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The portrayal of women in Mao Dun's early fiction 1927-1932
Get PDFIt is the prevailing critical assessment of Mao Dun's early creative writing that he displays a singular insight in his portrayal of women. This thesis seeks not only to challenge this assessment by a predominantly male body of criticism but also the assumptions on which it is based, namely that an intellectual sympathy for the women’s cause necessarily implies a transcendence of the patriarchal attitudes with which society is imbued. The major short stories and novellas written between 1927 and 1932 are analysed systematically to identify Mao Dun's underlying attitudes towards women. His portrayal of women is assessed from the following perspectives:~ his autobiographical accounts of his encounters with women in his political and personal life and his deliberate association of his female comrades with his creative inspiration;- traditional Chinese perceptions of women and gender roles as these are manifested in the classical tradition;-- Mao Dun's numerous articles and essays on the women's question written during the nineteen twenties and his work in the women's section of the Party in Shanghai;- Mao Dun's attempt to reconcile his conflicting sympathies for feminism and socialism. This thesis relies for its methodology on Western feminist criticism. While the approach is maintained, in its application to the context of early twentieth century China, its eurocentrism in terms of cultural assumptions and perceptions of gender has been replaced by a definition of Chinese values. Since a fundamental prerequisite, of feminist criticism is the assessment of the writer in his/her own cultural context, a historical survey of the portrayal of women in traditional literature is provided to serve as a standard against which to measure Mao Dun’s portrayal
Rugao Mao shi cong shu /
No full textDouble leaves, oriental style, in case.Blockprint.v. 1 Chang chao min xian sheng nian pu -- v. 2-5 Chaomin shi ji : 6 juan / Mao Xiang zhuan -- v. 6 Fu ren ji zhu : 1 juan / Chen Jisong zhuan ; Mao Bao zhu. Zhu cuo xuan shi ji / Mao Bao. Han bi tang shi ji -- v. 7-8 Pu chao wen xuan : 4 juan -- v. 8 Ying mei an yi yu -- v. 9 Xiang li yuan ou cun. Han pi ku yin. Ji mei ren ming shi. Fan xue xiao cao. Lan Yan. Zhen cha hui chao. Xuan lu ge zhu -- v. 10 Zhen yan tang shi ji. Shen yuan shi shuo : 4 juan -- v. 11 Qian hou yuan xi yan ji shi : 2 juan. Chen kan lu -- v. 12-15 Rugao Mao shi shi lue : 14 juan -- v. 16 Xie kang le ji shi yi / Xie ling yun. Xie kang le xiao shen ji. He xie kang le shi -- v. 17-19 Xiao san wu ting wen jia ji -- v. 18 Kuan liu chi / Wang Guan-- v. 20 Zhe shi shi lu / Zhou Murun zhuan. Ren an yi gao / Zhou Yuexiu zhuan. Chuan zhong tang xue gu wen / Zhou Xingjian zhuan -- v. 21 Ou tang sheng gao / Zhou Xingyu zhuan. Dong ou cao tang ci : 2 juan / Zhou Xingyu zhuan. [?]Kuang shi zhi / Zhou Xingyi. Wai jia ji wen.Mode of access: Internet
Longchuanacris viridus Mao et Ou, comb. nov.
No full textLongchuanacris viridus Mao et Ou, comb. nov., nomen nov. (Figs 11 –21, 53– 54) Caryanda macrofurcula Mao et Ou, 2000: 182 –184, figs 1–4. Material examined CHINA: Yunnan: 21 males and 12 females (paratypes, CLDU), Tengchong County, 25 º0’ N, 98 º 30 ’ E, 1750m, 25 Jul. 1999, collected by Ben-yong Mao (CLDU), Ji-shan Xu (CLDU) and Zi-Zhong Yang (CLDU). 3 males and 1 females (paratypes, CLDU), Baoshan, 25 º 6 ’ N, 99 º 6 ’ E, 1750m, 26 Jul. 1999, collected by Benyong Mao (CLDU). 1 males (paratypes, CLDU), Dali, 25 º 30 ’ N, 100 º 18 ’ E, 1970m, 2 Aug. 1999, collected by Zi-Zhong Yang (CLDU). Description Male (Figs 11–21). The main morphological characters of the species are illustrated (Figs 11–15), and the phallic complex is newly described here. Epiphallus with crescent outer lophi nearly projecting in a 90 ° angle from bridge and rounded inner lophi; anchorae with apex obtuse; anterior projections with posterior sides nearly straight in lateral view; lateral plate with external margin concave in dorsal view and posterior sides convex in lateral view; posterior projection somewhat stout and backward reaching at posterior margin of outer lophi in lateral view; bridge distinctly divided in middle (figs 16–18). Phallic complex illustrated (figs 19–21). Ectophallic membrane with an extra, spoon-shaped sclerite (fig. 20). Remarks Sharing the same generic characters with other four, especially on male furculae upright large and lophi crescent, the species is transferred to Longchuanacris from Caryanda. A new scientific name of L. viridus Mao et Ou is given for C. macrofurcula Mao et Ou, 2000 to avoid a junior homonym of type species L. macrofurculus Zheng et Fu, 1989. Distribution China: Yunnan (Tengchong, Baoshan, Dali).Published as part of Mao, Ben-Yong, Ren, Guo-Dong & Ou, Xiao-Hong, 2007, A taxonomic review of Longchuanacris Zheng et Fu (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Catantopinae), with descriptions of two new species from Yunnan, China, pp. 51-62 in Zootaxa 1467 on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17661
Longchuanacris virida Mao et Ou 2007
No full textLongchuanacris virida Mao et Ou, 2007 Caryanda macrofurcula Mao et Ou, 2000: 182 –184, Figs. 1–4. Longchuanacris virida Mao et Ou, 2007: In: Mao, Ren et Ou, 2007: 52, 55– 56, Figs. 11 –12, 53– 54. Materials examined. Twenty one males and 12 females, CHINA: Mt. Laifengshan, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, 25 º00’ N, 98 º 30 ’ E, 1750 m, 25 Jul. 1999, collected by Benyong Mao, Jishan Xu and Zizhong Yang; 3 males and 1 female, CHINA: Taibao Park, Baoshan County, Yunnan Province, 25 º06’ N, 99 º06’ E, 1750 m, 26 Jul. 1999, collected by Benyong Mao; 1 males, CHINA: Fengyi, Dali, Yunnan Province, 25 º 30 ’ N, 100 º 18 ’ E, 1970 m, 2 Aug. 1999, collected by Zizhong Yang; 1 male and 1 female, CHINA: Ruili, Yunnan Province, 1200 m, 29 Jul. 2006, collected by Biao Liu; 3 males and 1 female, CHINA: Tuanjie, Yunlong County, Yunnan Province, 2000 m, 7 Jul. 2007, collected by Jishan Xu. Specimens are deposited in CADU. Distribution. China: Yunnan (Tengchong, Baoshan, Ruili, Dali, Yunlong).Published as part of Mao, Ben-Yong, Niu, Yao, Ou, Xiao-Hong, Zheng, Zhe-Min & Scott, Matthew B., 2011, A taxonomic study of the genus Longchuanacris Zheng et Fu (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Catantopinae), with descriptions of two new species from Yunnan, China, pp. 51-61 in Zootaxa 3118 on page 58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20651
Caryanda albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou 2007
No full textCaryanda albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007 (Fig. 6: A–K, Fig. 8: F) Chinese common name: Þfflẃffñ Caryanda albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007: 55–62; Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 74; Mao, Niu, Zheng & Scott. 2015: 574. Type material examined. Holotype: male, CHINA: Puer County, Yunnan Province, 22°34′N, 101°11′E, 1700 m, 28 Jul. 2007, coll. Benyong Mao. Paratypes: 11 males, 14 females, data same as holotype; 1 male, 1 female, CHINA: Menglian County, Yunnan Province, 13 Jul. 2009, 1470 m, coll. Jianxiong Zhang and Jishan Xu. Distribution. China: Yunnan.Published as part of Yin, Zhi-Long & Mao, Ben-Yong, 2023, A review of Caryanda viridis- species group (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with a new species, pp. 505-519 in Zootaxa 5263 (4) on page 513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/783575
Assamacris bidentata Mao, Ren & Ou 2007
No full textAssamacris bidentata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007 (Fig. 7) Assamacris bidentata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007: 61–68, figs. 15–26, 30–32; Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 125–126. Type material examined. Holotype: male, CHINA: Yunnan: Maguan, 22°49’ N, 103°58’ E, 1400m, 2006-VII-21. Paratypes: 5 males, 6 females, same data as holotype. All specimens are deposited in BMDU. Distribution. China: Yunnan.Published as part of Mao, Ben-Yong, Niu, Yao & Huang, Jian-Hua, 2021, Taxonomic review of the genus Assamacris (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Catantopinae) with a new species and a newly discovered female, pp. 542-556 in Zootaxa 4985 (4) on pages 551-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4985.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/496430
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Expression regulation of MAO isoforms in monocytic cells in response to Th2 cytokines
No full textBackground: Th2-cytokines, such as interleukins-4 and –13 (IL-4, IL-13), have been identified as alternative stimuli of monocytes/macrophages. We have recently profiled the gene-expression pattern of IL-4-teated human peripheral monocytes and found that 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX1) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) are among the five most strongly upregulated gene products in IL-4-treated cells. Transfection of monocytic cells (U937) with 15-LOX1 also induced MAO-A expression. These data suggested that 15-LOX1 products might play a role in the IL4-induced signaling cascade leading to expression of MAO-A in human monocytes. Material/Methods: To test this hypothesis we incubated wild-type and 15-LOX1-transfected U937 cells with different concentrations of either IL-4 or 15-LOX-products [13S-H(p)ODE, 15S-H(p)ETE] and quantified the expression of 15-LOX1, MAO-A, and MAO-B by activity assays and real-time RT-PCR. Results: Wild-type U937 cells express neither MAO-A nor MAO-B, but after three days of IL4 treatment, MAO-A mRNA was detected. A similar isoform-specific expression of MAO-A mRNA was observed when U937 cells were transfected with 15-LOX1 or when the cells were incubated with primary 15-LOX1 products (hydroperoxy fatty acids) or H2O2. In contrast, the corresponding hydroxy fatty acids were ineffective. Conclusions: These data indicate that increased intracellular peroxide concentrations (oxidative stress) induce MAO-A expression in monocytes/macrophages, which normally do not express the enzyme. Our findings also suggest that IL-4-induced upregulation of MAO-A expression in human peripheral monocytes may proceed via 15-LOX1-dependent and 15-LOX1-independent pathways. The biological role of MAO-A expression for monocyte function is discussed
Caryanda albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou 2007
No full textCaryanda albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007 (Fig. 28) Caryanda albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007: 55 –62; Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 74. Material examined. Holotype, male (BMDU), CHINA: Puer (Caiyanghe Natural Reserve), Yunnan Province, 22 ° 34 'N, 101 ° 11 'E, 1700 m, 28 Jul. 2007, coll. Benyong Mao. Paratypes, 11 males and 14 females (BMDU), data same as holotype. Measurements (mm). Length of body: male 18.2–20.2, female 22.0– 24.3; length of pronotum: male 3.3–3.5, female 4.5–4.6; length of tegmen: male 2.5–3.4, female 3.3–4.5; length of hind femur: male 10.2–10.7, female 12.1–13.5. Distribution (Fig. 28). China: Yunnan (Puer).Published as part of Mao, Ben-Yong, Niu, Yao, Zheng, Zhe-Min & Scott, Matthew B., 2015, Review of the genus Qinshuiacris (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from China with proposal of Caryanda viridis - species group and description of a new species, pp. 565-576 in Zootaxa 3981 (4) on page 574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3981.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/24052
Modulation of Mammalian Sperm Activity by Reproductive-derived Spink Using Mice as Experimental Animals
No full text本研究室已從小白鼠儲精囊分泌液純化得到一個由 57 個胺基酸所組成的 Kazal 型的胰蛋白酶抑制因子，其對胰蛋白酶的抑制常數 (Ki) 為 0.15 nM。由於此胰蛋白酶抑制因子的 cDNA 及胺基酸序列與 Mills 等人已發表的 P12 cDNA 所推測的結構相同，因此本實驗室將此小分子量 (約 6000 Da) 的蛋白暫時稱作 P12；而根據目前的國際命名，P12 已正式定名為 Spink3。從本實驗室的研究顯示，Spink3 會專一地結合在精蟲頂體前端，以 Scatchard plot 的分析可知Spink3 對精蟲的結合強度以解離常數 (Kd) 表示約為 70 nM，且與精蟲的結合部位為單一形式，每隻精蟲的最大結合量為 1.49 x 106。但研究至今，尚無法得知 Spink3 在精蟲的結合部位為何。
本論文利用酵母菌雙雜合系統的方法 (yeast two-hybrid system)，鑑定出Spink3 在精蟲上的結合蛋白可能是TESPL (testis-specific protease-like protein)。由西方和北方墨點法顯示 TESPL 只專一地在睪丸表現且表現量會隨著發育成長而有增加的趨勢。具有 GPI 修飾部位的 TESPL 在一級結構的胺基酸序列與絲胺酸蛋白酶相似，都保留著活性區的 His 與 Asp，但 Ser 卻被 Pro 取代，因此被認為是失去胰蛋白酶活性的膜蛋白。觀察睪丸切片的免疫組織染色，TESPL 主要表現在只含有單套染色體的精細胞及成熟精蟲。以副睪尾部的精蟲作間接免疫螢光染色，TESPL 也會出現在精蟲的頂體前端。從這些數據提示 TESPL 是 Spink3 在精蟲的潛在結合部位。
Spink3 會經由射精時伴隨精液進入到雌鼠生殖道，子宮腔含結合 Spink3 的精蟲，但在輸卵管所發現的精蟲卻沒有 Spink3 的訊號。以體外實驗探討 Spink3 對精蟲的生理功能，顯示 Spink3 不會影響精蟲進行獲能效應而伴隨的反應如蛋白質酪胺酸磷酸化、精蟲的泳動力，但卻會降低頭部的鈣離子濃度及 A23187 所誘發的頂體反應。從體外受精的實驗，Spink3 卻會因為影響精蟲與卵子的結合能力，而進一步地降低受精率。失去胰蛋白酶抑制能力的 Spink3 突變種 R19L 也同樣地具有降低頂體反應及受精能力的功能，顯示 Spink3 對精蟲的影響並不是藉由抑制胰蛋白酶活性而產生的。
精蟲獲能效應不會移除精蟲上的 Spink3，但子宮分泌液的胰蛋白酶 (Spink3-Inhibiting trypsin-like activity, SITA) 卻有此能力；不過 SITA 會在交配後一開始會先受到進入子宮腔的 Spink3 抑制。因此 Spink3 與雌性生殖道的蛋白酶兩者相互作用的關係亦影響著正常的生殖功能。
本論文以小白鼠為動物模式，闡釋 Spink3扮演的生殖角色：1) 結合在精蟲頂體的 Spink3 會抑制獲能的精蟲發生自發性的頂體反應，避免精蟲遇到卵子之前，失去生殖能力；2) 由於 Spink3 會抑制受精過程，因此須藉由子宮液分泌 SITA將精蟲上的 Spink3移除，使精蟲到達輸卵管可以發生頂體反應而進一步與卵子結合達到授精；3) Spink3 會抑制 SITA，保護精蟲不受雌性生殖道蛋白酶的破壞。Mice were used to study the involvement of reproductive-derived Spink from males in mammalian reproduction. A Kazal-type protease inhibitor purified from mouse seminal vesicle secretion by our group has an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 0.15 nM to trypsin and a primary structure consisting 57 amino acid residues. Since this rather small protein was derived from the P12 cDNA cloned from the mouse ventral prostate by Mills et al., it was tentatively named P12. According to the Mouse Genome Informatics nomenclature committee, P12 is now renamed mouse Spink3. Our previous study suggest that Spink3 has a single-type binding site (1.49 x 106 sites/cell) with a Kd value of 70 nM mainly on the plasma membrane overlaying the acrosomal region of mouse sperm cell. Yet, the membrane-anchored molecule of Spink3 on sperm head has not been established.
We identified a testis-specific protease-like protein tentatively named TESPL from the clones of a yeast two-hybrid screen against a mouse testicular cDNA library using the trypsin inhibitor Spink3 from male accessory sexual glands as bait. We found that TESPL transcription was restricted to the testis and that the level of transcription was positively correlated with animal maturation. Alignment of the cDNA-deduced sequences of serine proteases showed the replacement of an essential serine residue in the catalytic triad of serine proteases by a proline residue in TESPL, which was demonstrated to be a membrane-bound protein devoid of proteolytic activity. The immunohistochemical staining patterns of seminiferous tubules in the testis revealed TESPL mainly on postmeiotic cells such as spermatids and spermatozoa. On the mouse sperm from caudal epididymis, TESPL was localized mainly on the plasma membrane overlaying the acrosomal region.
Result of indirect immunofluorescence stain indicated that Spink3 was found in the secretion and seen on a considerable portion of sperm in the uterine cavity but disappeared in the oviduct lumen after coitus. The Spink3-sperm binding did not change the cell status and inhibit the capacitation-related protein tyrosine phosphorylation and cell motility enhancement, but reduced the head [Ca2+]i and the ionophore A23187-induced acrosome reaction. The sperm-egg interaction and fertility rate greatly suppressed after insemination of oocyte-cumulus complexes containing Spink3 in the capacitated sperm preparation. It is of interest to note that R19L, like its wild type, can bind sperm to suppress AR and reduce fertility. This substantiates that the reactive R19 on the Spink3 molecule for protease inhibition is not essential for its action on sperm.
Not the membrane modification associated with the sperm capacitation but the Spink3-inhibiting trypsin-like activity (SITA) in the uterine fluid of estrous females was involved in releasing Spink3 from sperm to resume their fertilizing ability. Meanwhile, suppressing SITA by free Spink3 protected sperm from proteolytic damage in the uterine cavity, manifesting the important interplay of Spink and SITA during natural coitus.
Using mice as experimental animals, this work was conducted to prove that: i) Spink3 binding on the apical hook of sperm head prevents them from becoming infertile before encountering an egg by diminishing the acrosome reaction of capacitated sperm; ii) Spink3 on sperm reduces in vitro fertility, and the Spink3-inhibiting trypsin-like activity (SITA) secreted from the uterus of estrous females during natural coitus releases Spink3 from sperm to restore their ability to fertilize; iii) the proteolytic damage to sperm from SITA is suppressed by free Spink3 in the uterine cavity
Caryanda viridoides Mao, Ren & Ou 2011
No full text<i>Caryanda viridoides</i> Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011 <p>(Fig. 1: A–J)</p> <p> Chinese common name: <b>NJḦẃffñ</b></p> <p> <i>Caryanda viridoides</i> Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 65–67.</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> Holotype: male, CHINA: Lvchun County, Yunnan Province, 22°50′N, 102°31′E, 1450 m alt, 28 Jul. 2004, coll. Benyong Mao; 1 female (5 th nymph), same data as holotype.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> China: Yunnan.</p> <p> <b>Notes.</b> <i>C. viridoides</i> Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011 was placed in <i>C. viridis</i> - species group (Cigliano <i>et al.</i> 2022). After comparing the morphological characteristics of all type specimens in <i>C. viridis</i> - species group, we found that <i>C. viridoides</i> has obvious furculae and straight conical cerci in male (Fig 1: A, C–D), and straight inner margin of ventral ovipositor valves in female (Fig. 1: F). Therefore, we confirm that this species doesn't belong to <i>C. viridis</i> - species group and is removed from it, but its species group position needs further study to clarify.</p>Published as part of <i>Yin, Zhi-Long & Mao, Ben-Yong, 2023, A review of Caryanda viridis- species group (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with a new species, pp. 505-519 in Zootaxa 5263 (4)</i> on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7835752">http://zenodo.org/record/7835752</a>
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