1,721,030 research outputs found
Gli Effetti Distributivi delle Politiche Pubbliche in una Prospettiva di Ciclo Vitale
No full textLe misure statiche della disuguaglianza non permettono di tenere conto delle variazioni di reddito lungo il ciclo di vita dell'individuo. Allo stesso modo, gran parte della redistribuzione evidenziata su basi statiche è in realtà redistribuzione da un periodo all'altro del ciclo di vita dello stesso individuo. L'articolo introduce la prospettiva lifetime per valutare disuguaglianza e redistribuzione e fornisce un'applicazione per il caso dell'imposta sul reddito personale italiana. L'effetto redistributivo interpersonale di tale imposta risulta quantitativamente minore alla luce della nuova prospettiva
Aging and Lobbying: Implications for Social Security
No full textWhat is the impact of demographic changes on lobbying activities, when two opposite groups compete for obtaining a transfer from each other? This paper compares two lobbying models: good-intensive and time-intensive. Depending on the specification of the political technology of the pressure function, the two
models obtain different predictions for the impact of demographic changes on the equilibrium size of the transfer. These results have strong implications for the PAYG social security transfers. If the pressure is good-intensive, an aging population implies a smaller social security transfer. If instead the pressure is time-intensive and it displays decreasing marginal returns to size, aging has a hump-shaped impact on the per capita social security transfer
Political support and tax reforms with an application to Italy
No full textIn 2001 the Italian government introduced a personal income tax reform to be implemented in successive phases. In 2004 taxes were reduced to all income levels with higher gains for low-income and high-income individuals than for middle-income ones. A large debate arised. This paper explores the political economy reasons under this tax reform, mainly the attempt of the government to attract the uncertain voters (swing voters). A probabilistic voting model is introduced to capture the importance of swing voters. The model predicts that the average personal income tax rate tends to be lower for groups of lower income, higher preference for leisure and containing more politically mobile voters (swing voters). However, data from Italian polls show that, while the tax reform was a good strategy to attract swing voters, the specific design of the reform, which favored high-income and low-income individuals, but not the middle class, was not the more appropriate strategy. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007
"Income inequality and redistributive public policies: A survey of the multidimensional political economy approach" in Research Project STREP "Inequality: effects, mechanisms, policies"
No full textPublic policies typically involve a redistributive feature. The level and nature of redistribution may be seen as the result of a political economy equilibrium. In the political economy process that determines redistributive public policies, income inequality plays a crucial role. In particular, through political economy mechanisms, such as formations of voting coalitions, the level of income inequality may affect the design of redistributive public policies. In this survey, we analyze how income inequality affects
the design and the size of PAYG pension systems, pure redistributive transfers and public education programmes. These policies may have in turn dynamic implications for inequality and growth.
Public policies are strictly inter-related, especially when their redistributive element is analyzed. To deal with this issue, the multidimensional political economy approach jointly analyzes the determination of more than one policy, and/or more than one feature of a specific policy at the same time. Technical problems are solved using probabilistic voting or issue-by-issue voting (structure induced equilibrium)
The effects of demographic trends on pension systems
No full textThis chapter presents data on the main demographic trends and the changes that have occurred in pension systems in recent years. We propose two theories that help to address the relation between demographic changes and both the size and the design of pension systems
Political Support and Tax Reforms: An Italian Example
No full textThis article analyzes the 2001-2007 Italian tax reforms on personal income taxation describing the political constraints behind their implementation. I present evidence on the electoral pressure and the role of swing voters in the Italian case, focusing in particular on undecided voters. I assess the role of the recent Italian personal income tax reforms and their design as a strategy to attract swing voters
Public finance and political economics in tax design and reforms
No full textThe traditional optimal taxation literature suggests that the structure of tax systems and the adoptions of fiscal reforms rely on some desirable solution of the classical trade-off between efficiency and equity issues. The alternative approach developed by the equitable taxation theory suggests that the interference of political influence in the market economy has to be limited. However social, political and institutional factors play an important role in shaping both fiscal policies and fiscal reforms. The growing literature on political economics suggests that the complex (multidimensional) tax structure that we observe in our countries depends on political elements and political factors, such as political instability and political influence, and predicts that tax reforms may be adopted and sustained if there exists a political support to them.
This paper reviews the main contributions of the positive and normative approach to taxation of traditional public finance views, and it compares them with the suggestions of the political economy approach. The aim is to provide a theoretical interpretation, based on the interrelation between economic and political factors, of specific issues of taxation and tax reforms in European countries, focusing on the rules of tax neutrality and horizontal equity, the complexity and degree of progressivity of the income tax, the role of competition and decentralization
Uguaglianza di genere e sistemi pensionistici: aspetti critici e prospettive per l'Italia
No full textQuesto lavoro si propone di analizzare la presenza di disparità di genere
nei sistemi pensionistici, con particolare riferimento al caso italiano, ma con
una costante attenzione al resto d’Europa. Forniremo
evidenza della presenza di differenze di genere nei sistemi pensionistici, mostrando dati recenti sui principali indicatori che possono essere adottati per
misurare queste differenze. Indagheremo poi le cause di queste
differenze. Queste sono riconducibili a caratteristiche generali del sistema
pensionistico che, pur non avendo una dimensione esplicita di genere, possono produrre differenze tra le pensioni degli uomini e quelle delle donne; a caratteristiche specifiche del sistema pensionistico esplicitamente collegate al
genere; a differenze di genere presenti sul mercato del lavoro e al carico di lavoro di cura svolto dalle donne, che amplifica le differenze generate sul mercato del lavoro. Analizzeremo in seguito se e come il processo
di invecchiamento in atto influenzi i canali che generano disuguaglianza
all’interno del sistema pensionistico tra uomini e donne. Infine approfondiremo la discussione e trarremo alcune conclusioni dal nostro studio
L'occupazione femminile tra cambiamenti recenti e sfide future
No full textIl tasso di occupazione femminile è tra i più bassi in Europa, e ben lontano dal target di Lisbona. Quali differenze caratterizzano la partecipazione femminile al mercato del lavoro delle giovani di oggi rispetto alla generazione precedente?Quali altri cambiamenti si accompagnano alla maggiore partecipazione femminile? Perché è importante che un maggior numero di donne sia attivo sul mercato del lavoro? In questo contributo ci proponiamo di inquadrare i principali fattori di cambiamento e sottolinearne la rilevanza. Individueremo gli ostacoli tuttora presenti alla piena valorizzazione della risorsa femminile sul lavoro, i potenziali vantaggi legati ad una loro eliminazione e gli strumenti più appropriati per muoversi in questa direzione
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