5,114 research outputs found
United They Fall: Why the International Community Should Not Promote Military Integration after Civil War
No full textThe single strongest predictor of civil war is a nation having had one in the past, and preventing the recurrence of civil war has thus become the critical problem for both scholarship and policy. The conventional wisdom urges the creation of capable, legitimate, and inclusive postwar states to reduce the risk of relapse into civil war, and international peacebuilders have often encouraged the formation of a new national army including members of the war’s opposing sides. However, military integration has received little theoretical or empirical attention. Filling that gap, we argue that both the theoretical logics and the empirical record identifying military integration as a significant contributor to durable post-civil war peace are weak. Our analysis of eleven cases finds little evidence that military integration played a substantial causal role in preventing the return to civil war and little support for the likely causal mechanisms. Military integration does not usually send a costly signal of the parties’ commitment to peace, provide communal security, employ many possible spoilers, or act as a powerful symbol of a unified nation. We conclude that it is both unwise and unethical for the international community to press military integration on reluctant local forces.Based in part on a larger collective project: Roy Licklider (Ed.). (2014). New Armies from Old: Merging Competing Military Forces after Civil Wars. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press; see http://press.georgetown.edu/book/georgetown/new-armies-old
Decreasing Diagrams with Two Labels Are Complete for Confluence of Countable Systems
Full text linkLike termination, confluence is a central property of rewrite systems. Unlike for termination, however, there exists no known complexity hierarchy for confluence. In this paper we investigate whether the decreasing diagrams technique can be used to obtain such a hierarchy. The decreasing diagrams technique is one of the strongest and most versatile methods for proving confluence of abstract reduction systems, it is complete for countable systems, and it has many well-known confluence criteria as corollaries.
So what makes decreasing diagrams so powerful? In contrast to other confluence techniques, decreasing diagrams employ a labelling of the steps -> with labels from a well-founded order in order to conclude confluence of the underlying unlabelled relation. Hence it is natural to ask how the size of the label set influences the strength of the technique. In particular, what class of abstract reduction systems can be proven confluent using decreasing diagrams restricted to 1 label, 2 labels, 3 labels, and so on? Surprisingly, we find that two labels suffice for proving confluence for every abstract rewrite system having the cofinality property, thus in particular for every confluent, countable system. We also show that this result stands in sharp contrast to the situation for commutation of rewrite relations, where the hierarchy does not collapse.
Finally, as a background theme, we discuss the logical issue of first-order definability of the notion of confluence
Ekla Chalo Re: a tribute to Ms. Mary Roy
No full text
This is a tribute to activist Mary Roy, who passed away in 2022. The author traces the life of Mary Roy, highlighting the ways in which she challenged gendered norms and expectations. She was the applicant in a landmark case which brought equal property rights for Syrian Christian women in India. The author reminds readers that women's rights are human rights and change begins with us. 
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Yunnan (China), men with the cow caravan
No full textA cow caravan.Image is part of research conducted by Roy Chapman Andrews for the article: Traveling in China's Southland
Author(s): Roy Chapman Andrews
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Aug., 1918), pp. 133-146
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476Grayscal
Yunnan (China), cow loaded with grass and carrying a bell
No full textA cow loaded with grass and carrying a bell.Image is part of research conducted by Roy Chapman Andrews for the article: Traveling in China's Southland
Author(s): Roy Chapman Andrews
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Aug., 1918), pp. 133-146
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476Grayscal
Yunnan (China), women carrying salt from one of the large wells
No full textWomen carrying salt from one of the large wells.Image is part of research conducted by Roy Chapman Andrews for the article: Zoological Explorations in Yunnan Province, China
Author(s): Roy Chapman Andrews
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jul., 1918), pp. 1-18
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/207446http://www.jstor.org/stable/207446Grayscal
Immobile History: An Interview with Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
No full textThe author spoke with renowned French historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie about Computers, Geography and History. Le Roy Ladurie was the "standard bearer" of the third generation of the French Annales school, a group of French intellectuals that combined different disciplines such as history, geography, anthropology, and more to delve into social history
Regional integration fifty years after the treaty of Rome. The EU, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Full text linkThe European Union has been the pioneer and undisputed
leader of regional integration processes. Since its inception in
the 1950s, following the Schuman Declaration that set in motion
Jean Monnet’s innovative idea to join together European coal
and steel industries, Europe has offered a useful model for
regional integration. Strengthened by the 1957 Treaty of Rome
(exactly half a century ago), this bold entity was later transformed
into the European Union by the Maastricht Treaty.
Having successfully accomplished its primary goal (“to make
war unthinkable and materially impossible”), the EU is currently
facing challenges associated with its expansion and the deepening
of its pooled sovereignty. On the other hand, the effects
of the EU in international relations are of paramount relevance.
While the forceful transposition of national and regional structures
into other regions is a historical error, the essence of the
EU as a model to be adapted by other regions is a viable
approach to enhance stability and welfare. In this regard, this
volume examines the current challenges of the EU and the perspectives
of regional integration in Africa, Asia and Latin
America
Correspondence regarding Horace Kephart collection
No full textThis 1973 correspondence, between Congressman Roy A. Taylor, Ronald Walker, Lawrence C. Hadley, discusses the transfer of Horace Kephart collection from the library of Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Western Carolina University. Horace Kephart (1862-1931) was a noted naturalist, woodsman, journalist, and author and promoter of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Peter Krausz : Les paysages
No full textRetrospective of paintings by the artist of Romanian origin, made between 1992 and 1998 around the concept of landscape - an exhibition conceived as the complement of another one curated by Krausz. Roy discusses this unfamiliar aspect of Krausz's multidisciplinary work, traces its historical references (the tradition of fresco), then describes the 24 works from the four series featured in the exhibition. Finally, the author addresses the issues of expression of sites and stratification of time. Includes technical information on works in the exhibition, and a bibliography on landscape 2 p.; 4 bibl. ref
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