1,720,987 research outputs found
Determinants and associations of threat-related cognitive biases: Cognitive and neurophysiological perspectives
No full textThe neurophysiological basis of optimism bias
No full textOptimism bias describes people’s tendency to overestimate their likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimate their likelihood of experiencing negative events in the future. The present chapter provides the necessary theoretical background to understand the various facets of optimism bias (section “Introduction”) and depicts multiple motivational and cognitive underpinnings of the bias (section “Major theories in the field”). Following a short primer on the methods used to investigate optimism bias (section “Methods used to investigate the optimism bias”), the empirical evidence is laid out from structural and functional neuroimaging studies (section “Brain regions involved in the emergence and maintenance of the bias”) and psychophysiology studies (section “Somatovisceral responses related to optimism bias”). Differences in optimism bias in clinical populations with respect to the healthy mind are also described (section “Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations”). The chapter concludes with the challenges faced within the field (section “Limitations”) and the areas that future research can explore (section “Future directions”)
Cognitive biases in health and psychiatric disorders: Neurophysiological foundations
No full textOptimism bias describes people’s tendency to overestimate their likelihood to experience positive events and underestimate their likelihood to experience negative events in the future. The present chapter provides the necessary theoretical background to understand the various facets of optimism bias (section 1) and depicts the various motivational and cognitive underpinnings of the bias (section 2). Following a short primer on the methods used to investigate optimism bias (section 3), the empirical evidence is laid out from structural and functional neuroimaging studies (section 4) and psychophysiology studies (section 5). Further effort is devoted to differences in optimism bias in clinical populations with respect to the healthy mind (section 6). The chapter concludes with the challenges faced by the field of optimism bias (section 7) and the fruitful areas that future research can explore (section 8)
Negative expectancy biases in psychopathology
Full text linkProcessing biases have been widely linked as a causal role in the diagnosis and maintenance of different mental disorders, including anxiety and depression. Cognitive Biases in Mental Disorders: Neurophysiological Foundations focuses on neurophysiological basis of biases in attention, interpretation, expectancy, and memory. Each chapter includes a review of the specific bias including both positive and negative information in both healthy individuals as well as the psychiatric populations. This book provides readers with major theories, methods used in investigating biases, brain regions associated with the related bias, and autonomic responses to specific biases. The book aims to provide a comprehensive overview regarding the neural, autonomic, and cognitive mechanisms related to processing biases
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Beyond negativity: motivational relevance as cause of attentional bias to positive stimuli
No full textOver the past two decades, various studies have shown that not only negative but also positive information evokes attentional bias. In this chapter, we will discuss theories and evidence investigating when and why positive information attracts attention. Specifically, we will argue that top down factors such as temporary goals can induce but also prevent attention to positive events. This will be followed by a review of main paradigms that have been used to measure attentional bias to positive information. Then, we will highlight the brain regions and psychophysiological responses that are associated with attention to positive input. We will discuss how attention to positive events has been highlighted as characteristic of healthy populations but can also be problematic, for instance, obesity seems to be related to an attentional bias to high-caloric but tasty food. We will finish the chapter by highlighting limitations and suggestions for future research
The interplay among attention, interpretation, and memory biases in depression : revisiting the combined cognitive bias hypothesis
No full textCognitive biases are theorized to play a critical role in the onset and maintenance of depression. Although these cognitive biases have been investigated extensively, their interplay has received relatively limited conceptual and empirical attention. Yet, recent years have witnessed an important upsurge of empirical studies addressing different aspects of the interplay among cognitive biases in depression. This chapter reviews recent research findings and theoretical and methodological innovations in this area of research. We start by describing recent conceptual contributions that can inform upon the interplay among cognitive biases in depression. Then, we discuss the major methods that have been used to address different questions regarding the interplay among cognitive biases. Next, we review recent empirical studies that have directly examined links between attention, interpretation, and/or memory biases related to depression. Finally, we discuss limitations of existing research and propose a number of ways in which this area of research can be taken forward
Expectancy and attention bias to spiders: Dissecting anticipation and allocation processes using ERPs.
Full text linkThe current registered report focused on the temporal dynamics of the relationship between expectancy and attention toward threat, to better understand the mechanisms underlying the prioritization of threat detection over expectancy. In the current event-related potentials experiment, a-priori expectancy was manipulated, and attention bias was measured, using a well-validated paradigm. A visual search array was presented, with one of two targets: spiders (threatening) or birds (neutral). A verbal cue stating the likelihood of encountering a target preceded the array, creating congruent and incongruent trials. Following cue presentation, preparatory processes were examined using the contingent negative variation (CNV) component. Following target presentation, two components were measured: early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), reflecting early and late stages of natural selective attention toward emotional stimuli, respectively. Behaviorally, spiders were found faster than birds, and congruency effects emerged for both targets. For the CNV, a non-significant trend of more negative amplitudes following spider cues emerged. As expected, EPN and LPP amplitudes were larger for spider targets compared to bird targets. Data-driven, exploratory, topographical analyses revealed different patterns of activation for bird cues compared to spider cues. Furthermore, 400-500 ms post-target, a congruency effect was revealed only for bird targets. Together, these results demonstrate that while expectancy for spider appearance is evident in differential neural preparation, the actual appearance of spider target overrides this expectancy effect and only in later stages of processing does the cueing effect come again into play
Cognitive biases in blood-injection-injury phobia: A review
Full text linkBlood-injection-injury (BII) phobia can lead to avoidance of crucial medical procedures and to detrimental health consequences, even among health workers. Yet unlike other specific phobias, BII phobia has been understudied. Specifically, while cognitive biases have been extensively investigated in other anxiety disorders, little is known about the same biases in BII phobia. The current article reviews cognitive biases in BII phobia and suggest future directions for further study and treatment. The reviewed biases include attention, expectancy, memory, perception, and interpretation biases. The investigation of these biases is highly relevant, as cognitive biases have been found to interact with anxiety symptoms. Results showed that attention, expectancy, and memory biases are involved in BII phobia, while no studies were found on interpretation nor perception biases. Mixed results were found for attention bias, as different studies found different components of attention bias, while others found no attention bias at all. Similarly, some studies found a-priori/a-posteriori expectancy biases, while other studies found only one type of bias. A better understanding of the cognitive particularities of BII phobia may lead to better treatments and ultimately reduce avoidance of needles and blood-related situations, thereby enabling individuals with BII phobia to undergo potentially life-saving medical procedures
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