101,216 research outputs found
Chirostylidae Ortmann 1892
No full textChirostylidae Ortmann, 1892 <p>(Fig. 2C–F, I–L)</p> <p>Diptycinés A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894: 296, 312; 1897: 116 [vernacular name, unavailable].</p> <p>Diptyciens A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894: 299. — Bouvier, 1896: 312 [vernacular name, unavailable].</p> <p>Diptycinae Bouvier, 1896: 312. — A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1899: 71, 87; 1900: 350.</p> <p>Chirostylidae Ortmann, 1892: 244.</p> <p>Uroptychidae Alcock, 1901: 236, 278.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Carapace surface smooth, tuberculate or spinose but without transverse striae, posterolateral margin not distinctly defined or greatly inflated; rostrum variously shaped; supraocular spines absent. Anterolateral margin of abdominal somite 2 without prominent, anterolaterally directed spine. Sternite 3 not strongly produced anteriorly. Eyes well developed. Basal antennular article with distolateral spines. Antennal peduncle consisting of 5 articles; acicle present or absent. Mandibular cutting edge calcified, strongly serrated along its length. Maxilliped 1 without epipod; exopod flagellum present or absent, not annulated. Maxilliped 3 to pereopod 4 each with 2 arthrobranchs (well-developed or vestigial on maxilliped 3). Pereopod 5 with 1 arthrobranch only. Pereopods 2–4 with pleurobranch. Male pleopods 1 and 2 present. Male pleopods 3–5 vestigial or absent.</p> <p> <b>Type genus.</b> <i>Chirostylus</i> Ortmann, 1892, by original designation.</p> <p> <b>Composition.</b> <i>Chirostylus</i> Ortmann, 1892, <i>Gastroptychus</i> Caullery, 1896, <i>Hapaloptyx</i> Stebbing, 1920, <i>Uroptychodes</i> Baba, 2004, <i>Uroptychus</i> Henderson, 1888.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Pleopods 3–5 are absent in most male chirostylids, but are vestigial in some species of <i>Gastroptychus</i> (e.g., <i>G. rogeri</i> Baba, 2000, and <i>G. investigatoris</i> (Alcock & Anderson, 1899), K. Baba, pers. com.; AM P53251, <i>G. rogeri</i>).</p>Published as part of <i>Schnabel, Kareen E. & Ahyong, Shane T., 2010, A new classification of the Chirostyloidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura), pp. 56-64 in Zootaxa 2687 (1)</i> on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2687.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5301281">http://zenodo.org/record/5301281</a>
Structural versus Behavioral Measures in the Deregulation of Electricity Markets: An Experimental Investigation Guided by Theory and Policy Concerns
No full textWe try to better understand the comparative advantages of structural and behavioral measures of deregulation in electricity markets, an eminent policy issue for which the experimental evidence is scant and problematic. In the present paper we investigate theoretically and experimentally the effects of the introduction of a forward market on competition in electricity markets. We compare this scenario with the best alternative, reducing concentration by adding one more competitor by divestiture. Our work contributes to the literature by introducing more realistic cost configurations, teasing apart number and asset effect, and studying numbers of competitors that reflect better the market concentration in the European electricity industries. Our experimental data suggest that introducing a forward market has a positive effect on the aggregate supply in markets with two or three major competitors, configurations typical for both the newly accessed and the old European Union member states. Introducing a forward market also increases efficiency. Our data furthermore suggest, in contrast to previous findings, that the effects of introducing a forward market is stronger than adding one more competitor both in markets with two, and particularly three, producers. Our data thus suggest that the behavioral measure of introducing a forward market is more effective than the structural measure of adding one more competitor by divestiture. Thus competition authorities should, in line with EU law, focus on the behavioral measure of introducing, or at least facilitating the emergence of, forward markets rather than on the structural measure of lowering market concentration by divestiture.economics experiments; market power; competition; forward markets; EU electricity market
Chirostylidae Ortmann 1892
No full textFamily Chirostylidae Ortmann, 1892 Chirostylidae Ortmann, 1892: 246 (part); 1898: 1149 (part).—van Dam, 1933: 2 (part).— Barnard, 1950: 495 (part).— Balss, 1957: 1594 (part).— Davie, 2002: 29 (part).— Poore, 2004: 220 (part).— Baba et al., 2009: 7 (part).—Schnabel & Ahyong, 2010: 58 (part).— Macpherson & Baba, 2011: 48 (part). Diptycinés Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1894: 296, 312 (part); 1897: 116 (part). Diptychinae—Bouvier, 1896: 312 (part).— Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1897: 116 (part). Uroptychidae Alcock, 1901: 236, 278 (part). Type genus. Chirostylus Ortmann, 1892. Diagnosis. Carapace without transverse setiferous striae. Rostrum triangular, spiniform or strongly reduced, supraocular spines absent. Sternal plastron, at sternite 3, abruptly demarcated from preceding sternites (excavated sternum) by distinct step forming well-defined transverse or concave anterior margin at articulation with maxillipeds 3, and placing excavated sternum on lower plane (when viewed from ventral side). Abdominal somite 2 without anterolaterally produced spine on pleuron. Tailfan folded beneath preceding abdominal somite, telson divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Eyes well developed. Antennal scale present or absent. Maxilliped 1 without epipod; exopod flagellum smooth and non-annulated or absent. Maxillipeds 3 widely separated, with distal parts accommodated in excavated sternum between left and right maxillipeds 3 when folded. Pereopods 2–4 dactyli with terminal spine (unguis) clearly demarcated by suture, often slightly movable. Maxilliped 3 to pereopod 4 each with 2 arthrobranchs; pereopod 5 with 1 arthrobranch; pereopods 2–4 with 1 pleurobranch. Male pleopods 1 and 2 present. Genera included. Chirostylus Ortmann, 1892; Gastroptychus Caullery, 1896; Hapaloptyx Stebbing, 1920; Heteroptychus Baba, 2018; Uroptychodes Baba, 2004; Uroptychus Henderson, 1888. Remarks. The sternal plastron and maxillipeds 3 are shown for species of Chirostylus, Gastroptychus, Heteroptychus, Uroptychodes and Uroptychus (Fig. 1A–E). The only known specimen of Hapaloptyx, H. difficilis Stebbing, 1920, could not be examined; the illustrations presented by Stebbing (1920) are not detailed but appear to represent Chirostylidae sensu stricto. However, the systematic status of this genus remains to be determined by reexamination of type material (Baba et al. 2008; Schnabel & Ahyong 2010). The genus Uroptychus remains highly speciose, currently containing 255 species worldwide, and displays such varied morphology that it may be best divided into several genera (Baba 2018). For example, molecular analyses placed U. scambus apparently in a different clade within the Chirostylidae (Schnabel et al. 2011; Roterman et al. 2013; Bracken-Grissom et al. 2013). This species, together with eight related species, including six new species, were transferred to Heteroptychus Baba, 2018. A number of other groups of species require a review, for example, Uroptychus spinirostris (Ahyong & Poore, 2004), belongs to a group in the genus with a spinose body and pereopods very much like those of Gastroptychus, and is genetically remote from the other groups of Uroptychus and Heteroptychus (see Bracken-Grissom et al. 2013). This group includes U. chacei (Baba, 1986a), U. ciliatus (van Dam, 1933), U. numerosus Baba, 2018, U. quartanus Baba, 2018, U. senarius Baba, 2018, and U. spinimanus Tirmizi, 1964. The following species or species groups require revision at a higher taxonomic level: two groups each centered around Uroptychus scandens Benedict, 1902 and U. naso van Dam, 1933, respectively, as well as U. ctenodes Baba, 2018, U. diaphorus Baba, 2018, U. inaequalis Baba, 2018 and related species (Baba 2018).Published as part of Baba, Keiji, Ahyong, Shane T. & Schnabel, Kareen E., 2018, Rediagnosis of the squat lobster genus Gastroptychus Caullery, 1896, with a new genus Sternostylus and a new family Sternostylidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Chirostyloidea), pp. 77-86 in Zootaxa 4524 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/261035
Stem Indexing and Morphonological Selection in the Russian Verb.In: R. Fabri, A. Ortmann and T. Parodi (eds) Models of Inflection
No full textStem Indexing and Morphonological Selection in the Russian Verb.In: R. Fabri, A. Ortmann and T. Parodi (eds) Models of Inflection
No full textPotamiscinae Ortmann 1896
No full textSubfamily Potamiscinae Ortmann, 1896 (sensu Yeo & Ng 2003) <p> <b>Genus</b> <b> <i>Tiwaripotamon</i> Bott,</b> 1970</p> <p> Type species: <i>Geothelphusa annamensis</i> Balss, 1914, by original designation</p>Published as part of <i>Shih, Hsi-Te & Do, Van Tu, 2014, A new species of Tiwaripotamon Bott, 1970, from northern Vietnam, with notes on T. vietnamicum (Dang & Ho, 2002) and T. edostilus Ng & Yeo, 2001 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) in Zootaxa 3764 (1)</i>, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/225414">http://zenodo.org/record/225414</a>
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Charge transport in single polymer fiber transistors in the sub-100 nm regime: temperature dependence and Coulomb blockade
No full textAbstractEven though charge transport in semiconducting polymers is of relevance for a number of potential applications in (opto-)electronic devices, the fundamental mechanism of how charges are transported through organic polymers that are typically characterized by a complex nanostructure is still open. One of the challenges which we address here, is how to gain controllable experimental access to charge transport at the sub-100 nm lengthscale. To this end charge transport in single poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-terthiophene) fiber transistors, employing two different solid gate dielectrics, a hybrid Al2O3/self-assembled monolayer and hexagonal boron nitride, is investigated in the sub-50 nm regime using electron-beam contact patterning. The electrical characteristics exhibit near ideal behavior at room temperature which demonstrates the general feasibility of the nanoscale contacting approach, even though the channels are only a few nanometers in width. At low temperatures, we observe nonlinear behavior in the current–voltage characteristics in the form of Coulomb diamonds which can be explained by the formation of an array of multiple quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures.Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciencehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Münchenhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007153Solar Technologies go Hybridhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012027Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschafthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/50110000165
Handwritten biographical information on Paulina T. McClung Merritt
No full textA handwritten biography of Paulina T. McClung Merritt by an unknown author, 1892.
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
No full textIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
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