132 research outputs found
How abstract concepts emerge from metaphorical images: The metonymic way
No full textWhile concrete concepts can be graphically represented within the pictorial mode by showing the referent that they designate, abstract concepts lack concrete referents that can be easily depicted. Nonetheless, in verbo-pictorial metaphors viewers are typically invited to construct comparisons between entities and this process often involves abstract concepts. This paper investigates the role of metonymy in abstract concepts representation within the pictorial mode. By means of qualitative and quantitative analyses we show how various types of metonymy, extracted from existing lists of metonymies identified within the cognitive linguistic literature, can motivate the emergence of abstract concepts in the analysis of verbo-pictorial metaphors. We discuss the results in relation to abstract concepts' cognitive grounding, proposing the Abstraction by Metonymy principle
Evaluation of the SenseWear Mini Armband to Assess Energy Expenditure During Pole Walking
No full textThe current study aimed to show the validity of a portable motion sensor, the SenseWear Armband (SWA), for the estimation of energy expenditure during pole walking. Twenty healthy adults (mean ± SD: age 30.1 ± 7.2 year, body mass 66.1 ± 10.6 kg, height 172.4 ± 8.0 cm, BMI 22.1 ± 2.4 kg·m-2) wore the armband during randomized pole walking activities at a constant speed (1.25 m·s-1) and at seven grades (0%, ±5%, ±15% and ±25%). Estimates of total energy expenditure from the armband were compared with values derived from indirect calorimetry methodology (IC) using a 2-way mixed model ANOVA (Device × Slope), correlation analyses and Bland-Altman plots. Results revealed significant main effects for device, and slope (p < .025) as well as a significant interaction (p < .001). Significant differences between IC and SWA were observed for all conditions (p < .05). SWA generally underestimate the EE values during uphill PW by 0.04 kcal·kg-1·min-1 (p < .05). Whereas, a significant overestimation has been detected during flat and downhill PW by 0.01 and 0.03 kcal·kg-1·min-1 (p < .05), respectively. The Bland-Altman plots revealed bias of the armband compared with the indirect calorimetry at any condition examined. The present data suggest that the armband is not accurate to correctly detect and estimate the energy expenditure during pole walking activities. Therefore, the observed over- and under-estimations warrants more work to improve the ability of SWA to accurately measure EE for these activities
Editorial: Recent Evolutions and Perspectives in Olympic Winter Sports Performance: To PyeongChang and Beyond…
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Recent Evolutions and Perspectives in Olympic Winter Sports Performance: to PyeongChang and Beyond...
No full textAn evidence-based scientific understanding of factors determining Olympic winter sports performance, recent changes, the evolution in training content and methods, the improvement in technology as well as the occurrence of injury and illness is required. On one hand, this would provide the opportunity to translate research to practice. On the other hand, to guide the practice of Olympic winter sports with the ultimate goal of improving the performance. Certainly, the continued evolution of Olympic winter sports has contributed to an enormous accumulation of knowledge, evidence, and relevant training technologies. Sports sciences, including physiology, conditioning, nutrition, biomechanics, coaching, psychology, as well as sport technology, history and social sciences, have much to contribute to the preparation of the athletes in the Olympic winter sports.
Consequently, this Research Topic sought to provide a platform of contributions to set out a comprehensive framework of the components that should be addressed when developing training plans leading to elite Olympic winter sports performance. Overall, the papers were all directed toward a better understanding of physiological, biomechanical, and training factors related to different Olympic winter sports disciplines: cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, biathlon, Nordic combined, speed skating, snowboarding, and ski-cross
Variations of perceived exertion in relation to heart rate responses in an international level race walkers before a 50-km race
No full textIntroduction. The ability to accurately control and monitor exercise intensity (EI) during training sessions plays a key role in planning the athletic season. This can be achieved by means of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (Borg, 1998) and heart rate (HR) (Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003). Over the years several RPE- and HR-based methods have been proposed to quantify global EI. However, to date no study has been conducted with regards to race walking (RW). Thus, this case study aimed to investigate the typical RPE and HR seasonal variations of an international level race walker training for a 50-km race and to examine the relationship between RPE and HR to further confirm the use of RPE to assess EI during RW-specific training. Methods. Training data were collected during the competitive season 2009 (127 training sessions) consisting of four macrocycles of intense training interspersed by one week of tapering before the Italian 50-km championship. The Borg’s 6-20 RPE scale (Borg, 1998) was used to measure the athlete perception of effort referred to the whole training session. HR was recorded using a short-range telemetry system and expressed relative to the maximum value (%HRmax) of the athlete determined during an incremental maximal test. The relationships between RPE and %HRmax were analysed using Pearson’s product moment correlation. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results. The athlete completed the event in 4h 14min 02s (personal best time, 39min 48s slower than the World Record). The mean RPE was 11.1 (1.6), 13.1 (1.3), 13.2 (1.5), 12.4 (1.3) and 11.4 (1.0), 13.5 (0.8), 12.7 (0.4), 12.0 (1.5) for the training and tapering period, respectively. The mean %HRmax was 83.7 (2.0), 85.3 (4.6), 84.8 (4.1), 85.7 (3.8) and 83.0 (0.7), 85.7 (4.5), 84.8 (1.6), 85.4 (2.5) % for the training and tapering period, respectively. The correlation between the mean RPE and %HRmax showed a very large significant relationship (r = 0.74, P = 0.04). Discussion. The result found indicates that a very large and significant relation exists between RPE and HR. This finding is in line with previous studies which showed how RPE is correlated with many physiological variables, such as HR (Chen et al., 2002), and provides evidence which confirms that RPE can be considered a simple and valid method for quantifying the global EI during RW-specific training. References Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. (2003). Sports Med, 33, 517-538 Borg G. (1998). Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scale. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL Chen MJ, Fan X, Moe ST (2002). J Sports Sci, 20, 873-899
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