15 research outputs found
Design and Implementation of Modified P&O Algorithm for Industrial Waste Heat Recovery System Using Thermoelectric Module
Get PDFThis paper proposes a novel Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control method of thermoelectric power generation for the constant load. This paper reveals the characteristics and the internal resistance of thermoelectric power module (TM). To control the operating point & to extract the maximum power from waste heat using TEG is essential as there is a wastage of heat from Industries, automobiles etc. To fix maximum power point from waste heat, a good number of algorithms has been proposed, one of them is P&O algorithm. Analyzing the thermoelectric power generation system with boost chopper by P&O Method, the output voltage and current of TM are estimated by with only single current sensor. The basic principle of the proposed MPPT control method is discussed, and then confirmed by digital computer simulation using Matlab. Simulation results demonstrate that the output voltage can track the maximum power point voltage by the proposed MPPT control method. The comparative analysis between P&O and modified Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm for extracting the power from thermoelectric array TM is analyzed briefly below
Evaluation of cases of benign breast diseases
Get PDFINTRODUCTION:
Breast is an important feature of female anatomy particularly representing feminity. Contemporary concepts of female beauty and feminity necessitates the breast to be esthetically acceptable in all the situations. It not only symbolises feminity, mammary glands are also important for the survival of the newborn and thus of the species and portrays the womanhood.
Any change within the breast that comes into notice in a female has a significant impact on her well being. So, its more of a psychological and emotional concern. Rather than disease per se , its the fear of malignancy makes her more apprehensive and anxious.
Though breast cancer being centered in any case with a breast lump, every physician has to remember that benign lesions are more common than malignancy. Enough attention has not been given for the benign breast disorders as much as it was deserved. We have only few papers, studies
discussed about this subject.
Benign tumours of the breast is 4 to 5 times more common than malignancy. Benign breast diseases are common disorder, in up to 30% of women will suffer from benign breast diseases requiring treatment at some time or the other in their lifetime.1 Over 80% of the breast problems present as pain and or lumps in the breast.
RATIONALE BEHIND THE STUDY:
Benign breast disease which cause a great deal of discomfort (both physical and mental) to the patient, who have doubt that it could be malignant, which has to be ruled out. The need for study is to analyse the spectrum of benign breast disease with respect to age, sex, mode of presentation, clinical features and management.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the patients presenting with various types of benign breast diseases.
2. To study the association of benign breast disease with menstrual status, marital status, parity, family history & personal history.
3. To study the common presentation of benign breast diseases.
4. To correlate the results of FNAC with that of histopathology in all the post operative cases.
5. To study the treatment modalities in benign breast diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
It is a prospective study aimed at evaluation of cases of benign breast diseases in Tirunelveli medical college & hospital from the period of feb 2011 - july 2012 over a period of 18 month.
Source of Data:
Tirunelveli Medical College, Hospital, Tirunelveli.
Design of Study:
Prospective study.
Period of Study:
18 Months.
Sample Size:
109 cases of benign breast diseases proven histopathologically.
Method of Collection of Data:
Study group comprises of 109 female patients with benign breast disease admitted in Tirunelveli medical college and hospital during the period of 18 months. Patients clinically diagnosed as having BBD are admitted for
further evaluation. After obtaining an informed written consent from the patient, detailed history and clinical examination will be done as per my proforma designed. The proforma designed in the questionarre form. With the aid of
routine investigations and investigations specific to the disease per se are also supplemented to confirm the diagnosis. The management will be decided according to the provisional diagnosis made after the investigations. The
histopathological report followed up. Finally, histopathologically proven cases of BBD will be included in the study with consideration to inclusion and exclusion criteria. If needed secondary analysis of medical records of these patient will be used to fulfil the missed and remaining data. Pathology report of all these patient collected from my collobarating department. The proformas are completed and finally compiled data are to be profiled.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. Females > 12 years.
2. Patients admitted with a provisional diagnosis of benign breast disease.
3. Patients who are found to have benign breast tumors on clinico-pathological
examination.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. Females < 12 years,
2. Patients diagnosed to have malignancy during evaluation,
3. Pregnant females,
4. Males.
CONCLUSION:
Fibroadenoma is the commonest BBD followed by phyllodes, Fibrocystic diseases of the breast. Most common BBD in Indian subcontinent includes fibroadenoma followed by fibrocystic disease. Benign breast disease commonly occurs during the 2nd and 3rd decade and fibroadenoma being the common BBD in the same age group. FCD commonly seen among 3rd decade and phyllodes commonly observed among 4th decade. It has been noted that no age
is immune to BBD. Most BBD observed after second child birth. During lactation, breast abscess cases noted. Role of family history and OCP s in causation of BBD is not significant in the study group.
Most common presentation of BBD was lump in association pain. Most of them presented with short duration of complaint. So the early presentation could partially be due to the greater awareness of the disease of the breast and fear that breast lump could be malignant.
Unilateral involvement of breast lesion was common, mostly involved the upper outer quadrant and usually a solitary lesion.
Average size of the lesion was about 2 – 5 cm. Most of them were firm with classical mobility demonstrable in fibroadenoma cases, only in 1/3rd of the cases.
All patients in study group were managed surgically. Though the present trend of conservative management has reduced number of surgical procedures.
However in view of the anxiety regarding symptoms, distance to be travelled, poor socioeconomic conditions leading to difficulty in follow up, so patients opt for an early surgical method of resolution of symptoms and fear of malignancy.
Final diagnosis was relayed upon pathological examination of the specimen and further follow up of the patient planned accordingly.
The sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination was 93.5% and 40.54% and that of FNAC was 94.2% and 42.5% in cases of FA.
One interesting case of benign phyllodes recorded in a 13 year female who has not attained menarche
Sere life in Ashokamitran’s Novel ‘Water’: An Eco-Critical Study
Get PDFA work of art defends itself with a purpose when it emerges into existence as it derives its purpose from the society out of which it comes. Water is one such work of art which is considered a masterpiece since it was published for the first time. It had been serialised in literary magazine ‘Kanaiyazhi’ and then published as a short novel in the year, 1973. Ashokamitran’s second novel Thanneer was translated to English with the title, ‘Water’ by Lakshmi Holmstrom. Ashokamitran’s works are widely read and inspire young minds also because of his simple and straight language narration. His stories, characters and setting were derived from his life experiences. A common thing in his novels is characters who wish to involve in film industry. The author had won a number of literary awards including Sahithya kademy award in 1996 Tamilnadu government award and ‘Ilakkiya Chinthanai’ award. This novel ‘Water’ has become a classic in contemporary Tamil literary canon. 
A Study on Co – odd (even) Sum Degree Edge Domination Number in Graphs
Get PDFيقال إن المجموعة المهيمنة على الحافة من الرسم البياني هي مجموعة مهيمنة على حافة المجموع الفردي (الزوجي) (osded (esded) - set) من G إذا كان مجموع درجة جميع الحواف في X هو رقم فردي (زوجي). المجموع الفردي (الزوجي) لدرجة الحافة لرقم الهيمنة هو الحد الأدنى من الكاردينالية المأخوذة على جميع المجموعات المهيمنة على حافة المجموع الفردي (الزوجي) من G ويتم تعريفه على أنه صفر إذا لم يكن هناك مثل هذا المجموع المهيمن على حافة المجموع الفردي (الزوجي) في G. في هذا البحث ، تم توسيع مفهوم هيمنة درجة المجموع الفردي (الزوجي) على المجموعة المهيمنة المشتركة E-T للرسم البياني G ، حيث T هي مجموعة مهيمنة على الحافة من G. . تم تعريف المعلمات المقابلة لCo-الفردي (الزوجي) مجموع درجة الحافة المهيمنة على مجموعة ، و Co - الفردي (الزوجي) مجموع درجة الهيمنة على الحافة و Co- الفردي ( الزوجي) مجموع درجة قيمة هيمنة الحافة. علاوة على ذلك ، تم العثور على القيم الدقيقة للمعلمات المذكورة أعلاه لبعض الفئات القياسية من الرسوم البيانية. يتم الحصول على حدود رقم هيمنة حافة المجموع Co- الفردي (الزوجي) من حيث مصطلحات الرسم البياني الأساسية. تم تميز المجموعات المهيمنة على حافة المجموع Co - الفردي (الزوجي). كما تتم دراسة العلاقات مع معلمات هيمنة الحافة الأخرى. An edge dominating set of a graph is said to be an odd (even) sum degree edge dominating set (osded (esded) - set) of G if the sum of the degree of all edges in X is an odd (even) number. The odd (even) sum degree edge domination number is the minimum cardinality taken over all odd (even) sum degree edge dominating sets of G and is defined as zero if no such odd (even) sum degree edge dominating set exists in G. In this paper, the odd (even) sum degree domination concept is extended on the co-dominating set E-T of a graph G, where T is an edge dominating set of G. The corresponding parameters co-odd (even) sum degree edge dominating set, co-odd (even) sum degree edge domination number and co-odd (even) sum degree edge domination value is defined. Further, the exact values of the above said parameters are found for some standard classes of graphs. The bounds of the co-odd (even) sum degree edge domination number are obtained in terms of basic graph terminologies. The co-odd (even) sum degree edge dominating sets are characterized. The relationships with other edge domination parameters are also studied
Thiuram disulfide intercalated hybrid materials of layered lead and cadmium iodides
No full textThiuram disulfide intercalates of lead(II) and cadmium(II) were prepared by the reaction of binary layered metal iodides with five dithiocarbamates in air. The intercalates were characterized by elemental analysis, Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. IR showed increased contribution of the thioureide bond and the presence of weak disulfide stretching frequency. Powder XRD showed the characteristic intermediate 2θ signal confirming the intercalation. Powder XRD clearly differentiated intercalates from the iodinated product of dithiocarbamate. As the bulkiness of substituents on disulfide increased, “d” also increased. The higher thermal stability associated with intercalates clearly suggests a strong ionic interaction and a difficult de-intercalation. SEM images of lead intercalates indicated crystalline nature. The intercalates appeared as rods or spheres. The diallyl-intercalate, [PbI2](H5C3)2NCSS-SSCN(C3H5)2 (where (H5C3)2NCSS-SSCN(C3H5)2 is diallylthiuram disulfide), shows “net like structures.” Intercalation of oxidized dithiocarbamates in the “galleries” of layered PbI2/CdI2 is observed. HRTEM and AFM analysis of intercalates showed the particles to be nano-rods.</p
Social Impact of Demonetization in South India: A Fuzzy Classification Approach using Equivalence Relations
No full textOscillations in PP1 activity are essential for accurate progression through mammalian oocyte meiosis
No full textTightly controlled fluctuations in kinase and phosphatase activity play important roles in regulating M-phase transitions. Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is one of these phosphatases, with oscillations in PP1 activity driving mitotic M-phase. Evidence from a variety of experimental systems also points to roles in meiosis. Here, we report that PP1 is important for M-phase transitions through mouse oocyte meiosis. We employed a unique small-molecule approach to inhibit or activate PP1 at distinct phases of mouse oocyte meiosis. These studies show that temporal control of PP1 activity is essential for the G2/M transition, metaphase I/anaphase I transition, and the formation of a normal metaphase II oocyte. Our data also reveal that inappropriate activation of PP1 is more deleterious at the G2/M transition than at prometaphase I-to-metaphase I, and that an active pool of PP1 during prometaphase is vital for metaphase I/anaphase I transition and metaphase II chromosome alignment. Taken together, these results establish that loss of oscillations in PP1 activity causes a range of severe meiotic defects, pointing to essential roles for PP1 in female fertility, and more broadly, M-phase regulation.</p
CLINICAL STUDY OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE SERUM SODIUM LEVEL AND SEVERITY OF COMPLICATIONS IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS AT KANYAKUMARI GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE.
No full textBackground: Cirrhosis is defined histopathologically and has variety of clinical manifestations and complications, some of which can be life-threatening..Dilutionalhyponatremia associated with liver cirrhosis is caused by impaired free water clearance . The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the serum sodium level and the severity of complications in liver cirrhosis . Methods:This study was conducted in Kanyakumari Government Medical College in the department of general medicine . 200 patients were included in the study over a period from August 2017 ? August 2018 for a period of 1 year . Data of inpatients with cirrhotic complications were collected retrospectively . The serum sodium level and severity of complications of 200 inpatients were analysed. Results:The prevalence of dilutionalhyponatremia, classified as serum sodium concentrations of >135 mmol/L, 131-135 mmol/L, and ≤130 mmol/L, were 44%, 24%, and 32%, respectively. The serum sodium level was strongly associated with the severity of liver function impairment as assessed by Child-Pugh and MELD scores (p<0.0001). Even a mild hyponatremia with a serum sodium concentration of 131-135 mmol/L was associated with severe complications. Conclusion: Hyponatremia is more common in liver cirrhosis and low serum sodium levels are associated with complications such as hepatic encephalopathy ,hepatorenal syndrome , spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and GI bleeding . Lower serum sodium levels were associated with increased MELD CPS score and mortality indicating the inverse relationship between serum sodium levels and severity of the disease
Hereditary Angioedema- A Rare Case Report and Literature Review
No full textHereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder due to either deficiency or dysfunction of Complement 1 (C1) esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). HAE usually presents with recurrent angioedema (AE) episodes affecting the extremities, face, and gastrointestinal tract, but it is not associated with urticarial rash and itching. Timely identification of this condition is vital because the lack of response to traditional antihistamines and steroids leads to a rise in mortality of up to 30%–40% in undiagnosed cases. Here, we present a case involving a 25-year-old woman, who presented with 1-day complaints of right upper limb swelling, which spread to involve all the limbs and her face within 12 h of symptom onset. She also had a history of abdominal pain, which was sudden in onset, squeezing type, without any associated vomiting and diarrhea. She denied a history of drug or food allergies. Given the presence of AE, we treated her with antihistamines and steroid injections, but she failed to respond. On asking, she gave a history from childhood of repeated episodes and similar complaints in her family members. With history and physical symptoms suggestive of HAE, diagnostic studies showed decreased complement 4 l (C4) and C1 INH levels, confirming the diagnosis of HAE Type 1. The patient was successfully managed with fresh-frozen plasma as first-line treatment options are unavailable in India. Due to a lack of clinical awareness, the disease often remains undiagnosed for several years. Thus, there is a high need to raise clinical awareness and diagnostic facilities to improve case detection and management of HAE
