86 research outputs found
Valsaria tectonae Bundhun & Jayawardena & Camporesi 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Valsaria tectonae</i> Bundhun & Jayaward., <i>sp. nov.</i> (FIGURE 6) <p> <i>Index Fungorum number:</i> IF 901099, <i>Facesoffungi number</i>: FoF 14855</p> <p> Etymology: The specific epithet refers to host <i>Tectona grandis</i> from which the fungus was collected.</p> <p>Holotype: MFLU 23-0140</p> <p> <i>Saprobic</i> on dead twigs of <i>Tectona grandis</i> (Lamiaceae). <b>Sexual morph</b>: <i>Stromata</i> pseudostromatic, scattered on the host, rarely aggregating to groups of 2–3, erumpent from bark, pustular, conical to subglobose, with flattened base, enclosed by pseudoparenchymatous crust on the top and at the sides. <i>Ectostroma</i> forming sub- or inversely stellate structures of often 4–5 greyish or black tubercular sections, tissue beneath the crust pseudoparenchymatous, tissue surrounding ostiolar necks and at stromatal base prosenchymatous, dark grey, soft, fusing with host tissue. <i>Ostiolar openings</i> inconspicuous at the surface. <i>Ascomata</i> 200–500 µm high (excluding ostiolar neck), 200–400 µm diam. (x̅ = 360 × 295 µm, n = 5), arranged in valsoid configuration, 5–7 per individual cluster, monostichous, vertical to oblique, perithecial, subglobose to flask-shaped, ostiolate. <i>Ostiolar necks</i> cylindrical, long, converging, often fusing, lined with hyaline periphyses. <i>Peridium</i> 20–30 µm thick, comprising two regions; outer region 5–10 µm thick, made up of brown, compressed cells fusing with the host tissue; inner region 12–20 µm thick, composed of 5–7 layers of thin-walled, hyaline cells of <i>textura angularis</i> to <i>textura prismatica</i>; turning to slightly olivaceous-grey in 3% KOH. <i>Pseudoparaphyses</i> 2–4 µm wide, abundant, filiform, septate, unbranched, apically free. <i>Asci</i> 80–130 × 8–13 µm (x̅ = 98.8 × 9.9 µm, n = 20), regularly 8-spored, bitunicate, with no conspicuous fissituncate dehiscence, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, rounded apex with conspicuous ocular chamber and containing a cylindrical- to barrel-shaped ring, staining in Congo Red. <i>Ascospores</i> 14–19 × 5–9 µm (x̅ = 16.2 × 7.7 µm, n = 30), uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline and guttulate when immature, dark brown and guttules absent at maturity, centrally septate, septum thick and darker than cells, not constricted or slightly constricted at the septum, with conical to broad rounded ends, surface tuberculate to tuberculate-reticulate, without sheath or appendages. <b>Asexual morph</b>: Not observed.</p> <p> <b>Culture characteristics</b>:—colonies on PDA reaching 20 mm diam. after 1 week at 25 °C. Colony from above dense, circular, with a thick mat of aerial hyphae, white to greyish or pale brown, fimbriate, radially furrowed; reverse off-white to yellowish, with grey spots.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>:— Thailand, Nan Province, on dead twigs of <i>Tectona grandis</i> (Lamiaceae), 25 September 2022, D. Bundhun, Nan2 (MFLU 23-0140, <b>holotype</b>), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 23-0085.</p> <p> <b>Notes</b>:—strain MFLUCC 23-0085 clusters with the type strain of <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) with 100% ML, 1.00 BYPP support (FIGURE 3). Our collection morphologically resembles <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) in stromatic and ascomatal features (Jaklitsch <i>et al.</i> 2015, this study). The pseudoparaphyses are also unbranched and apically free. The asci are almost similar in size and no conspicuous fissitunicate dehiscence is equally observed in our collection, similar to those of <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) (Jaklitsch <i>et al.</i> 2015, this study). The main differences between strain MFLUCC 23-0085 and <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) are in the peridium structure and ascospore morphology. The peridium of strain MFLUCC 23-0085 contains two regions, with an outer region of brown, compressed cells and an inner region made up of 5–7 layers of hyaline cells of <i>textura angularis</i> to <i>textura prismatica</i> (FIGURE 6). Also, it turns to slightly olivaceous-grey in 3% KOH. The peridium of <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) has been reported to comprise pale brown compressed cells; no report on its reaction with KOH has been given (Jaklitsch <i>et al.</i> 2015). In addition, the ascospores of our collection are smaller (14–19 × 5–9 µm) as compared to those of <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) ((17.7–)19.0–22.5(–27.8) × (7.7–)8.3–10.7(–13.7) µm; Jaklitsch <i>et al.</i> 2015). The ascospore surface ornamentation of the two strains also differ in that isolate MFLUCC 23-0085 comprises ascospores with tuberculate to tuberculate-reticulate surface while those of <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064) are finely tuberculate (Jaklitsch <i>et al.</i> 2015). Comparison of the genetic markers (based on aligned untrimmed dataset, excluding gaps) also reveals significant differences between strain MFLUCC 23-0085 and <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064); there are 3.1% bp differences in ITS region, while 5.3% and 2.9% bp differences in <i>rpb2</i> and <i>tef1</i>, respectively. The PHI test also resulted in a threshold exceeding 0.05 (Фw = 0.929), indicating no recombination event has occurred (FIGURE 4). Therefore, based on morphological as well as genetic variation between the strains MFLUCC 23-0085 and <i>V. neotropica</i> (CBS 139064), we identify our collection as a new taxon, herein introduced as <i>V. tectonae</i>. This novel Thai strain is isolated from <i>Tectona grandis</i> for which it is previously unknown (Doilom <i>et al</i>. 2017).</p>Published as part of <i>Bundhun, Digvijayini, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Camporesi, Erio, 2023, Introducing Nigrograna italica sp. nov. (Nigrogranaceae) from Corylus avellana and Valsaria tectonae sp. nov. (Valsariaceae) from Tectona grandis, pp. 103-119 in Phytotaxa 618 (2)</i> on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.618.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8406609">http://zenodo.org/record/8406609</a>
Nigrograna italica Bundhun, Camporesi & Jayaward. 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Nigrograna italica</i> Bundhun, Camporesi & Jayaward., <i>sp. nov.</i> (FIGURE 5) <p> <i>Index Fungorum number:</i> IF 901098, <i>Facesoffungi number</i>: FoF 14854</p> <p>Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the country, Italy, where the fungus was collected.</p> <p>Holotype: MFLU 23-0139</p> <p> <i>Saprobic</i> on dead branch of <i>Corylus avellana</i> (Betulaceae). <b>Sexual morph</b>: <i>Ascomata</i> 330–520 µm high (including ostiolar neck), 250–350 µm diam. (x̅ = 405 × 313 µm, n = 5), solitary to aggregated, scattered along the host substrate, immersed, ostiolate, with ostiole not visible or at same level of bark or ostiolar neck protruding beyond bark level, often visible in bark fissures, usually lying obliquely or parallel to the host surface, sometimes upright, perithecial, globose to subglobose, surrounded by subiculum of brown hyphae (1–3 µm wide) at the base and sides which turn to olivaceous or olivaceous brown in 3% KOH. <i>Ostiolar necks</i> 100–240 µm high, cylindrical, papillate, black, eccentric or central, straight to oblique, apex flat and concolorous or slightly white, rarely papillate, lined with hyaline periphyses. <i>Peridium</i> 20–30 µm thick, turning olivaceous in 3% KOH, comprising 2 regions, outer region made up of 8–10 layers of thick-walled, brown cells of <i>textura angularis</i>, inner region comprising compressed, thin-walled, hyaline cells. <i>Pseudoparaphyses</i> 1–2.5 µm wide, numerous, trabeculate, branched, often branching in the middle or above the asci, rarely at the base, anastomosing, septate, almost same thickness from base to apex, rarely wider at the base, apex often tapering or sometimes slightly swollen. <i>Asci</i> 45–90 × 8–12 µm (x̅ = 67.5 × 10.4 µm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate, short-pedicellate with knob-like to furcate base, rounded at the apex, with a small ocular chamber. <i>Ascospores</i> 13–19 × 3–7 µm (x̅ = 15.8 × 5.2 µm, n = 30), overlapping biseriate, especially at upper level, ellipsoid to broad fusiform, sub-hyaline to pale brown when immature, becoming golden brown to chocolate brown when mature, not or slightly darker in 3% KOH, straight to slightly curved, 3-euseptate, upper second cell generally slightly enlarged, septa darker than the cells, slightly constricted at the median septum, with conical to rounded ends, sometimes guttulate, smooth, no appendages or sheath. <b>Asexual morph</b>: not observed.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>:— Italy, near Meldola, Forlì-Cesena Province, on dead aerial branch of <i>Corylus avellana</i> (Betulaceae), 29 January 2022, E. Camporesi, IT 2741 (MFLU 23 -0139, <b>holotype</b>).</p> <p> <b>Notes</b>:—the strain MFLU 23-0139 forms a basal lineage to the <i>N. obliqua</i> strains with 98% ML, 0.99 BYPP support (FIGURE 1). While nucleotide comparison (based on the aligned untrimmed dataset, excluding gaps) between the type, <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477), and our strain MFLU 23-0139 revealed insignificant differences in LSU and ITS, there were 2.2% and 1.8% base pair (bp) differences in <i>rpb2</i> and <i>tef1</i>, respectively. Our strain (MFLU 23-0139) closely resembles <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477) in its obliquely located ascomata which often comprise an eccentric ostiolar neck (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, this study), although they can also possess a central ostiolar neck similar to the strain <i>N. obliqua</i> (MFLUCC 14-0945) reported by Phukhamsakda <i>et al.</i> (2020). The ascomata are more visible in the bark fissures and they equally possess a subiculum of brown hyphae. The peridium of our new collection also changes colour, turning to olivaceous in 3% KOH, similar to that of <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477).</p> <p> However, the major differences observed are that while the brown hyphae making the subiculum of <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477) remain unchanged in 3% KOH, the hyphae of MFLU 23-0139 darken and turn to olivaceous or olivaceous brown in 3% KOH. The pseudoparaphyses of <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477) are branched near the bases (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016), but in strain MFLU 23-0139, they are often branching in the middle or above the asci. The ascospores of MFLU 23-0139 are also morphologically slightly different than those of <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477); the ascospores of strain MFLU 23-0139 are smooth (even at immaturity) and their golden brown to chocolate brown colour may slightly darken in 3% KOH, while those of <i>N. obliqua</i> (CBS 141477) are faintly verruculose (more conspicuous at immature stage) and their colour remain unchanged in 3% KOH (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016). Moreover, the PHI test resulted in a threshold exceeding 0.05 (Фw = 0.908), suggesting no recombination event has occurred (FIGURE 2). Based on the above evidence, as well as the guidelines of Chethana <i>et al</i>. (2021) and Pem <i>et al</i>. (2021), we introduce our new collection MFLU 23-0139 as a new species, <i>Nigrograna italica</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Bundhun, Digvijayini, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Camporesi, Erio, 2023, Introducing Nigrograna italica sp. nov. (Nigrogranaceae) from Corylus avellana and Valsaria tectonae sp. nov. (Valsariaceae) from Tectona grandis, pp. 103-119 in Phytotaxa 618 (2)</i> on pages 111-112, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.618.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8406609">http://zenodo.org/record/8406609</a>
Dicyanogermylenes: a tale of isomers and interconversions
No full textA systematic investigation is carried out using the B3LYP, BLYP, and BHLYP functionals and MP2 level of theory to characterize the low-lying electronic singlet and triplet GeC(2)N(2) isomers. The basis sets used are of double-ζ plus polarization quality with additional s- and p-type diffuse functions, DZP++. Three bent isomers Ge(CN)(2), CNGeCN, and Ge(NC)(2) are located on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces. In visualizing the reaction pathways for the singlet isomerization of the bent isomers, two three-membered [Ge, C, N] cyclic systems, with exocyclic -C-C≡N and -C-N≡C bonding, appear on the energy surface. Four types of electron affinities reported are: the adiabatic electron affinity, the zero-point vibrationally corrected electron affinity, the vertical electron affinity, and the vertical detachment energy of the anion. The ionization energies and singlet-triplet gaps for all isomers are also reported. The energetic ordering (kcal mol(-1)) (B3LYP) with zero-point vibrational energy corrections for the singlet ground state isomers follows: Ge(CN)(2) (global minimum) < CNGeCN (2.3) < Ge(NC)(2) (3.3) < Cyc_exo_CCN (15.3) < Cyc_exo_CNC (30.6). All the bent and cyclic isomers are found to be below the dissociation limit to Ge ((3)P) + C(2)N(2) ((1)Σ(g)). The rate constants for all interconversions are evaluated using transition state theory
Density functional theory study of the carbon chains C
No full textA theoretical study of CnX, CnX+ and CnX- (X = O
and Se; n = 1-10) clusters is carried out employing the density functional
theory and the B3LYP functional. All species are fully optimized using the
basis set 6-31G(d) for all atoms and further, single-point computations are
done using the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Molecular properties such as
equilibrium parameters, dipole moment, infrared vibrational frequencies,
Raman activities and rotational constant are predicted. The computations
indicate that the equilibrium structures are either linear or quasi-linear.
We report the different forms of electron affinities, ionization energy,
atomization energy and binding energy of the CnO and CnSe chains.
The results indicate parity effect is very apparent for electron affinity,
ionization energy, and binding energy but the effect is less pronounced for
atomization energy. The n-even linear chains have larger ionization energy
and atomization energy than the n-odd ones but this effect is reversed for
electron affinity. The findings from this work are critically discussed and
they are very similar to those obtained previously for the hetero-atom doped
carbon chains. This research indicates that n-odd carbon chains are more
stable than n-even and this is the trend for the chalcogens carbon chains
Post percutaneous coronary interventional adverse cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding events observed with prasugrel versus clopidogrel: direct comparison through a meta-analysis
No full textAbstract Background Due to limitations associated with clopidogrel following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), other newer oral anti-platelet agents are being studied. We aimed to systematically carry out a direct comparison of outcomes observed with prasugrel versus clopidogrel following PCI. Methods Common online searched databases (The Cochrane library, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google scholar) were used to retrieve relevant publications. Primary endpoints were the adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Secondary outcomes were the bleeding events. This analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.3, whereby odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered as the statistical parameters. Results Eight studies with a total number of 18,122 participants were included in this direct analysis. Prasugrel was associated with significantly lower adverse cardiovascular outcomes in comparison to clopidogrel following PCI. All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiac events were all significantly lower with prasugrel (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35–0.63; P = 0.0001), (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57–0.80; P = 0.00001), (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38–0.96; P = 0.03), (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.30–0.72; P = 0.0006) and (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.53–0.70; P = 0.00001) respectively. When the bleeding outcomes were analyzed, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) defined major and minor bleeding were not significantly different (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.66–1.27; P = 0.59) and (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.85–1.59; P = 0.35) respectively. However, the combined ‘all bleeding events’ was significantly higher with prasugrel (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03–1.70; P = 0.03), but when patients with STEMI and those undergoing elective PCI were separately analyzed, no significant difference in overall bleeding was observed. Conclusion Adverse cardiovascular outcomes were significantly lower with the use of prasugrel in comparison to clopidogrel following PCI. In addition, TIMI defined major and minor bleeding were not significantly different showing prasugrel to be well-tolerated following PCI especially in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Adverse Drug Events Associated with sitagliptin Versus canagliflozin for the Treatment of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Comparison Through a Meta-Analysis
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Choosing between Enoxaparin and Fondaparinux for the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAbstract Background Enoxaparin and Fondaparinux are potential anticoagulants which are used peri-operatively in the management of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). We aimed to compare the adverse clinical outcomes which are associated with the use of these anticoagulants in patients who were treated for ACS. Methods Online databases (PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library) were searched for studies which compared differences in clinical outcomes observed with the use of enoxaparin and fondaparinux in patients who were treated peri-operatively for ACS. Statistical analysis was carried out by Revman 5.3 software with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as the analytical parameters. Results Seven studies with a total number of 9618 patients (mainly composed of non-ST elevated myocardial infarction/NSTEMI) were included. This analysis showed mortality to be similarly observed between enoxaparin and fondaparinux with OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.67–1.63; P = 0.84. Myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke were also not significantly different throughout different follow up periods. However, minor, major and total bleeding were significantly lower with fondaparinux (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.27–0.58; P = 0.00001), (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32–0.66; P = 0.0001) and (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.37–0.60; P = 0.00001) respectively during the 10-day follow up period. Even during a follow up period of 30 days or a midterm follow up, major and minor bleeding still significantly favored fondaparinux in comparison to enoxaparin. Conclusion In patients who were treated for ACS, fondaparinux might be a better choice when compared to enoxaparin in terms of short to midterm bleeding events. This result was mainly applicable to patients with NSTEMI. However, due to a limited number of patients analyzed, further larger randomized trials should be able to confirm this hypothesis
Adverse drug events observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with 100 mg versus 300 mg canagliflozin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials
No full textAbstract Background Nowadays, canagliflozin monotherapy, or in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), is often administered in patients who are treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, we aimed to systematically compare the adverse drugs events (AEs) which were associated with 100 mg versus 300 mg canagliflozin respectively, using a large number of randomized patients with T2DM which were obtained from published trials. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing 100 mg versus 300 mg canagliflozin in patients who were treated for T2DM were searched from electronic databases. AEs reported during a follow up period ranging from 12 to 104 weeks were considered as the clinical endpoints in this analysis. We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and the analyses were carried out by RevMan 5 · 3 software. Results Ten trials involving a total number of 5394 patients (2604 patients who were treated with 100 mg canagliflozin and 2790 patients who were treated with 300 mg canagliflozin) were included. The current results showed that serious AEs were not significantly higher in patients who were treated by 300 mg canagliflozin, with OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.79–1.29; P = 0.93. Also, a similar rate of death was observed in patients who were treated by either 100 or 300 mg canagliflozin with OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.43–2.94; P = 0.80. Urinary tract infections, postural dizziness and hypoglycemia were also similarly manifested, with OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.70–1.23; P = 0.61, OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 0.42–5.37; P = 0.53 and OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.81–1.13; P = 0.60 respectively. However, drug discontinuation due to AEs significantly favored 100 mg canagliflozin only during this unequal follow-up period with OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.06–1.72; P = 0.01, but it was not significantly different when trials with similar follow-up periods were analyzed. Conclusion 300 mg canagliflozin was not associated with significantly higher adverse events compared to 100 mg canagliflozin in those patients who were treated for T2DM. However, because this result was partly affected by other anti-diabetic medications which were included in the treatment regimen, further studies based on patients who were treated strictly on canagliflozin monotherapy should be recommended to completely solve this issue
Long-term adverse outcomes associated with drug-eluting stents and bare-metal stent in patients with small coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textObjective: The main purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the long-term adverse outcomes associated with drug-eluting stents (DES) and bare-metal stent (BMS) in patients with small coronary artery disease (CAD).Method: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing the adverse outcomes such as mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and restenosis in small CAD patients receiving DES and BMS were searched from Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and the pooled analyses were performed with RevMan 5.3.Result: A total number of 4,106 patients with small CAD (2,123 patients received DES and 1,983 patients received BMS) have been included in this meta-analysis. Pool-analysis demonstrated that the risk of mortality, MACE, MI, ST, TLR, TVR, and restenosis were significantly lower in DES group, with OR 0.77(95%CI 0.59-0.99, P=0.04), 0.48(95%CI 0.41-0.56, P<0.00001), 0.74(95%CI 0.55-0.98, P=0.04), 0.51(95%CI: 0.26-0.98, P=0.04), 0.24(95%CI: 0.16-0.37, P<0.00001), 0.47(95%CI: 0.38-0.59, P<0.00001), and 0.24 (95%CI 0.14-0.43, P<0.00001), respectively.Conclusion: Compared with BMS, DES had lower rates of adverse clinical outcomes, and restenosis during long-term follow-up.Nepalese Heart Journal 2018; 15(1): 1-7</jats:p
Major adverse cardiac events and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAbstract Background We aimed to systematically compare Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACEs) and mortality following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in patients with and without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) through a meta-analysis. Methods Electronic databases (Cochrane library, EMBASE and Medline/PubMed) were searched for English publications comparing in-hospital and long-term MACEs and mortality following PCI in patients with a past medical history of COPD. Statistical analysis was carried out by Revman 5.3 whereby Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were considered the relevant parameters. Results A total number of 72,969 patients were included (7518 patients with COPD and 65,451 patients without COPD). Results of this analysis showed that in-hospital MACEs were significantly higher in the COPD group with OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.19–1.65; P = 0.0001, I2 = 0%. Long-term MACEs were still significantly higher in the COPD group with OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.38–1.81; P = 0.00001, I2 = 29%. Similarly, in-hospital and long-term mortality were significantly higher in patients with COPD, with OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.78–2.85; P = 0.00001, I2 = 0% and OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.33–3.71; P = 0.002, I2 = 97% respectively. However, the result for the long-term death was highly heterogeneous. Conclusion Since in-hospital and long-term MACEs and mortality were significantly higher following PCI in patients with versus without COPD, COPD should be considered a risk factor for the development of adverse clinical outcomes following PCI. However, the result for the long-term mortality was highly heterogeneous warranting further analysis
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