5,500 research outputs found
Mrs. and Mrs. Frank Farkas And Son
No full textMr. Frank Farkas, Mrs. Iris April Farkas, and their son, Frank Junior, left for San Diego to make their home. Mrs. Farkas is the daughter of Mr. Edward P. Maddox, and Mrs. Iris Bird Maddox, of 2339 Mistletoe Avenue. Published in Fort Worth Star-Telegram evening edition May 11, 1950.https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/specialcollections_startelegram1950s/3884/thumbnail.jp
A fejszámoló Bolyai Farkas: Farkas Bolyai as a Mental Calculator / Farkas Bolyai și calculul mintal
No full textIn his childhood, the Hungarian mathematician, Farkas Bolyai (1775–1856) was a very good mental calculator. He calculated the square and cube roots of 14-digit numbers without pen and paper. In his legacy we found an interesting, but a little bit mysterious manuscript on the cube roots. Fortunately, we understood this paper based on a Hungarian arithmetical book by Lőrincz Koretz (1805–1871). The author of this book was a piarist teacher in Hungary. This paper shows some examples based on the unknown József Farczádi Nagy’s calculations of the cube roots.
Rezumat
În copilărie, matematicianul maghiar Farkas Bolyai (1775–1856) a fost capabil să extragă rădăcini pătrate și cubice din numere de 14 cifre. În moștenirea sa am găsit un manuscris interesant, deși puțin misterios, despre extragerea cubică. Din fericire, descifrarea conținutului s-a reușit pe baza unei cărți de matematică a lui Lőrinc Koretz (1805–1871). Autorul acestui volum a fost un profesor piarist. Prezentul articol dicută câteva exemple bazate pe calculele necunoscute ale lui József Farczádi Nagy ale rădăcinilor cubului.
Kivonat
Bolyai Farkas (1775–1856) már gyermekkorában 14 jegyű számból is tudott fejben négyzet- és köbgyököt vonni. Hagyatékában egy érdekes, bár egy kicsit titokzatos kéziratot találtunk, amely a köbgyökvonásról szól. Szerencsére sikerült megfejtetni a tartalmát Koretz Lőrincz (1805–1871) egy számtankönyve alapján. E kötet szerzője kegyesrendi tanár volt. Dolgozatunk néhány példát mutat be Farczádi Nagy József köbgyökvonási módszeréről
The Use of the AHP in Civil Engineering Projects
No full textMost engineering, economic, social and institutional decisions are made with explicit notions of optimal behavior and implicit human motivations. In such a process, manipulation of both tangible and intangible data and satisfaction of multiple criteria are essential to the success of decision-making. In this paper an approach to multiple-criteria decision making known as the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is presented. Some mathematical details of the procedure are briefly discussed. The application of the method to a real life civil engineering project for the selection of an appropriate bridge design is also presented.multi-criteria decision making, analytic hierarchy process, bridge design
Rhyncaphytoptus lanuginosae Farkas 1963
No full text<i>Rhyncaphytoptus lanuginosae</i> Farkas, 1963 <p> <i>Rhyncaphytoptus lanuginosae</i> Farkas, 1963: 262–263.</p> <p> <i>Rhyncaphytoptus lanuginosae</i>; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 276.</p> <p> <i>Rhyncaphytoptus lanuginosae</i>; Ripka, 2007: 108.</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> <i>Quercus lanuginosa</i> (Fagaceae).</p> <p> <b>Relation to host.</b> Rust</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Hungary.</p>Published as part of <i>XUE, XIAO-FENG, WANG, ZHEN, SONG, ZI-WEI & HONG, XIAO-YUE, 2009, Eriophyoid mites on Fagaceae with descriptions of seven new genera and eleven new species (Acari: Eriophyoidea), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 2253 (1)</i> on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2253.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5496215">http://zenodo.org/record/5496215</a>
Rhyncaphytoptus castaneae Farkas 1960
No full text<i>Rhyncaphytoptus castaneae</i> Farkas, 1960 <p> <i>Rhyncaphytoptus castaneae</i> Farkas, 1960: 333–334.</p> <p> <i>Rhyncaphytoptus castaneae</i>; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 275.</p> <p> <i>Rhyncaphytoptus castaneae</i>; Ripka, 2007: 108.</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> <i>Castanea sativa</i> (Fagaceae).</p> <p> <b>Relation to host.</b> Rust.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Hungary.</p>Published as part of <i>XUE, XIAO-FENG, WANG, ZHEN, SONG, ZI-WEI & HONG, XIAO-YUE, 2009, Eriophyoid mites on Fagaceae with descriptions of seven new genera and eleven new species (Acari: Eriophyoidea), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 2253 (1)</i> on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2253.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5496215">http://zenodo.org/record/5496215</a>
Enchytraeus andrasi Nagy & Dózsa-Farkas & Felföldi 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Enchytraeus andrasi</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5E2BFD02-E8F8-4689-95F1-57E3A7B01A61</p> <p>Figs 1C–D, 4, Tables 1–2</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b></p> <p>(1) Body length 11–14 mm (in vivo), segment number 29–34; (2) chaetae maximum 3 per bundle, straight with ental hook; (3) clitellum in XII–XIII, hyalocytes and granulocytes irregularly arranged dorsally and laterally, ventrally absent between the male lip-like folds; (4) four pairs of nephridia preclitellarly; (5) all pharyngeal glands connected dorsally with ventral lobes, the third pair may be free; (6) dorsal blood vessel origin from XIV, blood colourless; (7) sperm funnel cylindrical, 380–580 μm long, 3–5 × as long as wide (in vivo); (8) vasa deferentia uniform, 24–25 μm wide with 8 μm thick wall (fixed), ciliated, not extending beyond XIII; (9) male glands multiple: one large rounded primary bulb, diameter 50–70 μm (fixed), and many smaller secondary glands; (10) spermathecal ectal duct (50–85 μm long, fixed) covered with gland cells, ampulla irregularly sac-like, about 100–106 μm wide with one large diverticulum (80–100 μm long, fixed), connecting with oesophagus; (11) more small mature eggs present at a time.</p> Etymology <p>Named in the honour of the brother of Klára Dózsa-Farkas, András Dózsa-Farkas, who collected the sample with this species.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b></p> <p>ITALY • last 14 segments, 3.4 mm used for DNA analysis (No. 1386, ID number); Ligurian Sea, Castiglione seashore, decaying seagrass debris; 42°45′56.0″ N, 10°52′51.0″ E; 13 Dec. 2019; András and Kinga Dózsa-Farkas leg.; slide 2871, En.3; ELTE.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b></p> <p>ITALY • 1 spec., last 9 segments, 1.65 mm used for DNA analysis (No. 1390, ID number); same collection data as for holotype; slide 2870, P.144.1; ELTE • 1 spec., last 9 segments, 1.65 mm used for DNA analysis (No. 1391, ID number); same collection data as for holotype; slide 2873, P.144.2; ELTE.</p> Description <p>MEASUREMENTS. Medium-sized to large specimens. Holotype 14.3 mm long, 470 μm wide at VIII and 600 μm at clitellum in vivo, 9.3 mm long, 330 μm wide at VIII and 420 μm at clitellum, when fixed, 41 segments. Body length of paratypes 11–12 mm, width 430–450 μm at VIII and 550–680 μm at clitellum, in vivo. Length of fixed specimens 6.7–8.1 mm, width 420 μm at VIII and 470–580 μm at clitellum. Length of the first 12 segments 2.5–2.6 mm, after fixation. Segment number 29–34.</p> <p>CHAETAE. Chaetal formula: 3–2,3:3–2,3. Chaetae straight with ental hook, about equal in size within bundle, 60–62 μm × 4 μm preclitellarly and 67–75 μm × 4–5 μm posteriorly. Often 2–3 surplus chaetae near bundles (Fig. 4B). Chaetae in XII absent ventrally, but present laterally, 2 per bundle.</p> <p>HEAD PORE. At 0/I.</p> <p>EPIDERMAL GLANDS. Inconspicuous.</p> <p>CLITELLUM. In XII–XIII, hyalocytes and granulocytes irregularly arranged dorsally and laterally (Fig. 4C), ventrally absent between male lip-like folds (Fig. 4E). Before and behind some glands but few.</p> <p>BRAIN (Fig. 4A). About 1.8–2 × as long as wide, truncate posteriorly, sides slightly merging anteriad.</p> <p>OESOPHAGEAL APPENDAGES. Pair of blind-ending tubes. In two specimens all primary pharyngeal glands connected dorsally, with ventral lobes (Fig. 4D), but in third specimen last pair free dorsally.</p> <p>DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL. From XIV, blood colourless. Anterior bifurcation in I.</p> <p>NEPHRIDIA. Four pairs of preclitellar nephridia from 6/ 7–9 /10, anteseptale funnel only, postseptale bulged, short efferent duct, originating postero-ventrally (Fig. 4F).</p> <p>COELOMOCYTES. Oval, texture granulated, about 18–25 μm long, in vivo. No shining, hyaline corpuscles.</p> <p>SUBNEURAL GLANDS. Absent.</p> <p>SPERM SACS. Two paired large lobes of sperm sacs, filling the coelom of X–XI. Testes and sperm funnels in XI, ovaries, male pores and glands in XII.</p> <p>SPERM FUNNELS. Large, 380–580 μm long, 3–5 × as long as wide in vivo (235–330 μm long and 2–2.5 × as long as wide, fixed). Collar slightly narrower than funnel body (Fig. 4H). Vasa deferentia long, irregularly coiled in XII–XIII, about 24–25 μm wide with 8 μm thick wall (fixed), ciliated (Fig. 4G, I).</p> <p>SPERMATOZOA. Not measurable, heads about 21–36 μm, in vivo.</p> <p>MALE COPULATORY ORGANS. Male glands multiple: one larger rounded primary bulb (diameter 50–70 μm, fixed) near male pore, and many smaller (32–78 μm long and 18–24 μm wide, fixed) secondary glands. Glands arranged roughly in semicircle around male pore and primary bulb (diameter 180–250 μm, fixed) (Fig. 4J). Male pores covered by lip-like folds (about 80 μm wide), recess present.</p> <p>SPERMATHECAE (Figs 1C–D, 4K). With short ectal duct (50–85 μm long, fixed), covered with gland cells (50–75 μm widely in vivo and fixed equally), canal 4–6 μm wide. Ampulla irregularly sac-like, about 100–106 μm wide, heads of spermatozoa embedded in wall of ampulla. Ampulla with one large diverticulum (80–140 μm long, 40–68 μm wide, fixed) (Fig. 1C), in one case ampulla also with small diverticula-like protrusions (Figs 1D, 4K). Ental duct short and opens into oesophagus separately. More small mature eggs present at a time (Fig. 4I).</p> Differential diagnosis <p> In the new species, like as in four of the species in the <i>E. albidus</i> complex (<i>E. albidus</i> s. str., <i>E. moebii</i>, <i>E. polatdemiri</i> and <i>E. irregularis</i> of which sequences are available, the vasa deferentia approximately uniform and ciliated throughout. The principal differences are that the spermathecal ampullae have diverticula in the new species but neither <i>E. moebii</i> nor <i>E. polatdemiri</i> have it. Besides <i>E. moebii</i> is much larger than the new species (body length 25–35 mm with segment number 60–74 vs 6.7–9.3 mm 29–41) and has more chaetae in ventral bundle (4–5 vs 3). Although in <i>E. irregularis</i> the spermatheca has also diverticulum and the maximum number of chaetae is 3, but <i>E. irregularis</i> is larger than the new species (length 9–13 mm with segment number 47–76), and the blood is pink (in <i>E. andrasi</i> sp. nov. colourless) and has extra copulatory glands. Morphologically, <i>E. albidus</i> s. str. is most similar to the new species taking, the form of the spermatheca into consideration, but differs from it in size (10– 13 mm with 58–69 segments vs 6.7–9.3 mm and 29–41 segments) and in the maximum number of chaetae (4–5 vs 3) and the sperm duct extends into XIV–XX (vs only in XII–XIII). The new species is also similar to <i>E. andrasiformis</i> sp. nov., with the morphological differences listed in the differential diagnosis of the latter species.As shown below, <i>E. andrasi</i> is clearly distinguished as separate from all other species by genetic data, which also give strong support for <i>E. andrasi</i> being most closely related to <i>E. andrasiformis</i>, described below.</p> <p> For similarities and differences of the species of <i>Enchytraeus</i> studied by us, see Table 2.</p> Distribution and habitat <p>Castiglione seashore, Ligurian Sea, Italy, decaying seagrass debris.</p>Published as part of <i>Nagy, Hajnalka, Dózsa-Farkas, Klára & Felföldi, Tamás, 2023, New insights into the Enchytraeus albidus complex (Annelida, Enchytraeidae), with the description of three new species from seashores in Italy and Croatia, pp. 107-145 in European Journal of Taxonomy 870</i> on pages 13-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2123, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7986633">http://zenodo.org/record/7986633</a>
Cernosvitoviella farkasi Dózsa-Farkas, Csitári & Felföldi, 2017, sp. n.
No full textCernosvitoviella farkasi sp. n. (Figures 1 A, 2–4) Holotype. C4 slide No.1064, adult, stained whole mounted specimen. Type locality. Kȏszeg Mts., near to the Sphagnum mire, 47o24.180N 16o33.531E, 349 m asl, in a young Scots pine forest with Molinia, mud, leg. K. Dózsa-Farkas, J. Farkas, Z. Tóth, 21.05.2014. Paratypes (in total 59 specimens). P.89.1–89.13 slides No 1037, 1039–1042, 1044–1045, 1062–1063, 1065, 2150–2151, 2220, 19 stained specimens from type locality, 21.05.2014. P.89.14, 19 specimens from type locality, in 70 % ethanol, 21.05.2014. P.89.15, 11 specimens from type locality, 13.10.2014. P.89.16, 10 specimens from type locality, in 70 % ethanol, 24.10.2016. Further material examined. 22 living specimens, not fixed, from the type locality. Etymology. Named in honour of our colleague, Dr. János Farkas, who assisted many times in recent sampling campaigns. Diagnosis. The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) small size (body length 3–5 mm, in vivo), segments 22–26; (2) maximum 6–8 sigmoid and nodulate chaetae per bundle; (3) clitellum developed only laterally; (4) two or three unpaired nephridia preclitellarly; (5) coelomocytes spindleshaped, with refractile granules, black under transmittent light; (6) 2 + 2 pharyngeal glands; (7) sperm funnel cylindrical, large, approximately 2/3 as long as body diameter, collar conspicuous, slightly narrower than the funnel body; (8) sperm ducts considerably widened in the middle; (9) male copulatory organs large, pores surrounded by gland cells; (10) spermathecae free, reaching VII–IX segments, consisting of ectal ducts, hemispherical parts with sperm and long wide ampullae; the distal part of ectal ducts with conspicuous widenings. Description. Holotype 3.0 mm long, 160 µm wide at VIII and 205 µm at clitellum (fixed), 25 segments. Length of paratypes 3–5 mm, width 140–230 µm at VIII and 200–310 µm at clitellum in vivo, length of fixed specimens 1.8–3.8 mm, width 130–160 µm at VIII and 170–220 µm at clitellum, segments 22–26. Chaetae slender, sigmoid, with nodulus; number of chaetae per bundle variable, up to 6–8 in ventral preclitellar bundles, length 28– 35 µm. Chaetae in XII absent. Head pore at 0. Clitellum only laterally in XII–1 /2XIII, gland cells in dense rows or irregularly distributed (granulocytes about 10–13 µm long and 7–8 µm wide (fixed), the hyalocytes slightly smaller and fewer). Thickness of body wall about 12 µm in vivo, (9 µm when fixed), cuticle very thin. Brain deeply cleft posteriorly, about 100 µm long and two times longer than wide when fixed (Fig. 2 A). In prostomium, about 12 inner papillae (Figs. 2 A,B) similar to those found in Xetadrilus (Schmelz et al. 2011). This trait of Cernosvitoviella species is mentioned for the first time here. Oesophageal appendages and intestinal diverticula absent. Two pairs of primary pharyngeal glands in 4/5 and 5/6, dorsally without or with narrow connection, two secondary glands free in V and VI. (Fig. 4 D). Chloragocytes from V and forming a dense layer from VI, individual cells relatively large (22–55 µm long) and containing refractile oil droplets in vivo (Fig. 2 G). Midgut pars tumida in XV–XIX, occupying 2–3 segments (Fig. 2 E). Dorsal vessel from XII or in front of XIII, blood slightly pink, the anterior bifurcation in peristomium. 2–3 mostly unpaired preclitellar nephridia from 6/7 or 7/8, anteseptale small with funnel only, postseptale with conspicuous canals, efferent duct terminal (Fig. 2 F). Coelomocytes spindle-shaped with dark refractile granules, 36–60 µm long, 7–8 µm wide in the middle in vivo (Figs. 2 C,D). In fixed specimens they are only 20–22 µm long, the granules are not visible but the nucleus is large. Seminal vesicle large in X–XI (Fig. 3 A). Sperm funnels cylindrical, large (Figs. 2 I, 3A,C), about 90–180 µm long in vivo (80–155 µm, fixed) and 2–3 times longer than wide, about 3/4 of body diameter; collar distinct, tall and slightly narrower than the funnel body. Spermatozoa about 70 µm long, heads 25 µm, in vivo (40–60 µm and 10–20 µm, fixed, respectively). Sperm ducts considerably widened in the middle (Figs. 2 I, 3B,C,D). This thick-walled dilation about 120–180 µm long, 30–50 µm wide and the canal is 17–26 µm wide in vivo (100–180 µm, 23–34 µm and 14–17 µm, fixed, respectively). Tracts of the sperm duct before and after the dilation of about the same length as the dilated part; just after the sperm funnel duct is slightly thinner, diameter about 8–13 µm until the dilation, while the part after the dilation is 13–19 µm wide, finally slightly dilated again in the male copulatory organ, up to 15–20 µm in vivo. Male copulatory organs large, the male pore surrounded by glands forming a round and compact mass (Figs. 3 B,C,D,E), diameter 60–90 µm in vivo (60–70 µm, fixed). Subneural glands absent. Spermathecae free (Figs. 1 A, 2H, 4A.B,D), ectal glands absent. Spermathecae consist of ectal ducts (about 170 µm long and 10 µm wide in vivo, and fixed alike) widened ectally to up to 25 µm in vivo (20 µm, fixed) (Figs. 3 F,G, 4C). The ectal ducts in VI widens into almost hemispherical parts with sperm in them (25–32 µm wide in vivo and fixed alike) (Figs. 3 G. 4A). These bulbiform parts continue in long ducts which expand into wide sack-like ampullae (30–50 µm wide, in vivo and fixed alike). Ampullae reaching VII–IX segments when fully developed (Figs. 2 H, 4A,B). In the subadult specimens the hemispherical parts absent and the ampullae smaller, expanding only to VI or VII. One mature egg at a time. On the body wall surface, often epibiotic ciliates attached, similar to other Cernosvitoviella species (Figs. 2 I, 3H). Distribution and habitat. Known only from the type locality. Differential diagnosis. The new species is clearly distinguished from the rest of hitherto described Cernosvitoviella species by the prominent dilatation in the middle part of the vas deferens. C. farkasi sp. n. is most similar to C. aggtelekiensis in size, the type of coelomocytes, and the remarkable dilatations of the vasa deferentia (Figs. 3 B–D vs. Figs. 5 I,J). However, in the new species coelomocytes are narrower (Figs. 2 C,D vs. Figs. 5 E,F), the dilatations of the vasa deferentia are located more proximally, and they are more conspicuous and refracting. The spermathecal ectal duct of C. aggtelekiensis has also a widening distally, but the ampullae reach only into V or VI (Figs. 1 B, 6D–F). In five Cernosvitoviella species (C. sphaerotheca Healy, 1975, C. briganta Springett 1969, C. palustris Healy, 1979, C. estaragniensis Giani, 1979 and C. ampullax Klungland & Abrahamsen, 1981), the spermathecae also extend into VIII or IX, but in these species the dilatations of the vasa deferentia are absent or smaller, or they occur distally if present.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Csitári, Bianka & Felföldi, Tamás, 2017, A new Cernosvitoviella species (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) and its comparison with other Cernosvitoviella species from Sphagnum mires in Hungary, pp. 322-338 in Zootaxa 4254 (3) on pages 324-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/54681
Fridericia crassiductata Dózsa-Farkas & Cech, 2006, sp.n.
No full textFridericia crassiductata sp.n. Type material deposited in the author’s (DózsaFarkas, K.) collection at the Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest. Type locality: Zemplén Mountains, Hungary, Holotype: F. 14 (1967) Senyő–völgy, Zemplén Mountains, picked up from beech litter, 48 o 28 ’ 22 ” N, 21 o 25 ’ 59 ” E 214m, 20.04. 2004. coll. K. DózsaFarkas. Paratype: P. 81.1 (1968) Komlóska–völgy, Zemplén Mountains, 48 o 25 ’ 53 ”N, 21 o 27 ’ 30 ”E, 223m, purple moorgrass meadow, 28.05. 2003, one stained specimen coll. K. DózsaFarkas, M. Pobozsny, P. 81.2 (1969) Mlaka–rét, Zemplén Mountains, 48 o 24 ’04”N, 21 o 24 ’ 32 ”E, 497m, mixed hornbeambirches forest, 28.05. 2003, one stained specimen coll. K. DózsaFarkas, M. Pobozsny, P. 81.3 (1970) Senyő–völgy, Zemplén Mountains, 48 o 28 ’ 22 ” N, 21 o 25 ’ 59 ” E, 214m from beech litter, 20.04. 2004, three specimens, coll. K. DózsaFarkas, P. 81.4 (1971) Senyő–völgy, Zemplén Mountains, oak forest (Quercus cerris) 48 o 28 ’ 19 ”N, 21 o 25 ’ 58 ” E 217m, 20.04. 2004, three specimens, coll. K. Dózsa Farkas, P. 81.5 (1972) Mlaka–rét, Zemplén Mountains, beech forest 48 o 23 ’ 59 ”N 21 o 24 ’ 21 ”E 542m, 0 5.28. 2003, one praeclitellar half of body (the caudal part used of DNAbased examinations (in Table 1:No. 1) coll. K. DózsaFarkas, M. Pobozsny, P. 81.6 (1973) Bagolybérci gerinc, Zemplén Mountains, oak forest (Quercus petraea) 48 o 24 ’ 27 ’N 21 o 23 ’ 41 ”E 593m, 0 5.28. 2003, one specimen, coll. DózsaFarkas, M. Pobozsny. Etymology: ‘crassus’ (Lat.) = thick, ductus (Lat.) = duct, tube. Referring to the thick and long spermathecal ectal duct. Description Length 13–20 mm. Diameter 0.5–0.7 mm at VIII, and 0.6–0.8 mm at clitellum. Segment number (38) – 40 – 56. Chaetae (Fig. 1 A) a maximum of 10 per bundle, formula (Nielsen & Christensen 1959): 4,5,6,7 – 6,5, 4,(3,2): 7,8,9,10 – 8,7,6,5,4,(3,2). Outer chaetae much longer than inner, e.g. the outermost 76 – 85 μm long and the innermost 33–38 μm in a praeclitellar bundle, the outer 95–100 μm long and the inner 85–90 μm long at the caudal part of the body. Cutaneous glands: about 10 rows of brown reticulate cells per segment. The epidermis is often hard to see through, due to these brownpigmented cells on the anterior segments (Fig. 1 B). Body wall of medium thickness (about 38–47 μm) cuticle thin (3 μm). Head pore at 0/I, well visible (Fig. 1 C). Dorsal pores beginning from VII. Brain (Fig. 1 D) 1.2–1.5 times longer than wide (140–180 μm long) in the posterolateral regions one small aggregation of refractive globules on either side. Oesophageal appendage (peptonephridia) (Fig. 2 A) variable, proximally some short branches, the main tube extends to V with wide lumen, and 1–2 branches distally. Sometimes the proximal branches cannot be found. Pharyngeal glands (septal glands) all paired with ventral lobes (in VI distinctly largest often with posterior projection), dorsal connection absent. Nephridia 5 pairs from VI/VII – X/XI, postseptale 2,5times longer than the anteseptale, medial origin of efferent duct. Coelomocytes (Fig. 1 E): mucocytes type b (Möller 1971), small (20–24 – 32 μm) with refractile vesicle, often dark in transmitted light, lenticytes (length 5–11 μm) are scarce. Chylus cells not visible due to the dense dark chloragocytes. Dorsal blood vessel from (XV)–XVII–XVIII, blood colourless. Clitellum well developed, XII–XIII girdle shaped, hyalocytes and granulocytes arrangement reticulate (Fig 3). Seminal vesicle is very large, occupying 3–4 segments (VIII–XII). Sperm funnel (Fig. 4 A) 250–380 μm long and 140–160 μm wide, collar narrower than the funnel body. Spermatozoa about 264 μm long, head 95 μm. Male copulatory organ is 170–200 μm long, 80–140 μm wide and 80–120 μm high, the bursal slit (Fig. 4 B) is longitudinal with more transverse components. Three small subneural glands (Fig. 4 C) in the XIV–XV–XVI segment. The ectal duct of spermatheca (Fig. 2 B, 5 A) is very wide (35–48 μm) and long (580–640 μm), longer than the body diameter. The ectal duct canal is narrow (6–7 μm) throughout, and not widening proximally. Two (rarely three) large sessile eggshaped brown ectal glands (80–130 μm long, 60–75 μm wide) (Fig. 5 B, 5 C). The ampulla with a single ring of 9–10 large, sessile, globular diverticula (50–70 μm long), laterally compressed by each other, filled with sperm (Fig. 5 A). Proximal part of ampulla cylindrical with a wide lumen. There is a separate opening into oesophagus. Two to four mature eggs at a time. Distribution and habitat: Known only from the type locality (Zemplén Mountains [northeastern part of the Hungarian Central Mountains]), in beech, hornbeam and birch forest). Diagnosis The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) the size of the body (1320 mm long, 0.5–0.7 mm wide, segment number (38)– 40–56); (2) the form of spermatheca, with 9–10 large, sessile, globular diverticula, long and thick ectal ducts, and two very large (80–130 μm long) eggshaped ectal glands; (3) maximum ten chaetae per bundle; (4) all pairs of pharyngeal glands with ventral lobes and the dorsal connection absent; (5) the clitellum is girdle shaped, hyalocytes and granulocytes arrangement reticulate; (6) seminal vesicle is large; (7) penial slit is longitudinal with more transverse components; and (9) three subneural glands in XIV–XVI. from F. ratzeli (Eisen, 1872) sensu Nielsen and Christensen, 1959 and F. eiseni Dózsa Farkas, 2005) in the following morphological properties: F. r a t z e l i (Eisen, 1872) sensu Nielsen and Christensen, 1959 has only small spermathecal ectal glands, the coelomocytes type are between type a and type c (while the new species has two large ectal glands and type b of coelomomucocytes with refractile vesicle). F. eiseni were found to have tiny spermathecal ectal gland(s), the ectal duct is far thinner (24–26 μm compared to 35–50 μm in F. crassiductata), the spermathecal diverticula is more or less the same shape in the new species, whereas the size of the diverticula of F. eiseni is variable and the two lateral ones are always larger. The shape of the spermatheca of F. crassiductata shows high morphological similarity with F. re g u l a r i s (Nielsen and Christensen, 1959), however, the ectal duct is far more slender and the ectal gland is absent or very small (see Schmelz, 2003, Fig. 61 A). Moreover, in the case of the latter species the oesophageal appendages are more coiled (type b) and the maximal chaetal number is four. Large Fridericia species with similar spermathecae (F. regularis Nielsen and Christensen, 1959, F. oconeensis Welch, 1914, F. firma Smith and Welch, 1913, F. agricola Moore, 1895) differ from the new species by the absence of the subneural gland(s). F. oconeensis differs from the new species by the thinner spermathecal duct and absent (or very small) ectal glands, furthermore, the small diameter of the spermathecal ampulla with diverticula (70 μm). Neither F. f i r m a, nor F. agilis Smith, 1895 and F. agricola possesses ectal glands of the spermatheca. In the case of F. agilis and all the four species mentioned above, the maximal number of chaetae does not reach 8 (it is 8–10 in the case of the new species). Finally, two other species described in Italy seem to be partly similar considering the spermatheca: F. gigantea Dequal, 1912 and F. florentina Dequal, 1914. F. gigantea is much larger (30–45 mm long, 90–95 segments). Also, F. florentina has more segments (85–90) and although it has two large spermathecal ectal glands, the spermathecal duct is short and the diverticula of the spermatheca are placed in two groups on the opposite sides of the ampulla.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, K. & Cech, G., 2006, Description of a new Fridericia species (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) and its molecular comparison with two morphologically similar species by PCRRFLP, pp. 53-68 in Zootaxa 1310 on pages 57-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17385
Diana Farkas holds Jefferson Science Fellow at state department
No full textDiana Farkas, Virginia Tech professor of materials science engineering, has spent the past year as a Jefferson Science Fellow, working with the U.S. Department of State.</p
Beyond cash-additive risk measures: When changing the numeraire fails
No full textWe discuss risk measures representing the minimum amount of capital a financial institution needs to raise and invest in a pre-specified eligible asset to ensure it is adequately capitalized. Most of the literature has focused on cash-additive risk measures, for which the eligible asset is a risk-free bond, on the grounds that the general case can be reduced to the cash-additive case by a change of numéraire. However, discounting does not work in all financially relevant situations, especially when the eligible asset is a defaultable bond. In this paper, we fill this gap by allowing general eligible assets. We provide a variety of finiteness and continuity results for the corresponding risk measures and apply them to risk measures based on Value at Risk and Tail Value at Risk on Lebesgue spaces, as well as to shortfall risk measures on Orlicz spaces. We pay special attention to the property of cash subadditivity, which has been recently proposed as an alternative to cash additivity to deal with defaultable bonds. For important examples, we provide characterizations of cash subadditivity and show that when the eligible asset is a defaultable bond, cash subadditivity is the exception rather than the rule. Finally, we consider the situation where the eligible asset is not liquidly traded and the pricing rule is no longer linear. We establish when the resulting risk measures are quasiconvex and show that cash subadditivity is only compatible with continuous pricing rules
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