378 research outputs found
2026: Ruth Awad
No full textRuth Awad is a Lebanese-American disabled poet, a 2021 NEA Poetry fellow, and the author of Outside the Joy (Third Man Books, 2024) and Set to Music a Wildfire (Southern Indiana Review Press, 2017), winner of the 2016 Michael Waters Poetry Prize and the 2018 Ohioana Book Award for Poetry. Her work can be found in The Atlantic, AGNI, Poetry, Poem-a-Day, The Believer, The New Republic, and elsewhere. She has an MGA in poetry from Southern Illinois University Carbondale, and she lives and writes in Columbus, Ohio.https://thekeep.eiu.edu/lionsinwinter_writers/1055/thumbnail.jp
Multicomponent image segmentation using a genetic algorithm and artificial neural network
No full textImage segmentation is an essential process for image analysis. Several methods were developed to segment multicomponent images, and the success of these methods depends on several factors including 1) the characteristics of the acquired image and 2) the percentage of imperfections in the process of image acquisition. The majority of these methods require a priori knowledge, which is difficult to obtain. Furthermore, they assume the existence of models that can estimate its parameters and fit to the given data. However, such a parametric approach is not robust, and its performance is severely affected by the correctness of the utilized parametric model. In this letter, a new multicomponent image segmentation method is developed using a nonparametric unsupervised artificial neural network called Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM) and hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). SOM is used to detect the main features that are present in the image; then, HGA is used to cluster the image into homogeneous regions without any a priori knowledge. Experiments that are performed on different satellite images confirm the efficiency and robustness of the SOM-HGA method compared to the Iterative Self-Organizing DATA analysis technique (ISODATA). © 2007 IEEE.ARIA EH, 2004, P 20 ISPRS C IST TUR, P117; AWAD M, IN PRESS INT J REMOT; BACAO F, 2005, P ICCS 2005 C, P476; Baker J. E., 1987, P 2 INT C GEN ALG, P14; CHEN Q, 2004, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V33, P621; Chun DN, 1996, PATTERN RECOGN, V29, P1195, DOI 10.1016-0031-3203(95)00148-4; Fauzi M., 2003, P BRIT MACH VIS C, P519; HOLLLAND J, 1975, ADAPT NATURAL ARTIFI; HUAPT R, 2004, PRACTICAL GENETIC AL; Jensen J. R., 1996, INTRO DIGITAL IMAGE; Kohavi R., 1998, APPL MACHINE LEARNIN, V30, P271; Levine M. D., 1985, VISION MAN MACHINE; NEVATIA R, 1980, COMPUT VISION GRAPH, V13, P257, DOI 10.1016-0146-664X(80)90049-0; Ng SC, 1996, IEEE SIGNAL PROC MAG, V13, P38, DOI 10.1109-79.543974; PARZEN E, 1962, ANN MATH STAT, V33, P1065, DOI 10.1214-aoms-1177704472; PERKINS S, 2000, FUZZY SYST EVOL COMP, V3, P52; Pina P, 2003, INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE, P3516; PRATT W, 1991, DIGITA IMAGE PROCESS; Tou J.T., 1974, PATTERN RECOGNITION; Wang X., 2004, P IEEE C ROB AUT MEC, P991; Xiaoying Jin, 2003, Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (Cat. No.03CH37442); Xu BG, 2002, AATCC REV, V2, P42; Yao KC, 2000, PATTERN RECOGN, V33, P1575, DOI 10.1016-S0031-3203(99)00135-1; YIN HJ, 1995, NEURAL COMPUT, V7, P1178, DOI 10.1162-neco.1995.7.6.117834232
Degradation kinetic of intravenous iron preparations: effect of a heterogeneous protein corona of plasma proteins
No full textHintergrund: Die Behandlung von Eisenmangel mittels oralem Eisen ist einfach und kostengünstig, sie wird aber von den Patienten nicht gut toleriert und aufgenommen. Bei einem schweren Eisenmangel, zum Beispiel bei Hämodialyse-Patienten, ist die Gabe von parenteralem Eisen geboten. Intravenöse Eisenpräparate bestehen aus einem polynuklearen Eisen(III)-oxyhydroxid(oxid) Kern und einer Kohlenhydrathülle. Zu den für den Aufbau der Hülle der Eisennanopartikel verwendeten Kohlenhydraten zählen Saccharat, Glukonat, Dextran, Carboxymaltose und Isomaltosid. Die Kohlenhydrathülle hat einen Einfluss auf die Produktstabilität. Nach der intravenösen Verabreichung sind die Nanopartikel in der Blutzirkulation von unterschiedlichsten Biomolekülen umgeben. In dieser Studie wurde der Einfluss von Biomolekülen des Plasmas auf die reduktive Zerfallskinetik der Eisenpräparate untersucht und dabei wurden zwei Hauptfragen gestellt: (1) Gibt es einen Effekt der Plasma Biomoleküle auf den reduktiven Abbau der intravenösen Präparate? und (2) Ist ein möglicher Effekt von Plasma Bestandteilen auf die Zerfallskinetik von dem Kohlenhydrattyp des Präparates abhängig?
Methoden: In dieser Studie wurden die folgenden Eisenpräparate verwendet: Eisen Carboxymaltose, Eisen-Glukonat und Eisen-Isomaltosid sowie drei Eisen-Saccharate, die unter verschiedenen Markennamen zugelassen wurden. Die Präparate wurden bei 37°C in isotoner Natriumchlorid Infusionslösung mit und ohne Plasmaproteinen verdünnt und inkubiert. Anschließend wurden die Proben mit einem Reduktionsmittel versetzt, um den reduktiven Abbau der Präparate zu starten. Im Plattenphotometer wurde die Absorption bei 450 nm zeitabhängig bei 37°C registriert. Anschließend wurden die T75 Werte wie von Helenek et. al, (Helenek et al., 2005) beschrieben, ausgewertet. Verschiedene Matrix-Fraktionen wurden von kommerziell erhältlichem normalem humanen Serum gewonnen. In dieser Studie wurden die Präparate in Lang- und Kurzzeitexperimenten bei 37°C mit folgender Matrix-Umgebung inkubiert: Serum, isotone Natriumchlorid Infusionslösung, ein 10 kDa MWCO Serumfiltrat sowie ein 20 kDa MWCO Serumfiltrat.
Ergebnisse: Die Reihenfolge der Stabilitäten untereinander von Venofer, Fermed und Ferinjekt wurde durch die umgebende Matrix nicht verändert, wohingegen Monofer und Ferrlecit die Tendenz zeigten die Reihenfolge in der Stabilitätsreihe in verschiedenen MatrixLösung auszutauschen, was aber vermutlich dadurch bedingt ist, dass beide sehr ähnliche T75- Werte hatten und kleine Unterschiede daher eine Änderung der Stabilitätsreihenfolge bewirkt haben. Diese Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Reihenfolge der Stabilitäten der Präparate auch nach der Infusion im Plasma im Wesentlichen die gleiche ist wie in der Infusionslösung vor der Verabreichung der Präparate. Wenn Fermed, ein auch als „Iron Sucrose Similar“ (ISS) bezeichnetes Eisen Saccharat verwendet wurde und mit dem Eisen Saccharat-Originalpräparat Venofer in verschiedenen Matrix-Umgebungen verglichen wurde, konnte kein Unterschied in der Stabilität zwischen den beiden Präparaten gefunden werden und zwar in isotoner Natriumchlorid Infusionslösung und 10 kDa MWCO Serumfiltrat. Interessanterweise waren hingegen die Stabilitäten des ISS im 20 kDa MWCO Serumfiltrat und in Serum signifikant höher als diejenigen des Originals. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass beim in vitro Bioäquivalenztest von generischen Kopien des Originals auch mögliche Effekte von Plasmabestandteilen auf die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften der Präparate untersucht werden sollten, die letztlich auch die physikalischchemischen Eigenschaften in vivo beeinflussen könnten. Nach Normalisierung der T75-Werte in Serum auf die Werte in isotoner NatriumchloridInfusionslösung wurde die prozentuelle Änderung der Stabilität der Nanopartikel berechnet. Mit Venofer, Fermed und Ferrlecit erhöhten sich die Stabilitäten in Serum um 64%, 70% und 64% im Vergleich zur isotonen Natriumchlorid Infusionslösungsmatrix nach 15 min bei 37°C. Nach Langzeitinkubation lagen diese Werte bei 64% (Venofer), 74% (Fermed) und 64% (Ferrlecit). Mit Ferrum vitis sanken die T75 Werte um 48% nach 15 Minuten und um 7% nach 2 Stunden 15 Minuten im Vergleich zur isotonen Natriumchlorid Infusionlösungssmatrix. Mit Monofer und Ferinjekt war der Einfluss von Serum vergleichsweise gering mit Steigerungen von 15% und 10% nach 15 Minuten und mit 26% und 20% Steigerung nach Langzeitinkubation verglichen mit der isotonen Natriumchlorid Infusionlösungssmatrix. Diese Zahlen zeigen, dass Serum bei manchen Präparaten nur eine eher geringe Stabilitätserhöhung bewirkt (i.e. Monofer und Ferinject), wohingegen andere Präparate vergleichsweise sehr starke Erhöhung der Stabilität zeigen (Fermed, Venofer und Ferrlecit), wobei eine Stabilitätssteigerung bis zu 174% in Serum gegenüber reiner Infusionslösung vorlag.
Schlussfolgerung: Untersuchungen zum Effekt von Plasmabestandteilen auf reduktiven Nanopartikel-Abbau könnten in die FDA/EMA produktspezifischen Richtlinien für die Entwicklung von generischen Medikamenten verwendet werden und könnten auch zur Qualitätskontrolle während der Herstellung und vor der Lot-spezifischen Freigabe und dem Produktrelease verwendet werden. Zusätzlich kann diese Methode im Hochdurchsatz durchgeführt werden, wobei lediglich ein Plattenlesegerät für die kinetische Absorptionsmessung und ein Thermostat zur Temperaturkontrolle benötigt werden.Background: Treatment of iron deficiency with oral iron is simple and inexpensive, but it is not well tolerated and absorbed by patients. In the case of severe iron deficiency, for example in hemodialyss patients, the administration of parenteral iron is indicated. Intravenous iron supplements consist of a polynuclear iron (III) core and a shell of carbohydrates. Types of carbohydrates to build the iron nanoparticle shell comprise sucrose, gluconate, dextran, carboxymaltose and isomaltosid and have an impact on product stability. Following intravenous injection, nanoparticles are surrounded by various biomolecules in the circulation. In this study, the effect of biomolecules of the plasma on reductive degradation kinetics of parenteral iron preparations was investigated and the following two main question, were addressed: (1) Is there an effect of plasma biomolecules on reductive degradation of intravenous iron preparations? and (2) Is the effect of plasma proteins on degradation kinetics influenced by the nature of the shell forming carbohydrate?
Methods: In this study the following iron preparations were used: ferric carboxymaltose, iron gluconate, iron isomaltosid and three brands of iron sucrose. Iron preparations were incubated at 37°C diluted in infusion solution (0,9% sodium chloride) with/without plasma proteins. Then aliquots of the samples were incubated with reducing agent to start reductive degradation of the nanoparticles and decomposition was recorded at 450 nm in a spectrofluorimeter over time at 37°C. Finally, T75 values were calculated according to Helenek (Helenek et al., 2005). Different matrix fractions were prepared from commercially available normal human serum. In this study iron preparations were incubated for long-term or short-term with four different matrix environments: serum, isotonic sodium chloride infusion solution, a 10 kDa MWCO and a 20 kDa MWCO serum filtrate at 37°C.
Results: Stability size order of Venofer, Fermed and Ferinject, was unchanged irrespective of the surrounding matrix environment, whereas Ferrlecit and Monofer showed a tendency to interchange their order of position in the different matrix solutions, but this may be caused by the very small difference in their T75 value. These findings suggest the stability order of the different iron preparations after intravenous infusion to the patients in the physiological plasma matrix is similar to their stability order in the sodium chloride infusion solution before infusion. When the generic iron saccharate brand Fermed was compared with the original brand Venofer in different matrix environments, there was no difference in stability between Venofer and Fermed in sodium chloride infusion solution and 10 kDa MWCO serum filtrate, whereas stability of the Fermed in 20 kDa MWCO serum filtrate and serum was significantly increased compared to the originator Venofer. These findings indicate that in vitro bioequivalence testing of generic copies should also consider possible effects of plasma components which could affect physicochemical properties of the drugs in vivo. Percent changes in nanoparticle stability were calculated by normalizing the T75 values in serum to those in sodium chloride infusion solution. With Venofer, Fermed and Ferrlecit the stability increased by 64%, 70% and 64% respectively in the serum matrix compared to the sodium chloride infusion solution after 15 minutes preincubation at 37°C. Following long-term incubation, these values remained very similar with 64% (Venofer), 74% (Fermed) and 64% Ferrlecit. With Ferrum vitis, the T75 value decreased in serum matrix by 48% after 15min and by 7% after 2h15min compared to sodium chloride matrix. With Monofer and Ferinject the effect of serum on stability was moderate, and increased by 15% and 10% after 15 min and by 26% and 20% after long–term incubation, compared to sodium chloride infusion solution. These values indicate that serum has only a minor effect on total complex stability in some iron preparations (i.e. Monofer and Ferinject), whereas a quite high effect on Venofer, Fermed and Ferrlecit by increasing stability up to 174% of the original stability in the sodium chloride infusion solution.
Conclusion: Investigating the effect of plasma components on nanoparticle degradation could be included in the FDA/EMA Product–Specific Guidance`s for Generic Drug Development and might also be used for quality control during manufacturing and before lot-specific clearance and release of product. In addition, this method could be used in a high throughput mode using a plate reader with temperature control and the possibility of kinetic absorbance measurementseingereicht von Osama AwadDiplomarbeit Medizinische Universität Wien 202
The sorption of ammonia on brown coal
No full text© 1978 Dr. Awad Rizk OussaThis thesis is a report of an investigation carried out by the author between 1st April 1969 to 31st October 1973 on a full time basis and from 1st December 1975 to 31st July 1978 on a part time basis. The research project was conducted by the author in the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, and on the premises of Australian Char Pty. Ltd., Morwell.
The project was based on the premise that useful information on the brown coal-ammonia system can be obtained from sorption isotherms. The author designed and assembled the apparatus with this in mind, and developed a method of obtaining a self-consistent and meaningful interpretation of the sorption isotherms. Thermodynamic data for the ammonia sorption process was derived and used to develop a preliminary model for the ammonia-brown coal system.
No separate literature review has been presented in the thesis, though frequent reference to the literature has been made in the discussions in each chapter.
Finally, the experimental details have been included in the appendices at the end of the thesis
Extraction, Purification And Formulation Of Beef Insulin
No full textIn this study fresh bovine pancreatic glands trimmed off fat were
frozen rapidly at 20
o
C. The frozen glands were chopped into small pieces
and then homogenized and centrifuged after adjustment of pH and then
filtered.
Crude insulin is precipitated from the filtrate and dissolved in acetic
acid.
The insulin was again precipitated iso-electrically and crystallized
using zinc acetate.
After the process of extraction,the process purification and
formulation of beef insulin was continued.
Furtherly, the two scales formulated were subjected to quality
control test. The study was done for both scales and formulation, initially
the study includes yield percent for all samples, their zinc content
(mg/100 U); number of nitrogen percent obtained from sample and study
of potency carried out by HPIC.
The purity test of both scales basedon the migration of changed
particles dissolved or dispersed in an electrolytic solution under the action
of an electric field, under precisely determined operational conditions,
indicates the purity of the studied sample.
In the study of insulin assay by blood-sugar method, to determine
the dilution to be injected into rabbits showed the number of units
suitable to prepare the dose of standard and assay dilution. Also the
calculation of individual and total response and the effect of insulin were
carried out.
In another part of the study of sterility test the method which used
was a direct transfer method, proceed as directed under procedure. For
e
extremely large devices, immersed those portions in a volume of medium
sufficient to achieve complete immersion of those portions. Two medium
were used thioglycolate and soybean tests.
In one study of stability test the different formula stored at 4
o
C for
six month and then the quality control test were carried out:
Determination of zinc insulin determination of Nitrogen content sterility
test and finally purity test (electrophoresis).
In addition the study includes well supported data showing both the
annual amount of the imported insulin and the possible quantity of insulin
that could be produced locally as a bi-product utilizing the slaughtered
cattle in Sudan. Furthermore, the comparison of the prices of the two
product showed the economical feasibility of the locally manufactured
insulin in the country
Superconducting properties of zinc substitution in Tl-2223 phase
No full textThe effect of partial replacement of copper by zinc in Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10-δ superconductor phase is studied. Superconducting samples of the nominal composition Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3-xZnx O10-δ with x ranging from 0 to 0.6 are prepared under normal pressure by a one step of solid-state reaction technique. The samples are characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX. The X-ray data indicate that the partial replacement of Cu2+ions by Zn2+ions does not influence the tetragonal structure of the samples, and the lattice parameters a and c vary according to the difference in the ionic radii of Cu and Zn. The superconducting parameters, such as superconducting transition temperature Tc, critical current density Jc and irreversibility field Bir are calculated from electrical resistivity and AC-magnetic susceptibility measurements. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Abou-Aly A.I., 2002, INT C RES TRENDS SCI, V91; ADACHI S, 1990, PHYSICA C, V111, P543; Awad R, 2000, PHYSICA C, V341, P685, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(00)00650-X; Awad R, 2007, SUPERCOND SCI TECH, V20, P401, DOI 10.1088-0953-2048-20-4-017; Awad R, 2001, PHYSICA B, V307, P72, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4526(01)00971-1; Batista-Leyva AJ, 2003, SUPERCOND SCI TECH, V16, P857, DOI 10.1088-0953-2048-16-8-305; BEAN CP, 1964, REV MOD PHYS, V36, P31, DOI 10.1103-RevModPhys.36.31; BERKLEY DD, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P5524, DOI 10.1103-PhysRevB.47.5524; CHEN DX, 1990, PHYSICA C, V167, P317, DOI 10.1016-0921-4534(90)90349-J; Chu SY, 2000, PHYSICA C, V337, P229, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(00)00107-6; Fradina IA, 1999, PHYSICA C, V311, P81, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(98)00563-2; Glowacki BA, 1997, CRYOGENICS, V37, P609, DOI 10.1016-S0011-2275(97)00053-2; HAZEN RM, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P1657, DOI 10.1103-PhysRevLett.60.1657; Isber S, 2005, SUPERCOND SCI TECH, V18, P311, DOI 10.1088-0953-2048-18-3-018; Isber S, 2006, J PHYS CONF SER, V43, P450, DOI 10.1088-1742-6596-43-1-112; Kayed TS, 2003, CRYST RES TECHNOL, V38, P946, DOI 10.1002-crat.200310118; Kuhberger M, 2003, PHYSICA C, V390, P263, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(03)00706-8; LEE MW, 1995, PHYSICA C, V245, P6, DOI 10.1016-0921-4534(95)00100-X; Mezzetti E, 2000, PHYSICA C, V332, P115, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(00)00008-3; MOHAMMED NH, 2005, ARAB INT C REC ADV P, P9; Nishida A, 2003, PHYSICA C, V392, P349, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(03)00848-7; Pavard S, 1999, PHYSICA C, V316, P198, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(99)00259-2; Ravi S, 2000, PHYSICA C, V330, P58, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(99)00611-5; REN ZF, 1991, PHYSICA C, V184, P24, DOI 10.1016-0921-4534(91)91496-Q; RUCKENSTEIN E, 1989, MATER LETT, V8, P421, DOI 10.1016-0167-577X(89)90065-7; Tang H, 1997, PHYSICA C, V282, P2111, DOI 10.1016-S0921-4534(97)01171-4; Triscone G, 1996, PHYSICA C, V264, P233, DOI 10.1016-0921-4534(96)00262-6; VANDERAH TA, 1992, CHEM SUPERCONDUCTOR, P90; WANG YB, 1993, J LOW TEMP PHYS, V15, P169; WESTERHOLT K, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P11680, DOI 10.1103-PhysRevB.39.11680; Wisniewski A, 2000, PHYS REV B, V61, P791, DOI 10.1103-PhysRevB.61.791; XU YW, 1990, PHYSICA C, V169, P205, DOI 10.1016-0921-4534(90)90177-G; Yamauchi H, 1998, SUPERCOND SCI TECH, V11, P1006, DOI 10.1088-0953-2048-11-10-022; Yang Li, 1994, Physics Letters A, V18543
Synthesis and pharmacological studies some 2–hydroxy haloalkylamines as H2 antagonist
No full textThe preparation of the 2–(N,N–dibenzylamino)–1–P–haloaryl–1–
hydroxy ethane was carried out according tothe synthetic routes shown in the
general scheme of work. The methods used are known in the literature. The
acetophenones (1) were first brominated to the phenacyl bromides (2) using
molecular bromine in dry diethyl ether at room temperature. The acidic
conditions necessary for the reactions were attained by the small amount of
HBr usually present in the bromine liquid. However, depending on the
reactivity of the acetophenone, the use of a catalyst is sometimes
recommended. This has actually been the case in the preparation of some of
the phenacyl bromides in thiswork by using anhydrous AlCl3. The phenacyl
bromides using Na BH4. This reagent was chosen because of its specificity in
reducing Keto groups and because of the mild conditions usually used with it.
The reductions were carried out in aqueous methanol suspension at room
temperature and sometimes at 50°C. In all the reactions the phenacyl bromides
and the bromohydrins indicated sufficient purity to justify direct subsequent
use.
The bromohydrins were condensed with dibenzylamine (4) in dry
benzene to give the amino alcohol (5). This is SN2reaction and the choice of
dry benzene has been the result of several trials of solvents of varying degrees
of polarity. The use of heatwas found essential for the increase of the yield of
the amino alcohols. The condensation reactions were carriedout in refluxing
benzene.
Due to the high boiling point of dibenzylamine and its similar solubility
properties to those of the amino alcohols, the latter were isolated from the
reaction mixtures by preparative TLC. The amino alcohols were obtained as
yellow liquids. The amino alcohols were used in the pharmacological
screenings as their hyarochloride salts. These were obtained by adding
calculated amounts of ethanolic HCl to the solutions of the amino alcohols free
bases in absolute ethanol and precipitating the hydrochloride salts with diethyl
ether.
Two 2–hydroxyhaloalkylamine have been prepared according to well–
documented synthesis routes in literature.
The two compounds thus obtained were investigated pharmacologically
to show their anti–ulcer activity. Both studied compounds blocked the relaxing
effect of histamine in rat uterus. Both studied compounds antagonized
histamine effect completely in guinea pig heart and brought the heart to its
normal. In rat stomach, both compounds reduce ulcer lesions.
All the above actions of the studied were found to be through H2
receptors blocking activity. In addition the two compounds showed H1
antihistaminic activity as they blocked histamine effect in guinea pig ileum
Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies on 2- Bromo-3 - Amino - 5- Acetoxy -1, 4- Naphthoquinone DerivativesAs Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Agents
No full textThis is a comparative study of anti-inflammatory effect of two synthetic
compounds, due to their structures theylikely to have this effect, with
aspirin and indomethacin well known anti-inflammatory agents.
Oral doses of each compound showedinhibition of rat's paw oedema
induced by caragenan.
Body temperature of yeast-induced hyperthermic rats was decreased by
oral doses of two compounds.
Using analgesometer oral doses of compounds induced anti-nocipception
in rats with inflamed paw.
On isolated guinea pig ileum the two compounds inhibited arachidonic
acid contractile response. Also addition of compounds to platelet rich
plasma exhibited antiaggregatory activity on ADP induced platelet
aggregation.
On strip of rat's stomach the two compounds inhibited arachidonic acid
contractile response in presence of lung homogenate.
So it is conducted thatthe two compounds possess antipyretic, analgesic
and anti-inflammatory activities which could be attributed to inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis.
But when toxicity test was done using small oral doses given to rats daily
for 21 days showed some changes of biochemical constituents
specifically increase in alkaline phosphotase level but showed no change
in hematological parameters
Evaluation of released malathion and spinosad from chitosan/alginate/gelatin capsules against Culex pipiens larvae
No full textMohamed EI Badawy,1 Nehad EM Taktak,2 Osama M Awad,2 Souraya A Elfiki,2 Nadia E Abou El-Ela2 1Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 2Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract: Efficacy of spinosad and malathion loaded in eco-friendly biodegradable formulations was evaluated for controlling Culex pipiens larvae. Malathion (organophosphorus larvicide) and spinosad (naturally derived insecticide) were loaded on chitosan/alginate/gelatin capsules. Capsules were characterized by size measurement, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and water uptake. In vitro release kinetics of the larvicides was studied in the running and stagnant water. Biochemical studies on the larvae treated with technical and formulated insecticides were also demonstrated. The results indicated that the released spinosad was active for a long time up to 48 and 211 days in the running and stagnant water, respectively. However, the capsules loaded with malathion showed larvicidal activity for 20 and 27 days in the running and stagnant water, respectively. Technical and formulated malathion and spinosad had an inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, and glutathione S-transferase. The results proved that the prepared capsules consisting of biodegradable polymers containing larvicides could be effective as controlled-release formulation against C. pipiens larvae for a long period. Keywords: chitosan capsules, larvicide, controlled-release formulation, swelling, mosquitocidal activity, Culex pipiens, biochemical stud
Progressive image transmission using edge detection
No full textIn this paper, a progressive image compression and transmission using edge detection scheme is adopted. The image is decomposed into two (primary and secondary) components. Canny method is adopted to detect the edges of the encoded image. These edges are replaced with a pre-designed nine basis nameplates. Then, the Macro edge detection technique is used to reduce the number of these nameplates and keep only the edges that are necessary for visual quality.
Eight directional predictions and interpolation technique will be performed on the encoded edges to reconstruct the first layer of the primary component at both receiver and transmitter sides. This is called the 1st stage reconstructed image, which is subtracted from the original to have the 1st stage smooth component. Then, this process will be repeated for the 2nd and the 3rd stage components.
The 3rd stage smooth component is filtered using an optimal decomposition filter and then decimated by a factor of 2. The decimated component is encoded using VQ. The decoded result of the smooth image is added to the three layers that form the primary component to have the reconstructed image. An excellent reconstructed images are found at an average of 0.179 bpp (compression ratio 45:1) and with an average PSNR of 39.45 dB. This algorithm is found to be of lower bit rate than existing image compression techniques.Corresponding Author:
Prof. Awad Kh. Al-Asmari
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
E-mail: [email protected]
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