1,716 research outputs found
What I Have Learned From Rukmini Banerji
No full textThe text is an essay by Lant Pritchett, praising Rukmini Banerji, CEO of Pratham. Pritchett shares five lessons learned from Banerji, including leading with love for the child, taking action alongside evidence, generating pressure for education improvement, effective implementation at scale, and learning from doing. The essay highlights Banerji's contributions to addressing the learning crisis and promoting innovative education approaches.</p
The GATT and the Uruguay Round: An Exercise in Real Politik
No full textThe author explores the present status of the Uruguay Round. Banerji then reviews the discussions in the 15 major areas, all of which may not be of immediate interest to India. The author then moves on to analyse the progress in discussions in areas that are of interest to India. These are tariffs, non-tariff measures, GATT article, safeguards, functioning of the CATT system, MTN agreements and arrangements, subsidies, countervailing measures and dispute settlement. The author ends by outlining some polemical issues, viz., textiles and clothing, agriculture, TRIPS and TRIMS and services. The author endorses the multitiered flexible approach to the final deal as proposed by Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati. (Editor’s abstract.
The GATT and the Uruguay Round: An Exercise in Real Politik
No full textThe author explores the present status of the Uruguay Round. Banerji then reviews the discussions in the 15 major areas, all of which may not be of immediate interest to India. The author then moves on to analyse the progress in discussions in areas that are of interest to India. These are tariffs, non-tariff measures, GATT article, safeguards, functioning of the CATT system, MTN agreements and arrangements, subsidies, countervailing measures and dispute settlement. The author ends by outlining some polemical issues, viz., textiles and clothing, agriculture, TRIPS and TRIMS and services. The author endorses the multitiered flexible approach to the final deal as proposed by Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati. (Editor’s abstract.
Galaxy Zoo:reproducing galaxy morphologies via machine learning
No full textWe present morphological classifications obtained using machine learning for objects in SDSS DR6 that have been classified by Galaxy Zoo into three classes, namely early types, spirals and point sources/artifacts. An artificial neural network is trained on a subset of objects classified by the human eye and we test whether the machine learning algorithm can reproduce the human classifications for the rest of the sample. We find that the success of the neural network in matching the human classifications depends crucially on the set of input parameters chosen for the machine-learning algorithm. The colours and parameters associated with profile-fitting are reasonable in separating the objects into three classes. However, these results are considerably improved when adding adaptive shape parameters as well as concentration and texture. The adaptive moments, concentration and texture parameters alone cannot distinguish between early type galaxies and the point sources/artifacts. Using a set of twelve parameters, the neural network is able to reproduce the human classifications to better than 90% for all three morphological classes. We find that using a training set that is incomplete in magnitude does not degrade our results given our particular choice of the input parameters to the network. We conclude that it is promising to use machine- learning algorithms to perform morphological classification for the next generation of wide-field imaging surveys and that the Galaxy Zoo catalogue provides an invaluable training set for such purposes
Critical parameters in targeted drug development: the pharmacological audit trail
No full textAbstractThe Pharmacological Audit Trail (PhAT) comprises a set of critical questions that need to be asked during discovery and development of an anticancer drug. Key aspects include: (1) defining a patient population; (2) establishing pharmacokinetic characteristics; (3) providing evidence of target engagement, pathway modulation, and biological effect with proof of concept pharmacodynamic biomarkers; (4) determining intermediate biomarkers of response; (5) assessing tumor response; and (6) determining how to overcome resistance by combination or sequential therapy and new target/drug discovery. The questions asked in the PhAT should be viewed as a continuum and not used in isolation. Different drug development programmes derive different types of benefit from these questions. The PhAT is critical in making go-no-go decisions in the development of currently studied drugs and will continue to be relevant to discovery and development of future generations of anticancer agents
Banerji (R.). — L'incidence du troc sur l'économie du pays en voie de développement. 1977
No full textLerat Serge. Banerji (R.). — L'incidence du troc sur l'économie du pays en voie de développement. 1977. In: Cahiers d'outre-mer. N° 126 - 32e année, Avril-juin 1979. p. 205
Titration of signalling output: insights into clinical combinations of MEK and AKT inhibitors.
No full textBACKGROUND: We aimed to understand the relative contributions of inhibiting MEK and AKT on cell growth to guide combinations of these agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A panel of 20 cell lines was exposed to either the MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, or AKT inhibitor, AKT 1/2 inhibitor. p-ERK and p-S6 ELISAs were used to define degrees of MEK and AKT inhibition, respectively. Growth inhibition to different degrees of MEK and AKT inhibition, either singly or in combination using 96-h sulphorhodamine assays was then studied. RESULTS: A significantly greater growth inhibition was seen in BRAF(M) and PIK3CA(M) cells upon maximal MEK (P = 0.004) and AKT inhibition (P = 0.038), respectively. KRAS(M) and BRAF/PIK3CA/KRAS(WT) cells were not significantly more likely to be sensitive to MEK or AKT inhibition. Significant incremental growth inhibition of the combination of MEK + AKT over either MEK or AKT inhibition alone was seen when MEK + AKT was inhibited maximally and not when sub-maximal inhibition of both MEK + AKT was used (11/20 cell lines versus 1/20 cell lines; P = 0.0012). CONCLUSIONS: KRAS(M) cells are likely to benefit from combinations of MEK and AKT inhibitors. Sub-maximally inhibiting both MEK and AKT within a combination, in a majority of instances, does not significantly increase growth inhibition compared with maximally inhibiting MEK or AKT alone and alternative phase I trial designs are needed to clinically evaluate such combinations
Insights into significance of combined inhibition of MEK and m-TOR signalling output in KRAS mutant non-small-cell lung cancer
No full textBACKGROUND: We aimed to understand the dependence of MEK and m-TOR inhibition in EGFR(WT)/ALK(non-rearranged) NSCLC cell lines. METHODS: In a panel of KRAS(M) and KRAS(WT) NSCLC cell lines, we determined growth inhibition (GI) following maximal reduction in p-ERK and p-S6RP caused by trametinib (MEK inhibitor) and AZD2014 (m-TOR inhibitor), respectively. RESULTS: GI caused by maximal m-TOR inhibition was significantly greater than GI caused by maximal MEK inhibition in the cell line panel (52% vs 18%, P<10(-4)). There was no significant difference in GI caused by maximal m-TOR compared with maximal m-TOR+MEK inhibition. However, GI caused by the combination was significantly greater in the KRAS(M) cell lines (79% vs 61%, P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: m-TOR inhibition was more critical to GI than MEK inhibition in EGFR(WT)/ALK(non-rearranged) NSCLC cells. The combination of MEK and m-TOR inhibition was most effective in KRAS(M) cells
Are Doses and Schedules of Small-Molecule Targeted Anticancer Drugs Recommended by Phase I Studies Realistic?
No full textTolerability of molecularly targeted agents (MTA) used in cancer therapeutics is determined in phase I trials. We reviewed the reported incidence of toxicity in phase III trials at doses and schedules recommended by phase I trials to evaluate whether these recommendations are realistic when drugs are used in larger populations of patients. We systematically reviewed a safety profile of small molecule (SM-MTA) and mAb MTA (MA-MTA) approved by the FDA in the last 12 years. There was a significantly increased percentage of grade 3 or 4 adverse events reported with SM-MTA compared with MA-MTA [40% vs. 27%; RR 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-2.25, P = 0.038] in phase III studies. Importantly, a substantial proportion of patients (45%) treated with SM-MTA required dose modifications due to drug-related toxicity in phase III trials. However, this toxicity was associated to a definitive study drug discontinuation in only 9%. Overall, 25% of SM-MTA declared recommended phase II doses below MTD based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data and these trials were associated with a significantly reduced number of dose modifications in registration trials (32% vs. 50%; RR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88, P = 0.01). Tolerability is going to come into further focus due to the need for combinations of SM-MTA and other anticancer agents. There was a higher incidence of grade 3-4 toxicity in phase III trials in combinations versus single-agent SM-MTAs (64% vs. 37%; RR 1.73; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3, P = 0.001). These results indicate that phase I studies underestimate toxicity while recommending doses of SM-MTA. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2127-32. ©2015 AACR
Supplemental material for The patient burden of opioid-induced constipation: New insights from a large, multinational survey in five European countries
No full textSupplemental Material for The patient burden of opioid-induced constipation: New insights from a large, multinational survey in five European countries by Viola Andresen, Vivek Banerji, Genevieve Hall, Amir Lass and Anton V Emmanuel in United European Gastroenterology Journal</p
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