727 research outputs found
The CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathways independently regulate host resistance to Plasmodium-induced acute immune pathology.
No full textThe balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses in determining optimal T cell activation is vital for the successful resolution of microbial infections. This balance is maintained in part by the negative regulators of T cell activation, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L, which dampen effector responses during chronic infections. However, their role in acute infections, such as malaria, remains less clear. In this study, we determined the contribution of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L to the regulation of T cell responses during Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in susceptible (C57BL/6) and resistant (BALB/c) mice. We found that the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 on T cells correlates with the extent of pro-inflammatory responses induced during PbA infection, being higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c mice. Thus, ECM develops despite high levels of expression of these inhibitory receptors. However, antibody-mediated blockade of either the CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1, but not the PD-1/PD-L2, pathways during PbA-infection in ECM-resistant BALB/c mice resulted in higher levels of T cell activation, enhanced IFN-γ production, increased intravascular arrest of both parasitised erythrocytes and CD8(+) T cells to the brain, and augmented incidence of ECM. Thus, in ECM-resistant BALB/c mice, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 represent essential, independent and non-redundant pathways for maintaining T cell homeostasis during a virulent malaria infection. Moreover, neutralisation of IFN-γ or depletion of CD8(+) T cells during PbA infection was shown to reverse the pathologic effects of regulatory pathway blockade, highlighting that the aetiology of ECM in the BALB/c mice is similar to that in C57BL/6 mice. In summary, our results underscore the differential and complex regulation that governs immune responses to malaria parasites
Pakistan's internet landscape 2020
No full textAuthor: Jahanzaib Haque ; a report by Bytes for All, Pakista
Human Rights and Democracy: India’s Experience
No full textHuman Rights and Democracy: India’s Experience
Author / Authors : Aynul Haque
Page no. 114- 125
Discipline : Political Science/Polity/ Democratic studies
Script/language : Roman/English
Category : Research paper
Keywords: Human Rights, Democracy, Constitution, violence, crime, corruption and India
The Use and Abuse of Power and Why We Need a Bill of Rights: The AS10 (Terrorism) Amendment Act 2003 (Cth) and the case of R v UI-Haque
No full textThis paper assesses the legislative changes contained in the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2003 (Cth) and their effects, in light of the recent case of R v Ul-Haque. The author argues that this case is significant for a number of reasons: first, it illustrates the extent to which the new powers are open to abuse by ASIO officers. Second, it argues that those powers erode the fundamental legal principles of a democratic state, including the right to silence, the right to adequate legal representation and most importantly, the right of habeas corpus. Third, on the basis of a comparison between the interviews conducted by ASJO and those conducted by the Australian Federal Police, the case demonstrates why it is inappropriate for ASIO to wield detention and interrogation powers. Finally, the author suggests that the case highlights the growing need for a statutory bill of rights on at least two grounds: to ensure that rights are protected at law and to promote civics education
Human Rights and Democracy: India’s Experience
No full textHuman Rights and Democracy: India’s Experience
Author / Authors : Aynul Haque
Page no. 114- 125
Discipline : Political Science/Polity/ Democratic studies
Script/language : Roman/English
Category : Research paper
Keywords: Human Rights, Democracy, Constitution, violence, crime, corruption and India
The use and abuse of power and why we need a bill of rights: the ASIO (terrorism) amendment Act 2003 (CTH) and the case of R V Ul-Haque
No full textThis paper assesses the legislative changes contained in the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2003 (Cth) and their effects, in light of the recent case of R v Ul-Haque. The author argues that this case is significant for a number of reasons: first, it illustrates the extent to which the new powers are open to abuse by ASJO officers. Second, it argues that those powers erode the fundamental legal principles of a democratic state, including the right to silence, the right to adequate legal representation and most importanty the right of habeas corpus. Third, on the basis of a comparison between the interviews conducted by ASIO and those conducted by the Australian Federal Police, the case demonstrates why it isi nappropriatefo r ASJO to wield detention and interrogationp owers. Finally the authors uggests that the case highlights the growing needfor a statutory bill of rights on at least two grounds: to ensure that rights are protected at law and to promote civics education
RETHINKING INDUSTRIAL POLICY
No full textDespite the hold of the neoliberal orthodoxy on policy making in developing countries, industrial policy remains important for the promotion of industrial development. However, the context for the design of industrial policy has profoundly changed as a result of new rules governing international trade, the rise of global value chains and marketing networks, and other aspects of globalization. Traditionally, the case for industrial policy has been framed in terms of “market failures” but the paper argues that that is not a sufficient basis. After addressing the traditional points of criticism, an attempt is made to outline the “domains” of industrial policy in the current circumstances, especially for industrially lagging countries. As country contexts differ widely there are no satisfactory blueprints for policy making that countries can readily adopt. As in production decisions, considerable ingenuity and innovation is needed in designing policies. This is all the more necessary as the WTO rules have become increasingly stringent and the rise of international trading networks has created new barriers for young firms to enter the world market. These developments have changed the context but not the importance of policy in industrial development. The paper identifies areas where government intervention is needed and can still make a positive difference.
Towards lean product and process development
No full textSuccesses in lean manufacture have led researchers and practitioners to consider extending ‘lean' to different parts of the engineering enterprise, including product and process development (PPD). Lean product development (PD) has been understood to mean lean manufacture applied to PD, while the roots of lean PD - just like lean manufacture - go back to Toyota. This article presents the methodology adopted in order to pave the way towards a coherent lean PD model that combines lessons from the Toyota product development system (TPDS) with other best practises. The article provides a unique review of the lean PD research area, and a reference framework for the enablers that Toyota has employed for lean PD. An investigation of five engineering enterprises undertaken to search for evidence of the implementation of lean PD enablers through observation, document analysis and interviews is also presented. Some enablers have been informally applied, while few have been formally implemented, and no model was found to formally combine lean PD enablers into a coherent whole. This is the first article to critique attempts to describe lean PD and provide a definition for Lean PD
Green Synthesis of Trimetallic Nanocomposite (Ru/Ag/Pd)-Np and Its In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities
No full textIn this study, we used the aqueous extract of garlic tunicate leaf to reduce a mixture of equal amounts of ruthenium chloride, silver nitrate, and palladium acetate for the biosynthesis of ruthenium/silver/palladium trimetallic nanocomposite (Ru/Ag/Pd)-Np. Some physicochemical tools were used for nanocomposite characterization, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmittance electron microscope (TEM). XRD revealed that the crystal size of the nanocomposite is 15.67 nm. The TEM images showed that the particle size ranged 50–90 nm. The antimicrobial efficacy of the nanocomposite was examined against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. The results showed a potent antimicrobial activity toward all tested microorganisms. (Ru/Ag/Pd)-Np showed antiproliferative activity against Caco-2, HepG2, and K562 cell lines. The antiproliferative potential of (Ru/Ag/Pd)-Np was significantly improved following UV irradiation
The Economics of Solid Waste Management and Drainage: A Sustainable Approach for Making South Asian Cities Climate-Resilient
No full textAsian Center for Development completed research on designing policies for solid waste management in two cities in Nepal and in Bangladesh in collaboration with a SANDEE-ICIMOD. The research is funded by IDRC, Canada. This Research Brief is published to disseminate the findings of the study for a larger audience and to demonstrate research into action.
The research led to some changes in the policy formulation at the local and the national level.
http://acdonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ACD-Research-Brief-1-2021.pdfhttp://acdonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ACD-Research-Brief-1-2021.pd
- …
