7 research outputs found
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TACROLIMUS TABLET FORMULATIONS FOR SUBLINGUAL ADMINISTRATION
No full textObjective: The study aimed to prepare and characterize inclusion complexes of tacrolimus with β-cyclodextrin to improve its solubility and to formulate them into sublingual fast disintegrating tablets with a view to bypass the first-pass metabolism.
Methods: Tacrolimus: β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (1:1 and 1:2 molar proportions) were prepared using the kneading method. Their characterization was accomplished by determining the drug content, solubility, Attenuated Total Reflection-Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-Ray Diffraction analysis (pXRD). These were then formulated to fast disintegrating tablets and evaluated for precompression as well as post compressional characteristics.
Results: SEM analysis showed the inclusion complexes as rough, non-porous, irregular surfaced aggregate particles. DSC and pXRD analyses confirm the crystallinity change and partial conversion to the amorphous form of the drug in the inclusion complexes. From the solubility studies, it was observed that both the inclusion complexes of 1:2 molar ratio (14.82±0.889 µg/ml) and 1:1 molar ratio (12.72±0.1004 µg/ml) improved the aqueous solubility to greater extents in comparison to that of the pure drug (3.05±0.121 µg/ml). All the tablet formulations showed good precompression and mechanical properties. The inclusion complex loaded tablets exhibited a superior drug release pattern when compared to tablets prepared with tacrolimus alone. The optimized formulation (TT3) showed an in vitro disintegration time of 34.33 s and a percent drug release of 97.87.
Conclusion: The inclusion complex formulation combined with the sublingual route of administration can be expected to result in an improved bioavailability of tacrolimus by increasing its solubility and bypassing first-pass metabolism
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIFLUOPERAZINE LOADED TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE
No full textObjective: The purpose of the present study was to formulate and evaluate the polymeric transdermal delivery system of antipsychotic drug Trifluoperazine (TFP) for sustained drug release.
Methods: A transdermal patch loaded with (TFP) was formulated by solvent casting technique. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 and ethyl cellulose (EC) was used as a polymeric matrix with different ratios. Di n-butyl phthalate was used as a plasticizer. The parameters such as thickness, folding endurance and weight variation of the prepared patches were studied. The interaction study by attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed. In vitro drug release study was performed by modified paddle over-disc technique.
Results: The infrared spectroscopic study confirmed the absence of any chemical interaction between TFP and selected polymers. All the prepared formulations showed folding endurance values ranging from 130-162 and a satisfactory drug loading of 90-95%. In in vitro drug release study, formulations PE-3 and PE-4 exhibited a sustained and stable cumulative release of 54 % and 48% respectively, at the end of 24 h. The DSC and XRD analysis proved the partial conversion of the drug from crystalline to amorphous form when integrated into the polymeric matrix.
Conclusion: The prepared transdermal formulations using polymers PVP and ethyl cellulose demonstrated their ability to sustain the release of TFP. The developed formulation could be exploited for multiday therapy of TFP for the effective treatment of schizophrenia with a simplified dosing regimen and enhanced patient compliance
Socio Economic Conditions Of Construction Workers In Tamilnadu: Issues And Challenges
No full textThe present study is aimed to explore socio-economic problems of Tamilnadu women workers at construction sites in working environment and to document issues like gender bias, living conditions, vulnerability and slackness, wages, their economic status by finding out their savings, loan etc. The author concentrated only on the women workers who are working in the construction sector and how they are facing problems in the work place. Majority of the women construction workers are facing lots of problems like absence of social security, low wages, gender discrimination, unhygienic conditions at work place etc. Data was collected from 160 women workers from four areas of Tamilnadu (North, East, West, South) city. The data for this study has been collected through primary source. The primary for this study was collected with the help of the questionnaire. The secondary data was collected from the library and websites. The major findings of construction women labor facing many problems they asked government security for their jobs
Potential impacts of agrochemicals associated with fugitive particulate matter originating from beef cattle feed yards on native cavity-nesting bees
No full textOver the past decade it has become apparent that veterinary pharmaceuticals are aerially transported beyond beef cattle feed yard boundaries via fugitive particulate matter (PM). However, relatively little is known about the potential transport of insecticides associated with PM beyond feed yard boundaries even though they are used more heavily on a concentration basis than veterinary pharmaceuticals. In order to characterize pesticides associated with fugitive PM, and potential exposure to local pollinators, PM was collected each month from March until October and analyzed for commonly used pesticides on feed yards and row crop agriculture. The most commonly quantified insecticides in PM were then used in a 96 hour contact toxicity test on Blue orchard mason bees (Osmia lignaria) to determine toxicity to a model native pollinator. Wildflowers and co-located bees were also collected near feed yards across three field seasons to better determine agrochemical residues associated with fugitive PM on the local environment and subsequent risk to pollinators. Further, in an effort to understand the potential impacts these agrochemicals (emanating from feed yards) have on local pollinator populations, cavity nesting reed bundles were deployed near feed yards across two field seasons.
Agrochemicals were frequently detected in feed yard PM, with the most commonly identified being pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, and neonicotinoids. It was determined that there are enough insecticides in PM (on a per mass basis) generated across all feed yards in the United States of America to potentially kill > 1 billion bees every day. Insecticides in PM are also highly toxic to O. lignaria with neonicotinoid LD50 values < 26 ng/bee, macrocyclic lactones values < 33 ng/bee, and pyrethroid values < 290 ng/bee. Approximately one-third of wildflowers collected near feed yards contained agrochemicals at concentrations that pose elevated risks to O. lignaria and other pollinators foraging on them. Nest bundles placed near feed yards were colonized primarily by wasp species (93%), while nest bundles placed at reference sites were dominated by bee species (71%). Additionally, agrochemicals were frequently detected in all reed matrices from nest bundles deployed at feed yard sites, and at potentially lethal concentrations. Data collected throughout this dissertation suggests that highly toxic agrochemicals are aerially transported beyond feed yard boundaries, landing on local flora and fauna, and potentially impacting cavity nesting insects and other pollinators in the region.Embargo status: Restricted until 06/2026. To request the author grant access, click on the PDF link to the left
Prevalence and pattern of usage of complementary and alternative medicine among south Indian asthma patients in a tertiary care hospital
No full textAuthor response: Role of D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase beyond chiral proofreading as a cellular defense against glycine mischarging by AlaRS
No full textSmall Blubber Samples (50 mg) Sufficient for Analyses of 10 Stress and Reproductive Steroid Hormones in Gray and Fin Whales via Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
No full text© 2022 Wittmaack, Urbán Ramírez, Bernot-Simon, Martínez-Aguilar, Subbiah, Surles, Looney, Kumar, Halaska, Duignan, Knauss, Burns and Godard-Codding. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Information on stress, reproductive fitness, and health is difficult to obtain in wild cetaceans but critical for conservation and management. The goal of this study was to develop a methodology requiring minimal blubber mass for analysis of reproductive and stress steroid hormones and, hence, suitable for cetacean biopsies. Blubber biopsies and samples were collected from free-ranging and stranded gray and fin whales. Steroid hormones were extracted from blubber samples as small as 50 mg using liquid-liquid extraction methodology developed to handle the high fat content of blubber. Samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for 10 hormones: aldosterone, androstenedione, cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 17β-estradiol, estrone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and testosterone. As part of the optimization, homogenization via bead beating and blade dispersion were compared, and the former found superior. To investigate optimal yet minimal tissue mass required, hormone panels were compared among paired 50, 150, and 400 mg samples, the latter two being commonly reported masses for hormone blubber analysis. Results indicated that 50 mg of blubber was suitable and sometimes superior. Additionally, significant differences in precision values were observed between species, possibly stemming from differences in blubber composition, and relevant to homogenization technique selection and calibration methods that use blubber matrix matches obtained from a species other than the study species. Based on recovery and precision values, our methodology was accurate and precise in the measurement of spiked known quantities for all 10 hormones, confirming the methodology capabilities in 50 mg blubber mass in both species. Altogether, and in our specific sample sets, all endogenous hormones, except corticosterone, were identified above the detection limit in 50 mg gray whale blubber samples while all endogenous hormones, except aldosterone, cortisone, estrone, and progesterone, were detected in 50 mg fin whale blubber samples. We present a robust methodology for the analysis of multiple reproductive and stress steroid hormones in minimal masses of cetacean blubber compatible with small biopsies. Finally, we identified statistically significant differences in corticosteroid concentrations between stranded and free ranging animals
