2,678 research outputs found
Optical and Electronic Simulation of Silicon / Germanium Tandem Four Terminal Solar Cells
No full textA tandem solar cell architecture of silicon and germanium solar cells in a mechanical (stack like) arrangement is evaluated to increase the efficiency of light absorption in the far infra-red region from 1107 nm to 1907 nm wavelength which constitutes about 14.5% of the power intensity in the solar AM 1.5 spectrum. In this work the technical feasibility of tandem solar cells is investigated. Here we report on detailed electrical and optical simulations of this structure quantifying the various theoretical and practical loss mechanisms in the encapsulation, interfaces and in the device and indicate that a relative efficiency improvement of 20% may be attainable with silicon and germanium solar cells in this configuration. The optical and electrical parameters for silicon and germanium simulation models were extracted from experimental devices and material vendors. The developed simulation models were validated by comparing the performance of standalone silicon and germanium solar cells with experimental devices reported in the literature.This article, by Vishnuvardhanan Vijayakuman and Dunbar P. Birnie, III, was originally published in Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, copyright 2014 by ASME. It may be used for non-commercial purposes only.Peer reviewe
Performance Study of BLDC Motor Used in Wireless Medical Applications
No full textWireless network technology has created a new era of living, starting from day-to-day house hold appliances to space applications, wireless communication has its place. Especially in medical electronics wireless communication, has taken the patient monitoring and clinical diagnosis to next level, capsule endoscopy, remote repository system and gastrointestinal tract exploration are some samples. In most of these applications the wireless communication is used to control the position of the Brushless DC (BLDC) motor placed in these devices to move it to acquire the required data or control the speed of the motor. This paper deals with the study of the performance such BLDC motor employed in medical analyzer. The BLDC motor transfer function model is obtained from the motor parameters and analyzed with various soft computing algorithms, to understand which algorithm gives effective performance metrics
Raorchestes aureus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text2. <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 2, 3 & 5; Tables 2 & 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/867 (CESF 1165), an adult male (SVL 24.8 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mrugank V. Prabhu in July 2010 from a high elevation site (10.9452 N, 76.6446 E) in Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Paratype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/868 (CESF 1164), an adult female (SVL 28.3), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mrugank V. Prabhu in July 2010 from a high elevation site (10.9452 N, 76.6446 E) in Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Lineage diagnosis.</b> <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be diagnosed as a deeply divergent (16S—7.3%) lineage nested within a larger clade N (Fig 3). The lineage is isolated on the high elevations of Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2). Morphologically, it shows strong signatures of divergence from other similar relatives within clade N (see below). We use all the above criteria, genetic divergence, geographical range and morphology to diagnose this lineage. The relatives that potentially overlap in morphology and hence could be confused with this lineage within the clade N are discussed below.</p> <p> <b>Field diagnosis. Morphology.</b> <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> could be confused with <i>R. chromasynchysi</i> which occurs in sympatry (see remarks). However, the new species can be differentiated based on the shorter thigh length, TL/SVL=0.45 (0.44–0.45, n=4) (vs. TL/SVL=0.52 (0.50–0.54, n=3) in <i>R. chromasynchysi</i>); shorter tibia length, ShL/SVL=0.46 (0.45–0.47, n=4) (vs. ShL/SVL=0.51 (0.50–0.51, n=3) in <i>R</i>. <i>chromasynchysi</i>); in having a distinct golden iris (vs. silvery to light brown in <i>R. chromasynchysi</i>); dorsal coloration shades of brown (vs. very variable from shades of brown to green in <i>R. chromasynchysi</i>); anterior and posterior region of thigh (femur) characterized by distinct or faint cross bar with alternating darker and lighter shades of brown (vs. plain coloration on the posterior thigh and dark coloration with yellow blotches on the anterior thigh in <i>R</i>. <i>chromasynchysi</i>); lateral sides of irregular mottling of brown/yellow and green extending from groin to base of supratympanic fold (vs. distinct separation of dorsal and ventral coloration without any such mottling).</p> <p> <b>Geography.</b> Current data suggests a narrow restricted range to the high elevation of Elivalmalai Massif in the Western Ghats (see natural history and distribution for details).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype (all measurements in mm).</b> A small sized bush frog (SVL = 24.8 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 10.3 mm; HL = 8.3 mm), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 3.4 mm, EL = 3.7 mm). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.9 mm) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 2.6 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 5.0, IBE = 9.1 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum distinct, rounded, small, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.</p> <p>Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 = 1.4 mm; fw3 = 0.7) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded and pre-pollex tubercle oval, distinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.</p> <p>Hind limb long, heels overlap when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 11.2 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 12.1 mm); longer than foot (FOL = 9.7 mm) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 16.0 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing poor, web formula (I 1- 1 II 1- 2 III 1-2½ IV 2 ½- 1 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches anterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> Limbs faintly cross-barred, pattern extending towards the anterior and posterior parts of the thigh. Lateral sides characterized by irregular mottling of yellow and light green extending from groin to base of supratympanic fold. Ventral parts of head, body, hand and foot mottled, but more pronounced at the region of belly and throat. Iris distinct golden with brown edged coarse speckles around the pupil, visible even in the preserved specimens.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named after the consistent golden iris coloration (Latin: <i>aureus</i> = golden).</p> <p> <b>Natural history and distribution.</b> All the individuals were collected from forest edges in a grassland site and all males located were found calling at the ground level. It appears to be a range restricted species, recorded from a single high elevation (1524 m) site in Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2). The elevational range within Elivalmalai needs additional field sampling.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>R. chromasynchysi</i> was known only from the type locality (Biju and Bossuyt 2009) and a recent record from north of its type locality (Dinesh and Radhakrishnan, 2012). We have uncovered multiple potential lineages across various Massifs and hill ranges in the central Western Ghats (see above under sub-clade composition). For the above quantitative comparison, we have used individuals from a shallow divergent lineage that overlap with the range of <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p>Published as part of <i>Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4)</i> on pages 464-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287578">http://zenodo.org/record/287578</a>
Raorchestes leucolatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text8. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. (Figures 2, 3 & 12; Tables 2 & 3) Holotype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 879 (CESF 1146), an adult male (SVL 16.9 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and and Mayavan in July 2010 from a wet evergreen forest site (10.9731 N, 76.6289 E), Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India. Paratype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 880 (CESF 1147), an adult male (SVL 17.1 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and Mayavan in July 2010 from a wet evergreen forest site (10.9731 N, 76.6289 E), Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Lineage diagnosis. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. can be diagnosed by its phylogenetic position within the Bombayensis clade (Fig 3) and exhibits moderate levels (16 S— 2.9 %) of divergence from its closest relative R. tuberohumerus. It also shows strong differences in morphology (Fig 12 a,d,e,f). The lineage is diagnosed based on its phylogenetic position, genetic divergence and morphological distinctness. Field diagnosis. Morphology. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. could be morphologically confused with its close relative R. tuberohumerus. However, it can be distinguished from R. tuberohumerus on many aspects of morphology. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. can be distinguished by its smaller size (males) 16.9 mm (16.2–17.1, n= 4) (vs. 18.4 mm (17.7 –19.0, n= 6) in R. tuberohumerus); head width, HW/SVL= 0.38 (0.37–0.39, n= 4) greater than head length, HL/SVL= 0.29 (0.28–0.31, n= 4) (vs. HW/SVL= 0.35 (0.33–0.36, n= 6) almost equal to head length (HL/SVL= 0.37 (0.36–0.40, n= 6) in R. tuberohumerus); shorter thigh length, TL/SVL= 0.45 (0.43–0.46, n= 4) (vs. TL/SVL= 0.50 (0.46–0.52, n= 6) in R. tuberohumerus); shorter foot length, FOL/SVL= 0.36 (0.35–0.36, n= 4) (vs. FOL/SVL= 0.40 (0.37–0.43) in R. tuberohumerus); groin region with white blotches (vs. groin region with yellow blotches in R. tuberohumerus; disc colour orange (vs. disc colour grey to brown in R. tuberohumerus). Geography. Found to be restricted to the mid-elevations of Elivalmalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details). Ecology. Found to be an understory forest species (n= 4) and was observed in short grasses and shrubs along the forest edges. Description of holotype (all measurements in mm). A small sized bush frog (SVL = 16.9 mm), width of head sub equal to head length (HW = 6.2 mm; HL = 5.2 mm), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 2.2 mm, EL = 2.3 mm). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region flat. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.1 mm) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 1.5 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.7 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.5, IBE = 5.8 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Eyes small, pupil horizontal. Tympanum indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular without papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder. Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III. Finger tips with well developed small disks (fd 3 = 0.8 mm; fw 3 = 0.5) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate and pre-pollex moderate. Supernumerary tubercles absent. Hind limb long, heels touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 7.8 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 7.5 mm); longer than foot (FOL = 6.1 mm) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 10.2 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing poor; web formula (I 1 - 1 II 1- 2 III 1- 2 IV 2 - 1 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches posterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent. Color in life. Dorsum maroon with a pair of distinct orange patch on the shoulder. An orange coloured horizontal broken band between the upper eyelids. Groin with distinct white blotches, ventrally varying shades of brown with irregular white spots on the belly. Throat darker towards lips, disks on finger and toes distinctly orange. Iris coarsely speckled with varying shades of golden brown, overlaid on an irregular brown markings. Distinct rufous edged speckles around the pupil (Fig 12 (b)). Etymology. The species is named after one of its distinct characteristics, the ‘white patch’ on the groin (Greek: leukos = white). Natural history and distribution. The species was discovered in the mid elevations (894–958 m, n= 2) and was observed at forested sites in the Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2) situated north of Palghat Gap. Currently there are no reports of any allied species from north of its range. The southern most range of R. tuberohumerus, its geographically closest relative, appears to be Wayanad plateau (Fig 1). Further surveys are needed to verify the occurrence of this species or any close relatives in the lower elevations of Nilgiri Massif.Published as part of Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 477-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28757
Raorchestes emeraldi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text5. Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. (Figures 2, 3 & 8; Tables 2 & 3) Holotype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 873 (CESF 1353), an adult male (SVL 36.5 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Saunak Pal in August 2011 from a site (10.3690 N, 76.9948 E) in a wet evergreen forest fragment, Valparai Plateau, Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India. Paratype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 874 (CESF 1365), an adult female (SVL 50.5 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Saunak Pal in August 2011 from a site (10.3919 N, 76.9942 E) in a wet evergreen forest fragment, Valparai Plateau, Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India. Lineage diagnosis. Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. can be diagnosed by its affinity to the Hassanensis clade (Fig 3) and in having moderate levels (16 S— 3.5 %) of divergence from its sister lineages R. ponmudi and R. hassanensis. Morphologically, it shows differences in the dorsum coloration (uniform green), groin patterns and iris coloration (Fig 8). Of the known species of Raorchestes, this species was found to be of the largest (50.5 mm: female). Phylogenetic position and morphological distinctness are the two axes on which this lineage is diagnosed. Field diagnosis. Morphology. Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. resembles its sister lineage R. ponmudi in overall morphometric characters, however it exhibits strong divergence in coloration from its sister lineages, R. hassanensis and R. ponmudi. It could be distinguished in having green dorsum (Fig 8 a) (vs. dorsum with varying shades of brown in R. ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)); region of groin, front and back of thighs, under side of tibia and front of metatarsal with brown and yellow reticulated pattern (vs. posterior surface of thighs light chocolate brown vermiculated with grey patches of variable size in R. ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009); Additionally new species can be differentiated from other related congeners by the following combination of characters; (1) large adult size (SVL 36.5–50.5 mm, n= 2); (2) head width larger than head length (HW 15.2 –21.0 mm & HL 12.9–16.2 mm); (3) snout sub acuminate, sub equal to eye length (SL 5.0– 6.5 mm & EL 5.1–6.9 mm); (4) skin on dorsum lateral side smooth and ventral region granular; (5) dorsum green with minute yellow spots. Geography. Restricted to the Anaimalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details). Description of holotype (all measurements in mm). A large sized bush frog (SVL = 36.5 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 15.2 mm; HL = 12.9 mm), flat dorsally; snout short and sub acuminate, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 5.0 mm, EL = 5.1 mm). Canthus rostralis angular rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 4.0 mm) flat and equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 3.3 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.9 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 7.0, IBE = 13.3 mm). Nostrils oval and nearer to the tip of the snout. Moderate symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum moderate, rounded, visible behind the eye, 2.3 times less than the eye diameter (TYD = 2.2 mm). Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder. Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd 3 = 2.7 mm; fw 3 = 1.4 mm) with distinct circum-marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate, rounded and pre-pollex indistinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent. Hind limb long, heels touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 17.0 mm), slightly lesser than Shank/Tibia (ShL = 18.2 mm) length and foot (FOL = 16.0 mm) and much less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 26.0 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing medium, web formula (I 1 - 1 II ½- 1 III ½- 1 IV 1 - 0 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches posterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent. Color in life. Dorsum uniform green with scattered yellow spots (Fig 8 a); green colouration extending to canthus, arm up to ¼th of outer finger (rest of the fingers flesh coloured, finely speckled with brown), surface of femur, tibia, tarsus and base of outer two toes. Armpits are fleshy, purplish with fine brown specks. Upper lip golden white, lower lip and throat region iridescent off white. Lateral part of mid belly with yellow spots on a dark brown background. Groin, anterior and posterior femur with distinct yellow blotches on a dark brown background. Outer posterior orbital ring bluish green, upper edge of iris dark maroon, interior of iris golden brown with fine markings radiating towards the outer edge. Outer edges of the iris with a green wash (Fig 8 b). Etymology. The species is named after its dominant dorsum colour ‘emerald’. Natural history and distribution. We discovered this species from a rainforest fragment at the eastern edge of the Valparai plateau. It appears to be a forest species, occurring in the higher elevation (1249–1488, n = 7) wet evergreen forests of the Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2). It replaces R. ponmudi, a common species of the low and mid-elevations (mean ~ 900 m, n= 77) of southern parts of the Western Ghats. We suspect a narrow zone of overlap between these species around 1200–1400 m in the Valparai plateau.Published as part of Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 470-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28757
Raorchestes flaviocularis Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text6. <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 2, 3, 9 & 10; Tables 2 & 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/875 (CESF 1406) (SVL 26.5 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Varun R Torsekar in September 2011 from a disturbed forest fragment site (9.6064 N, 77.3033 E) located in a tea garden mosaic, Megamalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Paratype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/876 (CESF 1251) (SVL 23.9), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and Mayavan in August 2010 from a disturbed forest fragment site (9.6064 N, 77.3033 E) located in a tea garden mosaic, Megamalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Lineage diagnosis.</b> <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be diagnosed phylogenetically as a member of the Ochlandrae clade (Fig 3), showing sister relationship to <i>Raorchestes chalazodes</i> (Fig 10 a) (see discussion below). Though it exhibits shallow divergence (16S—1.2 %) with its allopatric sister, we diagnose this lineage and consider it for description based on its phylogenetic position (Ochlandrae clade), distinct morphology (coloration and skin pattern), geographical range and acoustic divergence (Fig 9, 10).</p> <p> <b>Field diagnosis. Morphology.</b> <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> shows strong similarity with its sister lineage <i>R. chalazodes</i> in the morphometric variables considered. However, it exhibits very strong divergence in dorsum skin coloration and patterns (see Fig 9 a, 10b). In <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, the green dorsum coloration, with a lichen pattern, do not extend on to the hand and foot (vs. dorsal skin colour uniform green extending on to the hand and foot in <i>R. chalazodes</i> (Fig 10 a). It exhibits signatures of divergence in the limb length (shorter thigh/femur length (TL/SVL=0.40, 0.40–0.40, n=2) in <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> in comparison to <i>R. chalazodes</i> (TL/SVL=0.43, 0.40–0.45, n=3) and shorter tibia/shank length (ShL/SVL=0.42, 0.42–0.43, n=2) in <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> in comparison to <i>R. chalazodes</i> (ShL/SVL=0.45, 0.44–0.45, n=3). Additionally, the new species can be readily distinguished from all other close relatives by its iris pattern (characterized by very distinct small golden yellow patches on a dark background color) and also the dorsum coloration and skin pattern (Fig 9).</p> <p> <b>Behaviour.</b> <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> shows divergence from its sister lineage in its shorter call length (0.59±0.07 (N=19) vs. 2.11±0.42 (N=43) in <i>R. chalazodes</i>), low number of pulses (4.95±0.52 (N=19) vs. 21.08±3.47 (N=24) in <i>R. chalazodes</i>, lower pulse rate (7.36±0.62 (N=19) vs. 9.99±0.96 (N=24) in <i>R. chalazodes</i> and greater dominant frequency (2675.82±74.19 (N=38) vs. 2523.78±62.93 (N=23) in <i>R. chalazodes</i>) (Fig 10). Considering the short overlap in the range of dominant frequency of the calls of the two lineages, we mainly use strong divergence in the temporal call characteristics as an additional evidence for recognizing and naming this lineage.</p> <p> <b>Geography.</b> Restricted to the Megamalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype (all measurements in mm).</b> A small sized bush frog (SVL = 26.5 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 9.7 mm; HL = 6.7 mm), arched, flat dorsally; snout short and acuminate in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 2.6 mm, EL = 3.2 mm). Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.7 mm) flat, slightly broader than upper eyelid (UEW = 1.7 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 4.5, IBE = 8.2 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum rather indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with a distinct retractile papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.</p> <p>Relative length of fingersI<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 = 2.0 mm; fw3 = 1.1 mm) with distinct circum-marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles indistinct and pre-pollex indistinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.</p> <p>Hind limb long, heels barely touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 10.2 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 10.1 mm) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 15.4 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing moderate web formula (I 1- 1 II 1- 1 III 1- 2 IV 2- 1 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanic region. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> Dorsum with a distinct lichen pattern with uniform green colouration (Fig 9 (a)), the pattern broken irregularly exposing the brown fleshy skin colouration; dorsal pattern extends to mid belly laterally and to dorsal surface of femur, tibia and lower tarsus. Canthus region fleshy brown with occasional green patches in few individuals. Dorsal parts of arms, fingers and disc colour similar to canthus region. Groin, anterior and posterior femur, tibia and tarsus flesh coloured. Iris dark brown with distinct irregular golden yellow patches.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named after the ‘metallic yellow’ colour of the iris (Latin: <i>flavin</i> = yellow; <i>oculus</i> = eye).</p> <p> <b>Natural history and distribution.</b> A sub-canopy lineage (325 cm, n=2), it is difficult to locate due to its ventriloquistic call and occurrence in the sub-canopy. Like other members of the Ochlandrae clade, it was also heard calling from <i>Ochlandra</i> grass patches. However, the two individuals whose descriptions are given were obtained from a highly disturbed forest fragment, on leaves of short trees (<5 m). Calls were also recorded from high in the canopy. Considering the strong association of Ochlandrae clade lineages with <i>Ochlandra</i> reeds, further observations are needed to verify the habitat association of this new lineage. It is a species of high elevations (1459–1569 m, n =10), and restricted in distribution to the Upper Manalar Plateau, Megamalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2) in the southern Western Ghats. Based on our call recordings in the adjoining Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1), we anticipate a related lineage or an isolated population.</p>Published as part of <i>Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4)</i> on pages 472-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287578">http://zenodo.org/record/287578</a>
Astrobatrachus Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker 2019, gen. nov.
No full textType genus. — Astrobatrachus gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:28F98D95-3E1E-41BB- B7A1-CC6766432E22, by present designation. Etymology of the generic nomen. —From the Greek astro - for ‘star,’ referring to the starry spots, more prominent on the lateral sides of the body, and batrachus meaning ‘frog’. As per the nomenclatural act the gender of genus is ‘male.’Published as part of Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Pyron, Robert Alexander, Dinesh, K. P., Torsekar, Varun R., Srikanthan, Achyuthan N., Swamy, Priyanka, Stanley, Edward L., Blackburn, David C. & Shanker, Kartik, 2019, A new ancient lineage of frog (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae: Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.) endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India, pp. 1-28 in PeerJ 6457 on page 9, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457, http://zenodo.org/record/260898
BAYESIAN INFERENCE TO MULTIPLE CHANGES IN THE VARIANCE OF AR(p) TIME SERIES MODEL
No full textThe problem of a change in the mean of a sequence of random variables at an unknown
time point has been addressed extensively in the literature. But, the problem of a change in the
variance at an unknown time point has, however, been covered less widely. This paper analyses a
sequence of autoregressive, AR(p), time series model in which the variance may be subjected to
multiple changes at an unknown time points. Posterior distributions are found both for the
unknown points of time at which the changes occurred and for the parameters of the model. A
numerical example is also discussed
Design of an Interface for Page Rank Calculation using Web Link Attributes Information
No full textThis paper deals with the Web Structure Mining and the different Structure Mining Algorithms like Page Rank, HITS, Trust Rank and Sel-HITS. The functioning of these algorithms are discussed. An incremental algorithm for calculation of PageRank using an interface has been formulated. This algorithm makes use of Web Link Attributes Information as key parameters and has been implemented using Visibility and Position of a Link. The application of Web Structure Mining Algorithm in an Academic Search Application has been discussed. The present work can be a useful input to Web Users, Faculty, Students and Web Administrators in a University Environment.HITS, Page Rank, Sel-HITS, Structure Mining
Raorchestes primarrumpfi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text9. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. (Figures 2, 3, 13, 14 & 15; Tables 2 & 3) Holotype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 881 (CESF 1276), a male (SVL 21.0 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mayavan June 2011 from a grassland site (11.2331 N, 76.5443 E), Nilgiri Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Paratype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 882 (CESF 441), a male (SVL 19.9 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, August 2009 from a grassland site (11.2331 N, 76.5443 E), Nilgiri Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Lineage diagnosis. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. can be phylogenetically diagnosed as belonging to the Tinniens clade (Fig 3), showing a well supported sister relationship with an another unidentified lineage occurring in sympatry. Despite its shallow genetic divergence (1–2 % on 16 S gene) from its sympatric sister lineage, it exhibits high divergence in morphological characteristics both in the multivariate morphological space (Fig 14) as well in the dorsal and ventral coloration (Fig 13). Iris coloration and patterns (Fig 13 (b)) were also found to show distinct differences from its sister lineage. Field diagnosis. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the related congeners by the following combination of characters. Morphology. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. can be distinguished by its (1) shorter tibia length (ShL/ SVL= 0.32 (0.31–0.35, n= 5) (vs. ShL/SVL= 0.45 (0.43–46, n= 3) in the unidentified lineage and ShL/SVL= 0.41 (0.41–42, n= 3) in R. tinniens); (2) shorter thigh length (TL/SVL = 0.35, n= 5) (vs. TL/SVL= 0.45, n= 3 in the unidentified lineage and TL/SVL= 0.44, n= 3 in R. tinniens); (3) smaller size (males) (SVL= 20 (18.4 –21.0, n= 5) (vs. 22 (21–22.8, n= 3) in the unidentified lineage); (4) shorter head length (HL/SVL= 0.26 (0.24–0.28, n= 5) (vs. 0.37 (0.35–0.38, n= 3) in R. tinniens; (5) shorter snout length (SL/SVL= 0.11 (0.10–0.13, n= 5) (vs. 0.15, n= 3) in the unidentified lineage); (6) unique iris coloration, lower part dark maroon and upper half speckled with iridescent golden and silvery colour (vs. uniform brown in the unidentified lineage and uniform brown with golden speckles in R. tinniens; (7) dorsum largely granular, dark olive and with a consistent pattern of three distinct maroon longitudinal discontinuous stripes (vs. highly variable dorsum coloration with no distinct pattern in the related lineages); (8) two distinct maroon blotches on the eyelids extending slightly into inter-orbital space (vs. absent in the other lineages) (9) ventral coloration is white with a bluish wash towards sides (vs. shades of yellow, areolate skin, semi-transparent with yellow blotches in some individuals and shades of yellow with black spots in R. tinniens (Biju and Bossuyt 2009)). Geography. Restricted in range to the very high elevations of the Nilgiri Massif (see natural history and distribution for details). Overlaps broadly in its geographical range with an unidentified lineage and R. signatus. Ecology. Observed to be restricted to grasslands and swamps. Description of holotype (all measurements in mm). A small sized squat bush frog (SVL = 21.0 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 7.5 mm; HL = 5.5 mm), arched, flat dorsally; snout rounded in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is equal to diameter of eye (SL = 2.5 mm, EL = 2.4 mm). Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.2 mm) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 1.8 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.9 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.5, IBE = 6.6 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum indistinct. Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder. Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III. Finger tips with small disks (fd 3 = 0.6 mm, fw 3 = 0.6 mm) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles indistinct, pre-pollex indistinct and supernumerary tubercles absent. Hind limb short, heels fall apart when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 7.0 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 6.5 mm) and foot (FOL = 6.6 mm) but less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 10.8 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing rudimentary, web formula (I 1 - 1 II 1- 2 III 1 ½- 3 IV 2 ½- 1 ½ V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches shoulder region. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent. Color in life. Dorsum, background olive with a dark maroon longitudinal disconnected striped pattern, the pattern extending on to outer two fingers on the forelimb and femur, tibia, tarsus and outer toe on the hind limb. Canthus ridge darker extending to the tip of snout and flesh coloured, with olive patches, in a few individuals. Laterally, behind shoulders a distinct flesh coloured patch hidden in resting position; bluish white small blotches along the lateral sides and distinct blotches towards groin and anterior femur on a maroon background, this pattern is variable across individuals. Ventrally white, with a light bluish wash towards lateral edges. Ventral parts of tibia and tarsus with elongated white patches on a fleshy background. Iris, lower 1 / 3 rd dark maroon, upper half speckled with iridescent golden and silvery colour and outer posterior orbital ring blue. Etymology. Derived and modified from ‘ Primarrumpf’, a German term used by geomorphologists to refer to remnant primitive surfaces of Gondwanaland. In the Western Ghats Escarpment, these surfaces occur in the Nilgiri and Anaimalai massifs. Natural history and distribution. All the calling males were observed amidst dense grass clumps and herbs in the montane grasslands and the detection of this species was higher in swampy grasslands (Fig 15). It exhibits a narrow geographical range and is restricted in distribution to the montane zone (2212−2359 m, n= 13) towards the western edge of the Nilgiri Massif (Fig 1 & 2). The higher elevations of the Camels Hump Massif, adjacent to the Nilgiri Massif, might hold a relative of this lineage and needs further exploration. Sl. No Species 1 Raorchestes agasthyaensis Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 2 Raorchestes akroparallagi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 3 Raorchestes anili (Biju and Bossuyt, 2006) 4 Raorchestes archaeos sp. nov. 5 Raorchestes aureus sp. nov. 6 Raorchestes beddomii (Gunther, 1876) 7 Raorchestes blandus sp. nov. 8 Raorchestes bobingeri (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) 9 Raorchestes bombayensis (Annandale, 1919) 10 Raorchestes chalazodes (Gunther, 1876) 11 Raorchestes charius (Rao, 1937) 12 Raorchestes chlorosomma (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 13 Raorchestes chotta (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 14 Raorchestes chromasynchysi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 15 Raorchestes coonoorensis (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 16 Raorchestes crustai Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 17 Raorchestes dubois (Biju and Bossuyt, 2006) 18 Raorchestes echinatus sp. nov. 19 Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. 20 Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882) * 21 Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov. 22 Raorchestes ghatei Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav and Dahanukar, 2013 23 Raorchestes glandulosus (Jerdon, 1853) 24 Raorchestes graminirupes (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) 25 Raorchestes griet (Bossuyt, 2002) 26 Raorchestes hassanensis (Rao, 1937) # 27 Raorchestes indigo sp. nov. 28 Raorchestes jayarami (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 29 Raorchestes johnceei Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 30 Raorchestes kadalarensis Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 31 Raorchestes kaikatti (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 32 Raorchestes kakachi Seshadri, Gururaja and Aravind, 2012 33 Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. 34 Raorchestes luteolus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) 35 Raorchestes manohari Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 36 Raorchestes marki (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 37 Raorchestes montanus (Jerdon, 1875) # ......continued on the next page Sl. No Species 38 Raorchestes munnarensis (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 39 Raorchestes nerostagona (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) 40 Raorchestes ochlandrae (Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan and Ramachandra, 2007) 41 Raorchestes ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) 42 Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. 43 Raorchestes ravii Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 44 Raorchestes resplendens Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, 2010 45 Raorchestes signatus (Boulenger, 1882) 46 Raorchestes sushili (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 47 Raorchestes theuerkaufi Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 48 Raorchestes thodai Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 * 49 Raorchestes tinniens (Jerdon, 1853) 50 Raorchestes travancoricus (Boulenger, 1891) 51 Raorchestes tuberohumerus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) 52 Raorchestes uthamani Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 * species not included in the phylogenetic tree; # details of revalidation will be dealt elsewhere (under preparation)Published as part of Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 479-484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28757
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