1,721,126 research outputs found
Prevalence of Side Effects Treatment with Carbamazepine and Other Antiepileptics in Patients with Epilepsy
Full text linkThis paper reveals the studies of carbamazepine monitoring in the manifestation of side effects during clinical use. It is important to realize that these ranges are derived statistically, with most patients who have high levels suffering side effects and some with poor control having low levels. Broadly, the newer agents have advantages of lower risk of side effects and less drug interaction. At the presence they are more expensive than the, than "older" agents. Current recommendations and practice are to use newer agents as second line drugs, although in some countries there are gaining favour as potential first line agents
Effect of kassinin, neurokinin A and neurokinin B on drinking behaviour in the pigeon.
No full textIntracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of kassinin produced a prompt and copious drinking response at doses of 10-1000 ng/pigeon, in the absence of other behavioural alterations or of changes in core temperature. Neurokinin A and B evoked drinking, but they were respectively 10 and 100 times less potent than kassinin. Intraperitoneal injection of kassinin elicited drinking, but at doses about 1000 X larger than the i.c.v. ones. The angiotensin antagonist [Sar1, Leu8]angiotensin II did not reduce drinking induced by i.c.v. kassinin, suggesting that its effect is not due to interaction with the central renin-angiotensin system. Moreover, the effect is apparently independent of the mechanisms controlling hypovolaemic and hyperosmotic thirst since exact additivity was found in the dipsogenic response when i.c.v. kassinin was administered in the presence of a hypovolaemic (subcutaneous (s.c.), polyethylene glycol) or hyperosmotic (s.c. hypertonic NaCl) dipsogenic stimulus. The present findings show that kassinin, neurokinin A and B share with the tachykinins already tested (eledoisin, physalaemin, substance P) a common dipsogenic action in pigeons. However, marked differences exist in their dipsogenic potency. This order of potency, eledoisin = kassinin = physalaemin greater than neurokinin A = substance P greater than neurokinin B, is not consistent with the tachykinin receptor subtypes so far proposed
Involvement of cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript in the differential feeding responses to nociceptin/orphanin FQ in dark agouti and Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W rats
Full text linkWistar Ottawa Karlsburg W (WOKW) rats and their controls, dark agouti (DA), present different features: in particular, DA rats are lean, while the WOKW are obese and present symptoms of hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. The present study tested the hypothesis that these two strains would demonstrate different sensitivity to nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ). N/OFQ was injected into the lateral brain ventricle (LBV) of sated DA and WOKW rats, and corticosterone levels in both strains were measured after LBV injection of N/OFQ. LBV N/OFQ injections dose-dependently produced a significant increase in food intake (4 h) in DA rats, but not in WOKW. However, corticosterone levels were increased by N/OFQ to a greater degree in WOKW than in DA rats. Gene sequencing and gene expression of ORL1 receptor and cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript (Cart) peptide were evaluated to study the difference in N/OFQ-induced feeding behavior in the two strains. WOKW rats had a different amino acid sequence of Cart peptide and a significantly higher expression of Cart in the hypothalamus. The present data show that DA and WOKW rats demonstrate different sensitivity to N/OFQ, and suggest that Cart peptide might be the underlying mechanism of this difference
Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of nociceptin/orphanin FQ increases food and ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring rats
No full textCentral administration of low doses of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the opioid-like orphan receptor NOP, have been shown to reduce ethanol consumption, ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior in alcohol preferring rats. The present study evaluated the effect of continuous (7 days) lateral brain ventricle infusions of N/OFQ (0, 0.25, 1, 4, and 8 microg/h), by means of osmotic mini-pumps, on 10% ethanol intake in Marchigian-Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats provided 2h or 24h access to it. N/OFQ dose-dependently increased food intake in msP rats. On the other hand, in contrast to previous studies with acute injections, continuous lateral brain ventricle infusion of high doses of N/OFQ increased ethanol consumption when the ethanol solution was available for 24h/day or 2h/day. The present study demonstrates that continuous activation of the opioidergic N/OFQ receptor does not blunt the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Moreover, the data suggest that continuous activation of the opioidergic N/OFQ receptor is not a suitable way to reduce alcohol abuse
New 2- pyridylethylamines with dopaminergic activity: synthesis and radioligand binding evaluation
No full textA preclinical model of binge eating elicited by yo-yo dieting and stressful exposure to food: effect of sibutramine, fluoxetine, topiramate and midazolam
No full textRationale: Preclinical models are needed to investigate the
neurobiology and psychobiology of binge eating and to
identify innovative pharmacotherapeutic strategies.
Objectives: A modification of the model based on the
combination of cyclic caloric restrictions and acute stress
was developed to further increase its face validity and
reliability and, for the first time, to assess its predictive value.
Materials and methods: Four groups of female rats were
employed: group 1 was normally fed and not stressed on the
test day (25th); group 2 was fed normally but was exposed to
an acute stress on day 25; group 3 was exposed to three cycles (4 days 66% of chow intake+4 days food ad libitum) of yo-yo dieting but not stressed; and group 4 was exposed to cyclic yo-yo dieting and then stressed. All groups were fed highly palatable food (HPF) for 2 h on days 5–6 and 13–14. Acute stress was elicited by exposing rats to HPF, but preventing them from access to it for 15 min.
Results: The combination of cyclic food restriction and
stressful exposure to food markedly increased HPF intake.
Sibutramine and fluoxetine inhibited food intake in all
conditions. Topiramate selectively inhibited compulsive
HPF intake in rats submitted to caloric restriction and
stress. Midazolam increased HPF intake.
Conclusions: Pharmacological results suggest that this model,
in addition to face validity as an isomorphic model of human
binge eating, is endowed with good predictive validity
Oxidative damage in rat erythrocyte membranes following ethanol intake: effect of ethyl pyruvate
No full textAlcoholic patients and experimental animals exposed to ethanol display biochemical signs of oxidativedamage, suggesting a possible role of free radicals in causing some of the toxic effects of alcohol. The ester derivative, ethylpyruvate (EP) is stable in solution and should function as an antioxidant and energy precursor. In the present study, the effect of ethanol intake on plasma membrane fluidity, lipid oxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities (GPx, CAT and SOD) were first evaluated. Secondly, the consequences of ethylpyruvate treatment on the physico-chemical properties of erythrocyte plasma membranes were investigated.
The results obtained demonstrate that ethanol induces an increase in lipid peroxidation, a reduction of GPx activity and fluidity in the hydrophilic–hydrophobic region of the bilayer, moreover an increase of fluidity in hydrophobic part of the plasma membrane was measured. When rats were treated with ethylpyruvate a partially protective effect can be observed for the hydrophilic–hydrophobic region tested by Laurdan, while EP cannot restore the DPH anisotropy values to the control values.
In summary, our data indicate that treatment with EP can only partially reduce ethanol plasma membrane perturbation. Since this study shows an ethylpyruvate dose-dependent effect, it is important to consider the amount of EP required to maintain the right level of membrane fluidity and polarity. These results could be interesting in order to investigate if EP, due to its radical scavenging effect, can prevent oxidativedamage induced by ethanol intake and can protect against injure related with ethanol intake
Sensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive and of Wistar Kyoto rats to the antidipsogenic action of eledoisin.
No full textThis study investigated the sensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR) to the antidipsogenic action of the tachykinin eledoisin (ELE). Drinking was evoked by: (a) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of angiotensin II, (b) subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of hypertonic NaCl (1.5 M; 1 ml/100 g b.wt.) or (c) 18 h of water deprivation with free access to food. In accordance with previous studies, the dipsogenic effect of all three treatments was exaggerated in the SHR. And when treated with i.c.v. ELE (12.5-25 ng/rat) they were far less sensitive than WKR to its antidipsogenic action on angiotensin-induced drinking. Smaller differences in strain sensitivity were also observed for the effect of ELE on cell dehydration- and on water deprivation-induced drinking, but only at the dose of 200 and 50 ng/rat, respectively. The different sensitivity of the SHR to the antidipsogenic effect of ELE supports the idea that tachykininergic mechanisms for control of water intake are differently regulated in the SHR than they are in the normotensive WKR
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