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Real and reactive power allocation in bilateral transaction markets
In deregulated power systems, transmission networks are available for third-party access to allow power
wheeling. In such a deregulated environment, the ancillary services are no longer treated as integral to the electricity
supply. They are unbundled and priced separately, and system operators have to purchase ancillary services from
ancillary service providers.
Issues pertaining to costing of ancillary services, and hence appropriate pricing mechanisms for all market
participants to recover the costs, become an important issue for proper functioning of the system. This paper presents a
method able to allocate real power losses and reactive power support to each transaction in a multi-transaction
environment. The approach utilizes a static power system representation in terms of nodal admittance matrix in
conjunction with a classical power flow. With this formulation, it is possible to derive system losses as well as reactive
supply expression as a sum of partial terms due to each transaction
A particular scenario of electromagnetic interference with railway signalling circuits. A contribution to improve system safety and reliability
La sicurezza elettrica negli impianti di produzione dell'energia elettrica per conversione fotovoltaica
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