7 research outputs found
Richardson, Barbauld, and the construction of an early modern fan club
No full textMPhilMuch has been written about the life and long works of the eighteenth century epistolary novelist, Samuel Richardson, but the prospect of his position as the first celebrity novelist – responsible for courting his own fame as well as initiating his own fan club – has largely been ignored. The body of manuscripts housed at the National Art Library in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London provides the modern scholar with evidence of the skeletal beginnings of an early fan club. This thesis aims to show how these manuscripts were turned into a saleable commodity by the publisher and entrepreneur Richard Phillips, while under the guiding hand of another, slightly later, literary celebrity, Anna Laetitia Barbauld. In order to restore Richardson’s reputation amongst a new nineteenth century audience, Barbauld was required to construct her own idea of him as an eighteenth century celebrity author, and in doing so the insecurities of a self-professed, apparently diffident man, are revealed. Barbauld’s capacious, but heavily edited selection of letters is analyzed in this thesis, providing ample evidence that Richardson’s correspondents were more than just eager letter writers. By using Barbauld’s biography of Richardson this thesis aims to show how she manipulates the genre of life writing in her construction of him.
This thesis offers an alternative reading of how the Richardson manuscripts are viewed, redefining them as not simply a collection of letters, but as a collective entity, deliberately selected and archived as evidence of an early modern fan club, and its celebrity managing director
Effect of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion vs open radical cystectomy on 90-day morbidity and mortality among patients with bladder cancer : a randomized clinical trial
No full textImportance: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy is being performed with increasing frequency, but it is unclear whether total intracorporeal surgery improves recovery compared with open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Objectives: To compare recovery and morbidity after robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal reconstruction vs open radical cystectomy.
Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial of patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer recruited at 9 sites in the UK, from March 2017-March 2020. Follow-up was conducted at 90 days, 6 months, and 12 months, with final follow-up on September 23, 2021.
Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal reconstruction (n = 169) or open radical cystectomy (n = 169).
Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of days alive and out of the hospital within 90 days of surgery. There were 20 secondary outcomes, including complications, quality of life, disability, stamina, activity levels, and survival. Analyses were adjusted for the type of diversion and center.
Results: Among 338 randomized participants, 317 underwent radical cystectomy (mean age, 69 years; 67 women [21%]; 107 [34%] received neoadjuvant chemotherapy; 282 [89%] underwent ileal conduit reconstruction); the primary outcome was analyzed in 305 (96%). The median number of days alive and out of the hospital within 90 days of surgery was 82 (IQR, 76-84) for patients undergoing robotic surgery vs 80 (IQR, 72-83) for open surgery (adjusted difference, 2.2 days [95% CI, 0.50-3.85]; P = .01). Thromboembolic complications (1.9% vs 8.3%; difference, –6.5% [95% CI, –11.4% to –1.4%]) and wound complications (5.6% vs 16.0%; difference, –11.7% [95% CI, –18.6% to –4.6%]) were less common with robotic surgery than open surgery. Participants undergoing open surgery reported worse quality of life vs robotic surgery at 5 weeks (difference in mean European Quality of Life 5-Dimension, 5-Level instrument scores, –0.07 [95% CI, –0.11 to –0.03]; P = .003) and greater disability at 5 weeks (difference in World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 scores, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.15-0.73]; P = .003) and at 12 weeks (difference in WHODAS 2.0 scores, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.09-0.68]; P = .01); the differences were not significant after 12 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in cancer recurrence (29/161 [18%] vs 25/156 [16%] after robotic and open surgery, respectively) and overall mortality (23/161 [14.3%] vs 23/156 [14.7%]), respectively) at median follow-up of 18.4 months (IQR, 12.8-21.1).
Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy, treatment with robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion vs open radical cystectomy resulted in a statistically significant increase in days alive and out of the hospital over 90 days. However, the clinical importance of these findings remains uncertain.
Trial Registration: ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN13680280; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0304941
Effect of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion vs open radical cystectomy on 90-day morbidity and mortality among patients with bladder cancer
No full textImportance: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy is being performed with increasing frequency, but it is unclear whether total intracorporeal surgery improves recovery compared with open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Objectives: To compare recovery and morbidity after robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal reconstruction vs open radical cystectomy.
Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial of patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer recruited at 9 sites in the UK, from March 2017-March 2020. Follow-up was conducted at 90 days, 6 months, and 12 months, with final follow-up on September 23, 2021.
Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal reconstruction (n = 169) or open radical cystectomy (n = 169).
Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of days alive and out of the hospital within 90 days of surgery. There were 20 secondary outcomes, including complications, quality of life, disability, stamina, activity levels, and survival. Analyses were adjusted for the type of diversion and center.
Results: Among 338 randomized participants, 317 underwent radical cystectomy (mean age, 69 years; 67 women [21%]; 107 [34%] received neoadjuvant chemotherapy; 282 [89%] underwent ileal conduit reconstruction); the primary outcome was analyzed in 305 (96%). The median number of days alive and out of the hospital within 90 days of surgery was 82 (IQR, 76-84) for patients undergoing robotic surgery vs 80 (IQR, 72-83) for open surgery (adjusted difference, 2.2 days [95% CI, 0.50-3.85]; P = .01). Thromboembolic complications (1.9% vs 8.3%; difference, –6.5% [95% CI, –11.4% to –1.4%]) and wound complications (5.6% vs 16.0%; difference, –11.7% [95% CI, –18.6% to –4.6%]) were less common with robotic surgery than open surgery. Participants undergoing open surgery reported worse quality of life vs robotic surgery at 5 weeks (difference in mean European Quality of Life 5-Dimension, 5-Level instrument scores, –0.07 [95% CI, –0.11 to –0.03]; P = .003) and greater disability at 5 weeks (difference in World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 scores, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.15-0.73]; P = .003) and at 12 weeks (difference in WHODAS 2.0 scores, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.09-0.68]; P = .01); the differences were not significant after 12 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in cancer recurrence (29/161 [18%] vs 25/156 [16%] after robotic and open surgery, respectively) and overall mortality (23/161 [14.3%] vs 23/156 [14.7%]), respectively) at median follow-up of 18.4 months (IQR, 12.8-21.1).
Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy, treatment with robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion vs open radical cystectomy resulted in a statistically significant increase in days alive and out of the hospital over 90 days. However, the clinical importance of these findings remains uncertain.
Trial Registration: ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN13680280; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03049410
Cost-effectiveness of robot-assisted radical cystectomy vs open radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer
No full textImportance The value to payers of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion (iRARC) when compared with open radical cystectomy (ORC) for patients with bladder cancer is unclear.
Objectives To compare the cost-effectiveness of iRARC with that of ORC.
Design, Setting, and Participants This economic evaluation used individual patient data from a randomized clinical trial at 9 surgical centers in the United Kingdom. Patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer were recruited from March 20, 2017, to January 29, 2020. The analysis used a health service perspective and a 90-day time horizon, with supplementary analyses exploring patient benefits up to 1 year. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken. Data were analyzed from January 13, 2022, to March 10, 2023.
Interventions Patients were randomized to receive either iRARC (n = 169) or ORC (n = 169).
Main Outcomes and Measures Costs of surgery were calculated using surgery timings and equipment costs, with other hospital data based on counts of activity. Quality-adjusted life-years were calculated from European Quality of Life 5-Dimension 5-Level instrument responses. Prespecified subgroup analyses were undertaken based on patient characteristics and type of diversion.
Results A total of 305 patients with available outcome data were included in the analysis, with a mean (SD) age of 68.3 (8.1) years, and of whom 241 (79.0%) were men. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy was associated with statistically significant reductions in admissions to intensive therapy (6.35% [95% CI, 0.42%-12.28%]), and readmissions to hospital (14.56% [95% CI, 5.00%-24.11%]), but increases in theater time (31.35 [95% CI, 13.67-49.02] minutes). The additional cost of iRARC per patient was £1124 (95% CI, −£576 to £2824 [US 831 to 144 312) per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy had a much higher probability of being cost-effective for subgroups defined by age, tumor stage, and performance status.
Conclusions and Relevance In this economic evaluation of surgery for patients with bladder cancer, iRARC reduced short-term morbidity and some associated costs. While the resulting cost-effectiveness ratio was in excess of thresholds used by many publicly funded health systems, patient subgroups were identified for which iRARC had a high probability of being cost-effective
Multiorgan MRI findings after hospitalisation with COVID-19 in the UK (C-MORE): a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study
No full textIntroduction:
The multiorgan impact of moderate to severe coronavirus infections in the post-acute phase is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities after hospitalisation with COVID-19, evaluate their determinants, and explore associations with patient-related outcome measures.
Methods:
In a prospective, UK-wide, multicentre MRI follow-up study (C-MORE), adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital following COVID-19 who were included in Tier 2 of the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) and contemporary controls with no evidence of previous COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody negative) underwent multiorgan MRI (lungs, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys) with quantitative and qualitative assessment of images and clinical adjudication when relevant. Individuals with end-stage renal failure or contraindications to MRI were excluded. Participants also underwent detailed recording of symptoms, and physiological and biochemical tests. The primary outcome was the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities (two or more organs) relative to controls, with further adjustments for potential confounders. The C-MORE study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04510025.
Findings:
Of 2710 participants in Tier 2 of PHOSP-COVID, 531 were recruited across 13 UK-wide C-MORE sites. After exclusions, 259 C-MORE patients (mean age 57 years [SD 12]; 158 [61%] male and 101 [39%] female) who were discharged from hospital with PCR-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and Nov 1, 2021, and 52 non-COVID-19 controls from the community (mean age 49 years [SD 14]; 30 [58%] male and 22 [42%] female) were included in the analysis. Patients were assessed at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 4·2–6·3) after hospital discharge. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, patients were older, living with more obesity, and had more comorbidities. Multiorgan abnormalities on MRI were more frequent in patients than in controls (157 [61%] of 259 vs 14 [27%] of 52; p<0·0001) and independently associated with COVID-19 status (odds ratio [OR] 2·9 [95% CI 1·5–5·8]; padjusted=0·0023) after adjusting for relevant confounders. Compared with controls, patients were more likely to have MRI evidence of lung abnormalities (p=0·0001; parenchymal abnormalities), brain abnormalities (p<0·0001; more white matter hyperintensities and regional brain volume reduction), and kidney abnormalities (p=0·014; lower medullary T1 and loss of corticomedullary differentiation), whereas cardiac and liver MRI abnormalities were similar between patients and controls. Patients with multiorgan abnormalities were older (difference in mean age 7 years [95% CI 4–10]; mean age of 59·8 years [SD 11·7] with multiorgan abnormalities vs mean age of 52·8 years [11·9] without multiorgan abnormalities; p<0·0001), more likely to have three or more comorbidities (OR 2·47 [1·32–4·82]; padjusted=0·0059), and more likely to have a more severe acute infection (acute CRP >5mg/L, OR 3·55 [1·23–11·88]; padjusted=0·025) than those without multiorgan abnormalities. Presence of lung MRI abnormalities was associated with a two-fold higher risk of chest tightness, and multiorgan MRI abnormalities were associated with severe and very severe persistent physical and mental health impairment (PHOSP-COVID symptom clusters) after hospitalisation.
Interpretation:
After hospitalisation for COVID-19, people are at risk of multiorgan abnormalities in the medium term. Our findings emphasise the need for proactive multidisciplinary care pathways, with the potential for imaging to guide surveillance frequency and therapeutic stratification
Karl Mosher interiew
No full textText only... )
I have read with great interest several "I Remember" items in
your paper, the courier-Tribune, of years ago.
One part of Kent History that concerns me very much is how they
arrived at the name "Coonotton Railroad" later the Wheeling & Lake
Erie, now tho Norfolk & Western. It, of course, was before my time,
but I have heard my parents and others talk about it. Maybe someone
reading this item will recall how they arrived at the name
"Coonotton."
While we are on the subject of railroad's history, there are a
few things I remember. Around the year 1900 my parents purchased the
Central Hotel on Franklin Avenue across the street from the Erie
depot. There were no taxis in those days but there were hacks. One
was owned and operated by Billy Ferguson and his stand was in front
of my parents' Central Hotel. He used the hotel phone for local
service. Mr. Ferguson had a contract with the Erie & Wheeling&,
Lake Erie railroad to transfer passengers from each station. The
hack would seat six or seven, the passengers entering from the rear.
Saturday night was his busy time, picking up those who had had too
many five cent beers and ten cent whiskeys. Many local people would
use the hack and the Wheeling & Lake Erie railroad to shop in
Cleveland. There were dining cars on the trains and one could get a
good dinner for around a dollar or less.
In later years I was assistant agent for the Wells Fargo Express
company in Kent. The word "assistant", didn't mean anything, as I was
really a driver on the transfer wagon and made local deliveries. We
transferred express for the Erie railroad to the Wheeling, Lake Erie
railroad. We also delivered sacks, of silver money to the local
banks. We felt important making this delivery because we were
required to wear a 38 Colt revolver in a holster. We were also
required to fire the gun once a week, to make sure the gun was in
working order.
The B & o & Wheeling Lake Erie railroads did quite a business
transferring car loads and trains of coke from the H. R. Frick Coke
Company in Pittsburgh to the steel mills in Cleveland via the
Wheeling Lake Erie r _ailroad. I believe the old transfer trestle is
still used over the Cuyahoga River. The Wheeling railroad keeps an
engine in their yards to do switching and help the B & o engines
deliver the cars. also transfer cars from the Erie. Both the
Wheeling & Lake Erie and Erie transfers required two engines because
of the steep grades.
While we are on the subject of railroads, there are so many
memories I can recall. In Karl Grismer's history of Kent, he
mentions the old P & W (Pittsburgh & Western railroad) that I
remember as a small boy. He shows a picture of the old Box Car
Depot, just below the East Main Street bridge, along the side of the
river and the old trunk or baggage chute and steps. We kids slid
down the old chute many times and got a few slivers in the seat of
our pants. Mr. Gillispie was the station agent and operator. He was
John Gillispie's father.
I also remember when we lived in the
morning my father woke my brother Charlie
over to the Erie, tracks and look south.
1
Central Hotel, one Sunday
and I and told us to go
On the P & W tracks, there
..
was a head on collision wreck. At that time the P & W was a single
track railroad, the engines, were small and the smoke stacks were the
funnel type. I can't recall if anyone was killed but it sure caused
a lot of excitement. There is a picture somewhere, that Art Trory
took of the wreck. There are many traces of the old P & W
right-of-way. One is just south of the Crain Avenue bridge between
the river and the B&O, the other is at the Powdermill Road and B & o
crossing now a road leading north to a manufacturing plant. When the
B & O purchased the P & W, they started double tracking, from
Pittsburgh to Chicago Junction, now Willard, Ohio. The work in Kent
was quite an undertaking. The eastbound track right-of-way had to
be cut out of solid rock. The contractor used steam drills as many as
six or eight working at one time, drilling holes for blasting. It
kept several blacksmiths busy, sharpening and tempering the drills.
The man in charge of the blacksmiths was Eddie Adams' father, the
welter weight pugilist from Kent, now a retired insurance man in
Akron. All of the civil engineers and the contractor supervision
lived in my parents' Central Hotel, until the work was finished.
One other change in railroads was the old c & P (Cleveland &
Pittsburgh), which is now the Pennsylvania or Penn Central. The old
C & P depot was across the road from the present Hill's Grocery on
Route 43, and was called Earlville. Just north of Hill's Grocery,
there were traces of the old C&P right-of-way, I believe it is now a
street in Twin Lakes. While the Pennsy was building the new
right-of-way, as I remember, somewhere between what is now Route 43
and the Akron Water plant, the contractor ran into trouble through
some swamp land. They built a wooden floating trestle, because of
the quicksand. A little steam pony engine would push eight or ten
dump cars out on the trestle, loaded with stone and dirt. They
worked for a couple of weeks in this one spot, before they finally
made the fill. As I remember, the labor camp was near the site with
tents for sleeping and kitchen and dining quarters. Several other
kids and I delivered, by horse drawn wagon, meats and groceries
there, for Frank Arighi, who had a meat market on South Water Street
in Kent.
As for the Erie railroad, I am not sure if it was called the
N.Y.P.&O (New York. Pennsylvania & Ohio) railroad, with many
passenger trains to New York and Chicago. Kent was a division point
for the railroad. Meadville, Pa. to Kent was the second division.
Galion to Kent was the third division. All freight crews changed in
Kent. The passenger crews also changed, mostly the engineer and
fireman. The steam locomotives ended their runs in Kent, the freight
locomotives in the upper yards and the passenger at the depot. Mr.
Parkenson was the hostler for the change of locomotives. He would
bring the engines down from the upper yard house to the Franklin
Avenue station. Many times Mr. Parkenson would, let me ride with him
and let me blow the whistle for the Crain Avenue and Main Street
crossings.
The depot had a very fine dining room and lunch counter. It was
operated by several families, but the two I remember were the Elgin
family and the Long family. The passenger trains would stop twenty
minutes for dinner or lunch. When the trains arrived, a man would
2
stand outside and ring a hand bell. I rang that bell many times as a
kid. As a young man, it was expected that after a dance, you would
take your date there for a late lunch; breaded veal sandwiches were
fifteen cents, a ham sandwich ten cents, a side dish of baked beans
five cents, pie five cents, coffee and milk five cents.
I also remember the camel back locomotives on the railroad. The
engineer's cab was up front, half was between the front and the
coal tender. The fireman spent most of his time stoking coal in the
fire box, shoveling by hand. It had two fire doors and while in
operation, the engineer spent very little time in the cab.
The Erie car shops were the largest repair shops on the system.
Many of the boys worked their vacations there. I worked there, along
with Charlie Gougler, later owner of the Gougler Machine Company,
George and William Fitzpatrick and Frank Trainer. We worked for
Harry Starks foreman of the machine shop. The blacksmith shop was
a busy department, with many workers doing light and heavy forging.
Mr. Carey, Edward Carey' s father, did the heavy forging, with three
helpers. Mr. Ravencroft was the foreman, later on Henry Ahearn was
the foreman . The steel car repair shop was a busy department. Mr.
Paulus, Gordon Paulus' father, was the foreman. The saw shop had
many employees. Charlie Ackworth, Harry Ackworth's father, was the
foreman. The shop did all the processing of lumber, not only for the
Kent shop but the entire system.
Mr. Karl Grismer's history of Kent gives the history of the
first electric line from Akron to Kent. It was called the Rapid
Transit. We called it the Walsh Line because Mr. Walsh of Cuyahoga
Falls was the owner. It ran from Akron through Cuyahoga Falls to
Kent, with a spur at the east end of Silver Lake and followed the
east shore to Randolph Park, a camping and amusement park. My
parents and aunt, Mrs. John Green, my brother, Charlie and I spent
sometime there in a tent. There were no buildings there or cottages.
The line ended in Kent at the east end of the Main Street bridge,
where Bissler's store is now located. The cars were small, more like
the Toonerville Trolley, The cars ran every hour, when they were on
time . The trolley was changed at the end of the line; the motorman
could operate the controls from either end of the car . There were no
air brakes in those days, just hand brakes. Many of us kids would be
on hand when the cars arrived, s that we could change the trolley
from one end to the other . In the summertime, the cars were the open
type; when it rained one could pull down side curtains. The seats ran
crossways, with one large step running the length of the car, on each
side of the car. If there was a bad thunder and electrical storm, the
power would be shut off and the car waited until the power came back
on, regardless of where you were. Even in good weather, if there were
too many passengers aboard, all the men would get off and help push
the car up West Main Street hill. If we kids were around, we would
help. The fare to the Coonotton, or Wheeling & Lake Erie railroad to
Silver Lake Junction or Cuyahoga Falls was ten cents, twenty cents to
Akron. When the Northern Ohio Traction & Light Company purchased
the old Walsh line, they extended the line to Ravenna. The work on
the right-of-way was started in Ravenna and the tracks were laid to
Kent as far as the Erie railroad. The crossover tracks were
3
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prefabricated in advance, but tho Erie railroad was not going to let
them cross their tracks. Everyone in Kent was real excited about
the crossover. Each day the word got around that tonight about
midnight the change would be made. I believe it was a week or so
before it happened and every night many people would be on hand to
see the change. One night my father told my brother Charlie and I
that tonight is the night they would make the change for sure. We
lived in our parent's Central Hotel, only a stone's throw from the
crossing. Before twelve, my father called us to be on hand to see
the first car cross. The townspeople had waited so many nights
before and nothing happened, so they were discouraged and did not
show up this night. The trolley line was all completed and electric
lights were hung and it was just like daylight for the men to work.
On the bridge was a work car and when the crossover was completed,
that was the first car to cross the Erie and Charlie and I were on
it. We thought that was quite an honor.
The first passenger cars were yellow, with an open rear platform
or entrance. The time schedule was east o the our and west on the
half hour. Later there was a spur in to Brady Lake Park. This was
the start of the amusements there, with Chester Bishop and his stock
company at the theater, dancing upstairs on the pavilion on the lake
and refreshments below. You could also rent a boat for twenty-five
cents an hour and take your girl for a ride. There were many special
picnic days and the Erie and Pennsylvania railroads ran special
train. The erie used the Ice House siding and the Pennsy had a
siding north of the Spiritualist grounds. The cars were on both
sidings until leaving time in the early evening.
Sunday was baseball day at the Park. Many good ball clubs
played here, such as the Homestead Greys, with Satchel Page; the
House of David team, from Michigan, where every player had whiskers.
At the end of the season, Kent and Ravenna played a three game
series and the winner, best two out of three was the Portage County
champs. We played hard and did a little fist cuffing. I played
first base and the outfield, until I was injured on my motorcycle.
Back in the early 1900s, Kent was a thriving little town, with
around 3500 people and the Erie car shops and upper switching yard
and the Seneca Chain Works. The first chains were made in a building
on Franklin Avenue, next to the Parsons Lumber Company. I believe
the first superintendent was a Mr. Paton and he was also part owner.
Many of the chain makers came from Cleveland; Billy Burns, the Tully
brothers, Jack Bracken, who also played ball with the old Kent
Baseball team and after some years, pitched for the Cleveland Naps,
now the Cleveland Indians. The chain company purchased a building on
West Main Street, at the Wheeling and Lake Erie railroad, in the
early 1900s. With new capital, they enlarged the plant and did a
great business. They made many sized of chain, including a large
chain called Dolly chain. this type of chain was made for the U.S.
Navy, to be used a anchor chain. The links were 6" to 8" long, and
2" stock. I and many boys in Kent worked as heater link boys, for
the chain makers. We would put the links on hooks into an oil fired
blast furnace. The chain maker would finish the job, with tongs and
a die from foot hammer. The chain company paid every Saturday at
4
noon, no work in the afternoon. It didn't take long for the action
to start in the afternoon, with fifteen or more saloons wide open,
draft beer at five cents a mug and cheap whiskey at ten cents a shot.
there was fist and dragout fight about every hour of so; it kept the
one man police force busy. At ten p.m. the bummers bell and fire
bell located in a tower at the intersection of Main and Franklin
Avenue would toll ten times, all saloons closed for the day and
anyone on the street after the .bell was questioned.
Kent had five cigar makers in different stores. The cigars were
mostly sold in the saloons. Many bar owners had their picture on the
box and bands. They were a good five cent cigar. Of course there
were the roll your own cigarettes; Bull Durham and Duke Mixture, each
bag came with a small pack of papers. Some kids were real
professionals at rolling a cigarette with one hand, closing the bag
string with their teeth and licking the paper with one lick of their
tongue. There were not too many factory made cigarettes. I remember
one package of ten called Drum, another Acme and Sweet Caparal; then
came the popular Luck Strike. One .of their advertising deals was
making cigarettes on Times Square in New Your City. I remember
standing in line, watching the man fill the hopper with tobacco and
the finished package came out one end.
Before radio, somehow one didn't want for entertainment. In
the summer, there was the Thursday night band concert, on the square.
The bandstand was a prefab platform, erected over the large round
horse watering tough. All stores were open till the concert was
over. Donaghy's Drug Store, on the corner of Main and South Water
Streets, sold ice cream sodas. This is now the location of Carson's
Corners. Troy's Drug Store also sold ice cream and George Brothers,
on Water Street. Lots of peanuts and pop corn was sold. For those
thirsty ones who didn't have the cash for drinks, the old town pump
got a good workout, with the one tin cup on a chain. The pump was
located at the Water Street side of Donaghy's Drug Store. Some of
the boys would rent a horse and buggy from Bert Eckert's Livery
Stable, for $2.50 and take their girls for a moonlight ride.
Eckert's Livery Stable was located on East Main Street, where W.W.
Reed & Son Insurance is now located.
In the Winter, there was the five cent nickelodeon moving
pictures. There were four at on time in Kent; one at the Opera
House, one on North Water St. between Main and Columbus Streets, one
on East Main Street, about where the Pro Shop is now located, run by
the Powers family, and on South Water street, across the alley from
the city Bank, run by Tank Myers and Web Lyman. All of the shows
except the Opera House, were nothing but store rooms, witha white
sheet for the picture, and the seats wee rented funeral folding
chairs. The Opera House was the best show in town, with regular
plush seats, a piano player and a vocalist. For Illustrated slides,
I worked as a sound man back of the curtain on stage. While the
operator, Dr. Russell, showed the slides, I would rewind the film.
The theater was leased by Elmer Frese, of the Frame Dry Goods Store,
and John Richardson of Ravenna. Saturday night was dance night in
the Odd Fellows Hall, on the top floor of the OPera House. It was
Jack Bertram's dancing school in the early evening, till 8:00 p.m.
5
After eight, there was dancing to Bill Lee's orchestra till 11:30
p.m. After dancing most couples went to several retaurants for a
midnight snack. Dunlap's restaurant on West Main Street was a good
place to eat. My Uncle, George Hennigan, was real good. He served
chicken pot pie or breaded veal and coffee for twenty-five cents,
also ham, beef and pork sandwiches. Across the street was the Erie
Restaurant, n the station. the served breaded veal and ham
sandwiches for fifteen cents, pie five cents, order of beans five
cents and coffee five cents. Well, on could take his girl to a
picture show, go dancing and have a midnight snack for about a dollar
of less. No one had much money in those days, but everyone helped
one another. Everyone was happy and friendly. there was no
violence like today. Maybe we should bring back the old bummer's
bell again and ring it, as a curfew. At our age, we can't take the
chance to be out at night, so we have younger friends in, play cards
and reminisce.
Our winters were cold and we had lots of snow. East Main
Street, from Depeyster through Water Street, was the main sledding
route, for sleds and bobsleds. Earl McGown and I built a bobsled.
His father, a blacksmith, made the steel runners for us. It was the
largest one on the hill. It would seat eight, including the one
doing the steering and the push-off one. The regular route was to
turn on Franklin Avenue, at the bell tower. Sometimes, if we were
going too fast, we would cross the railroad. Summit hill was the
longest ride, from the top of the hill above Lincoln Street and turn
on Water Street. Sometimes one could go all the way to where the
post office is now located. We also could skate on the river from
around Thanksgiving till the March thaws.
Karl Grismer's History of Kent is very interesting. Anyone who
has not read this book is sure missing a lot of early history of
Kent. Mr. Grismer mentions in his book the old Continental Hotel, on
the Square, on the northwest corner of Main and Water Streets. When
my father first came to Kent, from Omaha, Nebraska, he and Charles
Egebert were on their way home to Elmira, New York. The Erie train
or maybe the N.Y.P.O., stopped for dinner at the depot. After they
had eaten, they walked up to the Square and decided to open a
clothing store in Kent. Their first store was where Hahn's Bakery is
now located on South Water Street. My father and Mr. Egebert stayed
in the Continental. In fact this is where my father met and married
my mother, Mary McMahon. The hotel was still operating when I was a
small boy. The Maskery family were the operators or managers. Mr.
Maskery's first name was Leach, a brother of Frank Maskery who
operated a saloon, next to my parents' Central Hotel on Franklin
Avenue. The Maskerys had two sons, Morris and Leach.
I can't recall, but I believe the old continental burned and
building was remodelled by E. E. France, which was the start of the
largest store in Kent. The first floor was dry goods, the second
floor rugs, drapes and shoes. It had an elevator to the second
floor. Just west on Main Street, was Rynards Drug Store, next was
Stoffers Grocery store, After Stoffers closed, Fred Troy [Art
Trory?]) Drug Store, later on a music store in the east half, then
the first supermarket, Piggly Wiggly, later on purchased by Kroger.
6
The last store on Main Street at the railroad tracks was Huggins Shoe
Store, managed by Burt Farnum, a son-in-law. over the store was
Marvin Kent's office. We kids would wait around for Mr. Kent to
drive up with his white horse and buggy and hitch it to a post.
Sometimes he would give us pennies for watching the horse. The horse
was real old and slept most of the time, in spite of the trains going
by and whistling.
One other remembrance was the first gasoline automobile in Kent.
It was owned by Father Bremagen of St. Patrick's Church. I can't
recall the name of the car but it was a two seater. The front seat
would seat two forward, the back seat faced the rear. The steering
was a lever type and the dash was like a buggy front. The motor was
under the seats and you cranked it to start. I believe it was s two
cylinder. About every time the good Father would go for a ride, he
would call my folks and tell them to send me to the Parish House to
take a rtde with him .. He would also tell them to have me bring along
John Divokey. We know from past experience it was not so much for the
ride as it was to push the car back to Sam Friend's Bicycle shop on
North Water Street for repairs when it broke down.
The other automobile in Kent was owned by P.W. Eighner, a small
runabout electric, run on a battery. Mr. Eighner was the agent of
salesman for, I believe, the Baker Electric Car Company of Cleveland.
Mr. Charles Williams purchased a large touring electric two seater,
all leather seats, fold back buggy type top, like the horse-drawn
surreys. The car was shipped by freight on the Erie Railroad. I
remember the day it arrived. Mr. Williams and his son, Dudley, and
myself and a few others helped unload it. I had a ride in it, if my
memory serves me. The car had quite a struggle getti
Effects of sleep disturbance on dyspnoea and impaired lung function following hospital admission due to COVID-19 in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study
No full textBackground:
Sleep disturbance is common following hospital admission both for COVID-19 and other causes. The clinical associations of this for recovery after hospital admission are poorly understood despite sleep disturbance contributing to morbidity in other scenarios. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and nature of sleep disturbance after discharge following hospital admission for COVID-19 and to assess whether this was associated with dyspnoea.
Methods:
CircCOVID was a prospective multicentre cohort substudy designed to investigate the effects of circadian disruption and sleep disturbance on recovery after COVID-19 in a cohort of participants aged 18 years or older, admitted to hospital for COVID-19 in the UK, and discharged between March, 2020, and October, 2021. Participants were recruited from the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID). Follow-up data were collected at two timepoints: an early time point 2–7 months after hospital discharge and a later time point 10–14 months after hospital discharge. Sleep quality was assessed subjectively using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire and a numerical rating scale. Sleep quality was also assessed with an accelerometer worn on the wrist (actigraphy) for 14 days. Participants were also clinically phenotyped, including assessment of symptoms (ie, anxiety [Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale questionnaire], muscle function [SARC-F questionnaire], dyspnoea [Dyspnoea-12 questionnaire] and measurement of lung function), at the early timepoint after discharge. Actigraphy results were also compared to a matched UK Biobank cohort (non-hospitalised individuals and recently hospitalised individuals). Multivariable linear regression was used to define associations of sleep disturbance with the primary outcome of breathlessness and the other clinical symptoms. PHOSP-COVID is registered on the ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN10980107).
Findings:
2320 of 2468 participants in the PHOSP-COVID study attended an early timepoint research visit a median of 5 months (IQR 4–6) following discharge from 83 hospitals in the UK. Data for sleep quality were assessed by subjective measures (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire and the numerical rating scale) for 638 participants at the early time point. Sleep quality was also assessed using device-based measures (actigraphy) a median of 7 months (IQR 5–8 months) after discharge from hospital for 729 participants. After discharge from hospital, the majority (396 [62%] of 638) of participants who had been admitted to hospital for COVID-19 reported poor sleep quality in response to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. A comparable proportion (338 [53%] of 638) of participants felt their sleep quality had deteriorated following discharge after COVID-19 admission, as assessed by the numerical rating scale. Device-based measurements were compared to an age-matched, sex-matched, BMI-matched, and time from discharge-matched UK Biobank cohort who had recently been admitted to hospital. Compared to the recently hospitalised matched UK Biobank cohort, participants in our study slept on average 65 min (95% CI 59 to 71) longer, had a lower sleep regularity index (–19%; 95% CI –20 to –16), and a lower sleep efficiency (3·83 percentage points; 95% CI 3·40 to 4·26). Similar results were obtained when comparisons were made with the non-hospitalised UK Biobank cohort. Overall sleep quality (unadjusted effect estimate 3·94; 95% CI 2·78 to 5·10), deterioration in sleep quality following hospital admission (3·00; 1·82 to 4·28), and sleep regularity (4·38; 2·10 to 6·65) were associated with higher dyspnoea scores. Poor sleep quality, deterioration in sleep quality, and sleep regularity were also associated with impaired lung function, as assessed by forced vital capacity. Depending on the sleep metric, anxiety mediated 18–39% of the effect of sleep disturbance on dyspnoea, while muscle weakness mediated 27–41% of this effect.
Interpretation:
Sleep disturbance following hospital admission for COVID-19 is associated with dyspnoea, anxiety, and muscle weakness. Due to the association with multiple symptoms, targeting sleep disturbance might be beneficial in treating the post-COVID-19 condition.
Funding:
UK Research and Innovation, National Institute for Health Research, and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
