327,144 research outputs found
Plumatella pirassununga Wood & Okamura 2017
No full textPlumatella pirassununga Wood & Okamura, 2017 Material examined. NHMUK 2021.11.23.22 from the Río Negro, municipality of Iranduba, 4 km SW of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, 3° 9.956’ S, 60° 3.264’ W (Site 4), collected 5 May 2018 by T. Wood and B. Okamura. Colonies were attached to a disposable plastic plate. Remarks. This species was previously known only from a lake on the campus of São Paulo University at Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil (Wood & Okamura 2017). In the original description the colony ectocyst was described as “well encrusted, giving it a velvety appearance” (Wood & Okamura 2017). In the Amazon material the ectocyst was colorless and nearly transparent, but with distinct raphe and furrow. One feature of the floatoblast, shown but not emphasized in the original description, is the prominent polar groove at each end of the dorsal fenestra that is much wider than in most other plumatellids (Fig. 6a). The slightly curved lateral profile of the floatoblast is shown in Fig. 6b; the crenulated suture is easily seen in Fig. 6c where it has a more serrated appearance. Floatoblast dimensions in Table 1 are consistent with those of the type material (Wood & Okamura 2017).Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2022, Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg, pp. 381-391 in Zootaxa 5169 (4) on page 388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/695258
Tapajosella elongata Wood & Okamura 2017
No full textTapajosella elongata Wood & Okamura, 2017 Material examined. Statoblasts from the Río Negro, 13 km NW of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, 3° 0.099’ S, 60° 5.623’ W (Site 7), collected 6 May 2018 by T. Wood and B. Okamura. Remarks. The slender statoblasts of this species, previously seen only in January, 2016 near Santarém (Wood & Okamura 2017), were encountered for the first time in the Río Negro near Manaus. While many appeared to be intact, they contained no living material. The canoe-like shape of these statoblasts is so unique that the species has been placed in its own family, Tapajosellidae. While colonies have not yet been found, the occurrence of statoblasts in a different season and in a new location suggests that they may be a constant presence in the Amazon.Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2022, Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg, pp. 381-391 in Zootaxa 5169 (4) on page 388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/695258
Tapajosella Wood & Okamura 2017, n. gen.
No full textGenus <i>Tapajosella</i> n. gen. <p> Type species. <i>Tapajosella elongata</i> n. sp.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Honorific for the Tapajós, an indigenous people of Brazil, now extinct, who once populated the region in which the species was discovered.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Same diagnosis as the family.</p>Published as part of <i>Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2017, New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg?, pp. 383-400 in Zootaxa 4306 (3)</i> on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/844490">http://zenodo.org/record/844490</a>
Fredericella adrianoi Wood & Okamura 2022, n. sp.
No full textFredericella adrianoi n. sp. (Fig. 2) Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 61, from the Río Negro, municipality of Iranduba, 6 km SW of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, 3˚ 9.792 S, 60˚ 3.821’ W (Site 9), collected 8 May 2018 by T. Wood and B. Okamura. Paratype: NHMUK 2021.11.23.7 same details as holotype. Additional unregistered material from the Río Tapajos, 15 km N of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil, 2˚ 21.194’ S, 54˚ 44.879’ W (Site 13), collected 12 May 2020 by T. Wood and B. Okamura; also from Bongseon Reservoir, 7.3 km NE of Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea, 36.125° N, 126.770° W, collected 12 October 2016 by Hyeon Sook Chae and Ho Jin Yang. Etymology. The specific name honors Edson Adriano, Professor of Parasitology at Universidade Federal de São Paulo, organizer and leader of the two Amazon expeditions. Description. Colonies composed of slender, branching tubules with widely spaced zooids; mostly adherent to the substratum but capable of developing free branches; tentacles numbering 18–22; statoblasts produced only in portions of the colony attached to the substratum, seldom more than one statoblast per zooid, a sharply defined reticulum covering both valves of the statoblast with interstices measuring 4–12 µm in diameter (Fig. 2a, b). Remarks. This was the most frequently encountered phylactolaemate species during our survey. Colonies appeared to have developed from larvae. They were generally small, with fewer than 20 zooids, and they were most abundant on submerged tree bark in calm waters. Fredericella adrianoi n. sp. is defined by the prominent statoblast reticulation with large interstices, which is qualitatively different from anything seen before. In other species with statoblast reticulation (F. indica, F. borealis, F. crenulata) the interstices are uniform in size, and so small that they often appear as a field of rounded depressions. Other fredericellid species fall into two groups based on statoblast morphology. In one group the statoblast surface is smooth and shiny with no trace of ornamentation (e.g. F. sultana and F. australiensis). In the other group the statoblasts are enveloped in a persistent, wrinkled membrane, a feature attributed only to F. browni (Rogick, 1945), but which may characterise other species not yet described. Statoblasts matching those of F. adrianoi n. sp. have been found in the Republic of Korea, Chungcheongnam-do District, Bongseon Reservoir, 7.3 km northeast of Seocheon (collected by Hyeon Sook Chae and Ho Jin Yang, see Fig. 2c). It is assumed for now that this is a single species with a disjunct distribution, similar to Asajirella gelatinosa (Oka, 1891) occurring both in eastern Asia and Panama (Wood & Okamura 1999). However, cryptic speciation would not be unexpected, particularly as fredericellid populations exhibit relatively high genetic divergence (Hartikainen et al. 2013, Ruggeri et al. 2019). Future molecular characterization will be helpful to resolve this issue.Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2022, Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg, pp. 381-391 in Zootaxa 5169 (4) on page 383, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/695258
Plumatella spencerjonesae Wood & Okamura 2022, n. sp.
No full textPlumatella spencerjonesae n. sp. (Fig. 5) Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 63 from the Río Negro, municipality of Iranduba, 4 km SW of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, 3° 9.956’ S, 60° 3.264’ W (Site 4), collected 5 May 2018 by T. Wood and B. Okamura. Paratype: NHMUK 2021.11.23, same details as holotype. Colonies attached to emergent reeds, including floatoblasts and sessoblasts. Etymology. The specific name honors Mary Spencer Jones, a scientist at the Natural History Museum in London since 1984, and currently Senior Curator of the Bryozoa Section, in appreciation for her deep expertise and invaluable contributions to the study of marine and freshwater bryozoans. Description. Colony diffuse, spreading, with zooid tips, entire zooids, or sometimes even short branches raised above the substratum; body wall soft and semitransparent, with statoblasts still easily visible within; raphe apparently absent, but a transparent line (sometimes called a “furrow”) extending faintly along the top of the zooecial tubes; floatoblast valves irregularly shaped at the poles (Fig. 5b, d), lateral profile showing distinct curvature towards the dorsal side (Fig. 5c), ventral valve convex with the fenestra perimeter matching the capsule outline (Fig. 5b), fenestra well tuberculated (Fig. 5d, e), floatoblast dorsal valve slightly concave (Fig. 5c), the fenestra slightly smaller than the capsule (Fig. 5b) and the annulus encroaching uniformly all the way around; sessoblast frontal valves with tall, rounded tubercles (Fig. 5f), annulus showing an indistinct pattern and bearing a slightly thickened rim (Fig. 5g). Floatoblast dimensions are shown in Table 1. Remarks. At first glance this species bears a strong resemblance to P.hartikainenae n.sp. described above.In both species the colonies spread widely on unrestricted substrata, the body wall is colorless and nearly transparent, and the clearly visible floatoblasts appear dark and elongate.However, the straight lateral floatoblast profile in P.hartilainenae n. sp. is distinctive. Plumatella spencerjonesae n. sp. floatoblasts have somewhat irregular shape, a curved lateral profile, and a length:width ratio of 2, which is greater than any other plumatellid examined so far in the Amazon.Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2022, Further species and range extensions of Amazonian bryozoans: chipping away at the iceberg, pp. 381-391 in Zootaxa 5169 (4) on page 386, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/695258
Tapajosella elongata Wood & Okamura 2017, n. sp.
No full textTapajosella elongata n. sp. (Fig. 4) Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 50, individual statoblasts collected 25 January 2016 by B. Okamura from Juá Lake (Site 3), 2°26'0"S; 54°46'54"W, (see Table 2). Etymology. Latin adjective, elongata (elongate) in reference to the statoblast shape. Description. Floatoblasts are long and slender. They are widest in the middle, taper to pointed ends, and measure about 1 mm long by 0.27 mm wide and 0.25 mm in depth, giving a length/width ratio of 3.7 (Figs. 4 a, c). Fenestrae of both valves are similar in size and present an unusually rectangular shape that contrasts to the more oval or circular fenestra that characterize floatoblasts of other known species. Polar grooves are absent. In lateral view one valve, which we designate as ventral, curves slightly inward at the poles. The other valve, designated dorsal, is correspondingly concave so that the ends of the suture are curved in a dorsal direction on either side of the capsule (Fig. 4 b). SEM shows the so-called dorsal fenestra to have a finely wrinkled surface, while the presumed ventral fenestra is smooth (Fig. 4 d). Low, rounded tubercles cover the annulus of both valves (Fig. 4 c). Remarks. At this time the species is known only by two floatoblasts. Neither colonies nor any other types of statoblasts have been observed. The statoblast capsule alone exceeds the dimensions of many other whole phylactolaemate statoblasts (Fig. 4 a). A similarly sized statoblast in the Neotropical region would be that of Asajirella gelatinosa (Oka, 1891) which is disc-shaped and measures about 1.2 mm in diameter. Plumatella siolii, also known from Brazil, reaches nearly 800 µm in length, but the length to width ratio is well under 3 (Fig. 4 c). In northern temperate regions P. fruticosa produces long and narrow floatoblasts with a length not more than 570 µm and a length to width ratio <2 (Bushnell 1965, Wood & Okamura 2005). Designating dorsal and ventral valves of the statoblasts is difficult using the criteria generally applied in other species. Because one valve is more convex than the other we have considered it as ventral, following the pattern of asymmetrical statoblasts in plumatellid species. However, this should be considered only tentative until it is known which valve attaches to the funiculus. The statoblasts share basic structure with other phylactolaemate bryozoans, but their large size and uniquely elongated shape raise questions. More intensive searching may reveal the conditions to which this species is adapted as well as the type of colony capable of producing such large and oddly shaped statoblasts. Distribution. Unknown beyond the single site where statoblasts were collected.Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2017, New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg?, pp. 383-400 in Zootaxa 4306 (3) on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/84449
Fredericella tenax Wood & Okamura 2017, n. sp.
No full textFredericella tenax, n. sp. (Fig. 9) Fredericella australiensis browni DuBois-Reymond Marcus, 1953, p. 152, pl. 2; not Fredericella australiensis browni Rogick, 1945. Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 51, collected 19 January 2016 by B. Okamura at Jari Channel (Site 4b), 2°14'40"S; 54°50'23"W, and Tapajós River (Site 2a), 2°26'30"S, 54°53'38"W 21 and 23 January 2016 (see Table 2). Colonies include statoblasts attached to wood. Also examined for comparison was F. toriumii Hirose & Mawatari, 2011b, T. Wood personal collection No. 1464, collected 22 July 1998, Garrison Lake, Curry Co., Oregon, USA by T.G. Marsh. Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin adjective, tenax, meaning tenacious, holding fast, clinging, referring to the tight adherence of statoblasts to the substratum. Description. The specimen includes statoblasts, and only short portions of the colony without polypides. Statoblasts are variable in shape (Fig. 9 a) but are mostly roughly circular with a diameter of about 300 µm. They are firmly attached to the substratum along the entire basal valve. Weak pitting of the frontal valve is easily seen when the clean, isolated valve is viewed with transmitted light microscopy (Fig. 9 b). SEM also shows the pitting clearly (Fig. 9 c). However, when a dry statoblast is viewed with reflected light the surface of the frontal valve appears shiny. Remarks. A combination of three morphological features of the statoblast characterize the specimen from Brazil: surface topography, shape, and strong adherence to the substratum. The lightly pitted texture of the statoblast frontal valve is very similar to that of Fredericella toriumii Hirose & Mawatari, 2011b. All other fredericellid species have statoblasts that are either smooth or heavily pitted, or in the case of Fredericella browni (Rogick, 1945) smooth but covered with a cornified membrane (Hartikainen et al., 2013b; Wood 2015). Among the known fredericellids only the statoblasts of F. toriumii have an unmistakable but consistent lightly pitted texture. The round statoblast shape is a feature also seen in Fredericella australiensis Goddard, 1909 and F. browni. In all other fredericellids the statoblast is longer than wide, often at a ratio approaching 2:1 (Toriumi 1951; Wood & Backus 1992). Toriumi (1951) suggested that statoblast shape in F. sultana is controlled largely by the diameter of the zooecial tube, which in turn may be a function of environmental conditions. The correlation between zooecium diameter and statoblast breadth has been noted in other fredericellids as well (Wood & Backus 1992). Hartikainen et al. (2013a) showed that F. sultana statoblasts become malformed and take on more rounded dimensions in colonies infected by the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. All of the fredericellid statoblasts in our collection from Brazil are rounded, and many are malformed (Fig 9 a). Based solely on statoblast dimensions this could be either a new species or else F. toriumii with a myxozoan infection. However, the third feature of the statoblasts of the specimen from Brazil is an unusually firm adherence to the substratum. Most other fredericellid species may have traces of an attachment ring on the basal valve. In F. browni the ring is quite well developed. How this compares to F. toriumii from Japan is inconclusive (Hirose, personal communication), but F. toriumii from Oregon has no special attachment structures. On balance, the combined three morphological features seen in the fredericellid statoblasts from the Jari Channel are sufficient, in our opinion, to justify the new species, F. tenax n. sp.. Distribution. Known only in South America from the vicinity of Lake Titicaca, and the Jari Channel reported here.Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2017, New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg?, pp. 383-400 in Zootaxa 4306 (3) on pages 394-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/84449
Natanella natans Wood & Okamura, 2017, n. comb.
No full textNatanella natans n. comb. (Fig. 3) Hislopia natans Wood et al., 2006b, pp. 108–110, figs. 49–52 Material examined. Holotype: CUMZ No. 3152, collected 6 March 2005 by T. Wood, Huai Chan Reservoir, 35 km NE Sa Kaeo, Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand, 13°59.2’N, 100°26.8’E. Other material examined: ZUEC BRY 57, Santa Fé Lake (Site 7), 21°57'47"S; 47°27'39"W, (see Table 2), growing on a piece of PVC pipe; NHMUK (not yet accessioned), collected 28 August 2011 by B. Okamura, oxbow lake on Kinabatangan River near Sandakan, Sabah, Borneo, 5° 28.840’ N; 118° 15.448’ E. Etymology. Latin adjective, natans, swimming, alluding to the unusual motile zooids characteristic of this genus and species. The species name is retained from the original designation of Hislopia natans. Description. Colonies form a diffuse, sparsely branching network composed of spindle-shaped zooids joined end to end with occasional side branches (Fig. 3 a). Zooids are flattened and attached firmly to the substratum, with mean length of 860 µm long and width of 380 µm (n = 20; SD length = 12; SD width = 4), and a length to width ratio of 2–3.5. The lophophore bears 12–14 tentacles. The simple gut consists of a narrow esophagus leading progressively to a small gizzard, a large stomach and a small distal area for the temporary storage of digested remains. The hibernaculum is shorter and broader than the standard zooid, with thickened walls and one or more dark portals marking the site of its former attachment to the colony (Fig. 3 c). Dorsolateral lobe-like extensions of certain zooids develop into nautizooids (Fig. 3 a,b) which eventually detach and swim away under the power of an extended lophophore. Remarks. There is no evidence of cyphonautes larvae in this species. Instead, it seems likely (but not yet confirmed) that nautizooids are the products of sexual reproduction, developing directly from fertilized ova in the maternal zooid. This species resembles and sometimes co-occurs with Hislopia species. Both N. natans n. comb. and Hislopia spp. produce zooids in linear series, each zooid can develop a lateral branch on either side, the entire colony is adherent to the substratum and free branches occur rarely, mostly under very crowded conditions. N. natans n. comb. and Hislopia spp. differ in the following ways: Zooid morphology: length to width ratio is 2 in N. natans n. comb.; Tentacle number: Hislopia zooids typically have 16–20 tentacles, N. natans n. comb. zooids have 12–14; Nautizooids: Natanella natans n. comb. colonies normally bear numerous nautizooids in various stages of development, especially in older parts of the colony; Hislopia has no such nautizooids and releases fertilized ova directly into the water where cyphonautes larvae develop. Distribution. This is a tropical species known so far from only five far-flung sites worldwide, including three in Thailand (Wood et al. 2010), one in Borneo (River Kinabatangan), and now one in São Paulo, Brazil. The latitudinal range extends so far from 13° N (Thailand) to 23° S (Brazil).Published as part of Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2017, New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg?, pp. 383-400 in Zootaxa 4306 (3) on pages 387-388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/84449
Plumatella jariensis Wood & Okamura 2017, n. sp.
No full text<i>Plumatella jariensis</i> n. sp. <p>(Fig. 7)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> <i>Holotype</i>: ZUEC BRY 49, colony, including statoblasts, collected 22 January 2017 by B. Okamura on submerged, uprooted tree at Jari Channel (Site 4a), 2°14'40"S; 54°50'23"W, (see Table 2).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Specific name is derived from the site name, Jari Channel.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> The colony is robust with a dark, heavily sclerotized outer cuticle. At the tip of each zooid the stiff ectocyst ends abruptly and is continued by a colorless and more flexible portion of the body wall (Figs. 7 d, e). The entire colony is firmly attached to the substratum with no free branches. However, the zooids bend outwards away from the substratum, and under crowded conditions the colony takes on a shrubby appearance.</p> <p>In floatoblasts the ventral valve is highly convex, and the dorsal valve is much less so. Separated valves are shown in Fig 7 a, and dimensions in Table 3. The entire statoblast periphery reveals a line of tiny projections from the suture (Fig. 7 b). In lateral view the dorsal and ventral valves taper at the periphery to form an acute angle (Fig. 7 c). Dorsal and ventral fenestrae are strongly tuberculated with the tubercles more widely spaced on the ventral valve. Sessoblasts have not been observed.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The minute knobs on the periphery of the floatoblast would be sufficient to place this species in the genus <i>Swarupella</i> Shrivastava, 1981. Shrivastava (1981) introduced this genus to accommodate <i>Swarupella andamanensis</i>, a species from the Andaman Islands having very small spines at the poles of the floatoblast. Two species from Thailand were further added to <i>Swarupella:</i> <i>Swarupella divina,</i> Wood, Anurakpongsatorn & Mahujchariyawong 2006 and <i>Swaruella kasartensis,</i> Wood, Anurakpongsatorn & Mahujchariyawong 2006 (Wood <i>et al.</i> 2006b), both with small processes around the entire statoblast periphery. However, it is uncertain whether the species showing this diminutive feature truly share a common ancestry that would unify them within the Family Plumatellidae. Other species in Brazil showing the same peripheral feature include <i>Stolella evelina</i> e (Marcus, 1941), <i>Stolella agilis tica</i> Marcus, 1942, and <i>Stolella iheringi</i> (Marcus, 1942) (Wood, unpublished, based on examinations of paratype specimens at the NHMUK). For now we consider a prominent suture with an irregular edge, shown in <i>P. jariensis</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, to be a useful taxonomic character with little systematic significance.</p> <p>The acute taper of dorsal and ventral valves toward the periphery (Fig 7 b) is unusual feature that contrasts with the more rounded statoblast edges found in most other plumatellids.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Unknown beyond the single site where this species was collected.</p>Published as part of <i>Wood, Timothy S. & Okamura, Beth, 2017, New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg?, pp. 383-400 in Zootaxa 4306 (3)</i> on page 392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/844490">http://zenodo.org/record/844490</a>
Halpe nuydai Murayama & Okamura 1973
No full textHalpe nuydai Murayama & Okamura, 1973 Tyô to Ga 24(1): 24. Labels: “ St Thomas /Luzon/ 2-IV-1972 /S. MURAYAMA,” “ Halpe /nuydai/ HOLOTYPE.” A male specimen was designated as the holotype by Murayama & Okamura (1973), and the specimen was retrieved in LBM (Figs. 43–45; Dried Insect Database Reg. no. 1500022031). Though Murayama & Okamura (1973) claimed that the genitalia of nuydai resembled that of Thoressa horishana (Matsumura, 1910) from Taiwan, they somehow classified nuydai in the genus Halpe Moore, 1878. The taxon was synonymized by Kawazoé (1973), and we follow his treatment. Halpe nuydai Murayama & Okamura, 1973 is a junior subjective synonym of Thoressa justini Inoué & Kawazoé, 1969.Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Liang, Jia-Yuan, Wang, Shou-Ming, Shen, Zong-Yu & Hsu, Yu-Feng, 2020, The types of skippers described by Shu-Iti Murayama (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 280-290 in Zootaxa 4801 (2) on pages 287-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4801.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/399095
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