilicola with apical hair patches on the metasomal terga and unmodified hind tibial spurs by the comparatively deep depressions dorsal of the antennal socket, which seem to house the scape. Only one other species matches this description, and Chilicola neffi Toro and Moldenke, has deeper and narrower frontal depressions but the females can be instantly differentiated by the maroon coloured metasoma of C. neffi, as well as by the latter species’ smaller size and location in coastal Chile rather than montane northwest Argentina. Description. Male: Length 6.0mm, forewing length 4.0mm, head width 1.4mm. Colouration: Black-brown with following parts yellow: Basal portion of labrum (rest dark brown), mandible (apex dark brown), clypeus except adjacent to epistomal suture, mark on lower paraocular area up to level of ventral margin of supraclypeal area, apicoventral spot on hind tibia. Following parts orange: Ventral surface of antennal flagellum, dorsal and anterior surfaces of foretibia, forebasitarsus, forepretarsus, S 2 and S 3 orange anterior to submarginal zone and all of S 6. Wing veins and tegula dark brown. T 1 and T 2 dark brown, narrowly orange anterior to translucent amber apical impressed areas. Surface Sculpture: Labrum shining with dense punctures basally (i~d) sparsely punctate apically (i= 2– 3 d). Clypeus with punctures small and dense apically (i~d), sparser towards base. Supraclypeal and lower and upper paraocular areas with strongly imbricate microsculpture, appearing almost granular and with small, sparse, irregularly spaced punctures (i = 1–5 d). Upper paraocular area with larger punctures. Frons with punctures crowded and sharp edged, very variable in size; area immediately below lateral ocelli with few, large punctures. Vertex behind ocelli rugose, laterally with dense punctures. Genal area with weak, elongate punctures on longitudinally microstriate background, shiny. Pronotum and metanotum roughly and densely punctate (id. Pubescence: Hairs short and sparse, except on gena, frons, mesopleuron and lateral surface of propodeum 1–2 MOD. Scopal hairs of hind tibia 2 MOD. Sparse basal hair bands on T 2 and T 3 and apicolaterally on T 2 – T 4. Scopa of S 2 corbiculate, hairs long 2.5 MOD, with branches only on anterior surface, scopal hairs of S 3 somewhat shorter 2 MOD. Structure: Maxillary palpus with segments increasing in length and decreasing in breadth from first to last, 0.7 X as long as prementum. Prementum 0.4 X as broad as long, with fovea covering most of ventral surface, margins strongly carinate. Lacinia an elongate triangle, 4 X as long as greatest breadth. Lorum poorly sclerotised, less than 0.33 X as long as cardo. Clypeus with transverse apical depression for middle half of its width, extending one third below lower ocular tangent. Compound eyes less convergent below (Fig. 16 C), UOD:LOD 52: 40. IOC:OOC 17: 14. Frons swollen midway between lateral ocelli and antennae, swellings delimiting medial margin of supra-antennal depression. Dorsal surface of propodeum shorter, ratio of length to scutellum, 18: 22. Apical lunule of S 5 broadly U-shaped, 2 X as broad as long. Sting apparatus: As in Fig. 16 K–O. Lateral portion of marginal ridge of hemitergite 7 with two obtuse angles, one where margin of apodemal region meets ridge, second one just anterior to origin of lateral process; apodemes to spiracular atrium large (Fig. 16 K). Hemitergite 8 with plate and apodeme subequal in size, anterior ridge of apodeme slightly sinuate, junction between plate and apodeme straight (Fig. 16 L). First valvifer with dorsal and ventral processes equal in length. Second valvifer with pars articularis acutely angled, incisura postarticularis narrow and parallel-sided. Base of sting shaft with processus medianus moderately developed ventrally (Fig. 16 M). Furcula with ventral arms somewhat narrow, widely spaced forming broad U; dorsal arm comparatively broad, abruptly narrowing to apex; sinuate and narrow in side view (Figs. 16 N and O). Material studied. Holotype male, allotype female, one male and four female paratypes: ARGENTINA: Salta, Cuesta de Obispo, 1km E. of Piedra de Molina, 25 o 11 ’ 152 ” S 0 65 o 51 ’ 236 ”W, 3340m, 20.iv. 2003, L. Packer; one female paratype, Salta, Cuesta Obispo, iii. 1997, Fritz. All specimens except the one collected by Fritz were found as adults in hollow stems of an unidentified shrub except both males and one female that emerged later the same year from nests obtained at the site. The holotype, allotype and one female paratype are at MACN, the remaining paratypes are at PYU except Fritz’s specimen, which is at AMNH. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the setation on the more apical antennal flagella of the male. Comments. This species generally agrees with that section of Toro and Moldenke’s subgenus Heteroediscelis that was subsequently sunk within Oediscelis by Michener, (1995), (i.e. those species possessing a highly modified hind femur and tibia in the males). It can be differentiated from these species by the long antennal flagellomeres and form of the hind tibia, which is considerably expanded, but unlike Heteroediscelis with an expanded hind tiba, it lacks an incision just before the apex. The antennae are more reminiscent of C. (Oediscelis) vernalis Philippi and C. (O.) lonco Toro & Moldenke, although these latter two species lack the setation. It would seem to be somewhat isolated morphologically. This is another interesting new species of Chilicola discovered in and primarily known from specimens obtained from nests. Other examples of species known only from nests include several species of the subgenus Oroediscelis (Michener 2000; L. Packer unpublished data), C. venticola Packer (Packer 2004), C. (Anoediscelis) paramo González and Michener (González and Michener 2004) and also an undescribed species with affinities to C. inermis and C. mailen, known from a single gynandromorph collected by the senior author at the same locality and in stems of the same shrub that yielded the type series of C. setosicornis. Undescribed species in the subgenera Oroediscelis and Anoediscelis were also found in the same stems.Published as part of Packer, Laurence & Genaro, Julio A., 2007, Fifteen new species of Chilicola (Hymenoptera: Apoidea; Colletidae), pp. 1-55 in Zootaxa 1468 on pages 47-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17662
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