9 research outputs found
Slip-flow irreversibility of dissipative kinetic and internal energy exchange in microchannels
No full textThe mechanisms of near-wall velocity slip and their effects on energy conversion of fluid motion in microchannels are investigated. Unlike large-scale channels with no-slip boundary conditions, this paper predicts how streamwise temperature gradients and transverse velocity gradients contribute to velocity slip during intermolecular interactions near a microchannel wall. A numerical formulation is developed with a mass-weighted convection scheme (called NISUS; non-inverted skew upwind scheme) in a SIMPLEC finite volume method. The new convection scheme provides accurate upstream interpolation of convection variables, including robust pressure/velocity coupling near the slip-flow boundary. Numerical predictions of entropy production characterize the near-wall dissipation of kinetic energy. Effects of varying pressure ratios, accommodation coefficients, flow rates and channel aspect ratios are presented for nitrogen gas flows between Re = 0.001 and 0.003. This paper gives new insight regarding dissipative kinetic and internal energy exchange in microchannels, due to slip-flow behavior
Tri-quadratic skew upwind scheme for scalar advection in a control-volume-based finite element method
No full textThis paper develops a new tri-quadratic non-inverted skew upwind scheme (NISUS) for additional refinement of nodal integration points in numerical advection–diffusion of scalar transport. Using a control-volume-based finite element method, the performance of the eight-noded hexahedral formulation is compared with tri-quadratic hexahedral elements (27-noded hexahedral). As an extension of the NISUS formulation developed with eight-noded hexahedral elements, the new 27-noded hexahedral version uses isoparametric shape functions and integration point interpolation. The proposed method is applied to three cases of advection–diffusion of heat transfer and energy transport, including radial heat flow in a rotating hollow sphere, advection–diffusion in a cubical cavity, and combined advection/diffusion in an inlet/outlet tank. Performance improvement of the two versions of NISUS in terms of speed, accuracy, and stability are presented as a comparative assessment for the design of energy conversion systems
Treatment outcome and prognostic indices in patients with hyperglycemic emergencies
No full textIU Ezeani,1 A Eregie,2 OS Ogedengbe21Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; 2Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, NigeriaObjective: The objective of this study is to assess the treatment outcomes in patients with hyperglycemic emergencies and to ascertain the factors associated with outcome, with emphasis on the determinants of outcome.Method: A total of 105 patients admitted to the Accident and Emergency unit, who fulfilled the criteria for hyperglycemic emergencies, were selected. The information extracted included sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as hospitalization outcome.Results: Of the 105 subjects that participated in the study, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state (HHNK) was seen in 50% (53) of the subjects, while diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was seen in 31% (29), normo-osmolar nonketotic hyperglycemic state (NNHS) in 12% (13), and mixed hyperglycemic emergency in 7% (10) of the subjects. The overall mortality rate in this study was 4.8%. Three deaths were recorded in patients with HHNK, while DKA and NNHS each had one death. Three of the deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of admission while the other two were more than 24 hours after admission. The mean (standard deviation) total duration of hospital stay was 24.2 days (SD), and the range of stay was 0.5–88 days.Conclusion: The most common type of hyperglycemic emergency seen in this study was HHNK. Also, the presence of infection, and sex of the study subject, were significant determinants of outcome in this study.Keywords: hyperglycemia, emergency, diabetes mellitus, insuli
Evaluating the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular risk in persons with metabolic syndrome using the UKPDS risk engine
No full textO Stephen Ogedengbe,1 Ignatius U Ezeani,2 Ijezie I Chukwuonye,3 Ndukaife Anyabolu,4,5 Ikemefuna I Ozor,6 Aihanuwa Eregie1 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, 2Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Center, Umuahia, 3Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Center, Umuahia, 4Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, 5Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, 6Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, NigeriaBackground: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of coexistence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the estimated cardiovascular risk as calculated using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study risk engine (UKPDS-RE) and also to determine the impact of the coexistence of MS and T2DM on the 10-year risk of developing coronary heart disease and stroke.Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study in which convenience sampling technique was used to recruit 124 consecutive persons with T2DM and 96 controls using a questionnaire administered technique. The World Health Organization (WHO) criterion was used to define MS and the UKPDS-RE was used to identify persons with increased risk for stroke and those with increased risk for coronary heart disease. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Statistical comparisons were made with chi-square for comparison of proportions. A P-value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results: Fifteen subjects were identified as having an increased 10-year risk for stroke and ten as having an increased risk for a coronary event. The odds of a T2DM subject with MS having an increased risk for stroke compared with a T2DM subject without MS was 0.9579≈1 while the odds of a T2DM subject with MS developing an increased risk for a coronary event compared with a T2DM subject without MS was =3.451≈3.Conclusion: MS was more common in subjects with T2DM compared with controls (irrespective of the diagnostic criteria used) and MS appears to increase the risk of a coronary event in subjects with T2DM by threefold. Also from this study, MS did not appear to cause an additional increase in the risk of stroke in subjects with T2DM.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, UKPDS risk engin
Whole-brain annotation and multi-connectome cell typing of Drosophila
No full textThe fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a key model organism in neuroscience, in large part due to the concentration of collaboratively generated molecular, genetic and digital resources available for it. Here we complement the approximately 140,000 neuron FlyWire whole-brain connectome1 with a systematic and hierarchical annotation of neuronal classes, cell types and developmental units (hemilineages). Of 8,453 annotated cell types, 3,643 were previously proposed in the partial hemibrain connectome2, and 4,581 are new types, mostly from brain regions outside the hemibrain subvolume. Although nearly all hemibrain neurons could be matched morphologically in FlyWire, about one-third of cell types proposed for the hemibrain could not be reliably reidentified. We therefore propose a new definition of cell type as groups of cells that are each quantitatively more similar to cells in a different brain than to any other cell in the same brain, and wevalidate this definition through joint analysis of FlyWire and hemibrain connectomes. Further analysis defined simple heuristics for the reliability of connections between brains, revealed broad stereotypy and occasional variability in neuron count and connectivity, and provided evidence for functional homeostasis in the mushroom body through adjustments of the absolute amount of excitatory input while maintaining the excitation/inhibition ratio. Our work defines a consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain and provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchain for brain-scale comparative connectomics. © The Author(s) 2024.TRUEsciescopu
Assessment of Lean Practices in Small and Medium Garment Manufacturing Companies in South-Western Nigeria
No full text[EN] The Nigerian garment industry has significantly contributed to the Gross Domestic Product of the country. However, this multibillion naira, small and medium scale enterprises have a higher potential to generate huge revenue, provided lean manufacturing concepts are adopted. In this study, the awareness level and the adoption of lean concepts were assessed using a survey technique. In the survey, 40 complete responses were received by administering 60 copies of a structured questionnaire based on five-point Likert scale. By analyzing the responses using descriptive statistics and mean item score, it was deduced that teamwork is the most predominant lean concept that is currently been practiced in the South-Western Nigeria garment industry with the highest mean score of 3.63. Just-in-time supply, workforce commitment, daily schedule and product design have witnessed the influence of the implementation of lean practices. In the garment industry, the practice of the few lean concepts resulted in a significant improvement in the quality of the garments produced. However, a lack of understanding on how to implement the lean concepts has been a major barrier in this industry. Hence, comprehensive trainings, seminars and workshops for the key players in the industry are proposed to increase the knowledge and adoption of lean concepts.Bamisaye, OS.; Oroye, OA.; Farayibi, PK.; Adeitan, AD.; Agbo, S. (2023). Assessment of Lean Practices in Small and Medium Garment Manufacturing Companies in South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering. 4(2):87-96. https://doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2023.18999OJS879642Abioye, T.E., & Bello, E.I. (2012). A review of awareness and implementation of lean manufacturing within Nigerian smallscale manufacturing companies. Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation, 2, 374-38.Achanga, P., Shehab, E., Roy, R., & Nelder, G. (2006). 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A New Form of Authoritarianism? Rethinking Military Politics in Post-1999 Nigeria
No full textDespite the vast research that has been done on the Nigerian military, virtually all of these studies have failed to critically examine the accepted role of the military in the democratising phase. This is important because the relationship between the political elite and the military in post-military authoritarian states guarantees either democratic consolidation, or its reversal. In Nigeria, despite an appearance of significant progress in subordinating the military institution to democratic civilian authority, the military remains a crucial political actor in the polity. It appears that the military has yet to accept the core democratic principles of civilian oversight of the institution. This thesis, therefore, explores whether a new form of military authoritarianism is emerging in Nigeria, with the aim of understanding Nigeria’s military behaviour in a transitional phase, from prolonged military authoritarianism to democratisation. To examine this military behaviour, Alfred Stepan’s concept of military prerogatives that was used to understand the military’s behaviour in a transitional phase in Latin America is applied to Nigeria.
A crucial understanding of authoritarianism in Nigeria is initially discussed in this study using mainly document analysis strategy to examine whether multi-ethnic states, such as Nigeria, tend to have authoritarian systems. Six hypotheses form the core analysis of this thesis: first, that the military has retained significant military prerogatives; second, that retired military officers are gaining influential political and economic positions; third, autonomous military involvement in human rights abuses since 1999; and fourth, that civilian government oversight remains weak, and facilitates military authoritarianism. These hypotheses are primarily analysed using the elite interview technique. During the first half of 2011, the author conducted field research where serving and retired military officers were interviewed. The fifth hypothesis is that the military has intervened in politics post-1999. The examination of this hypothesis relies primarily on key security-related media reports (mostly newspaper editorials) on the military after 1999. The examination of the final hypothesis, that increases in military expenditures might facilitate a new form of military authoritarianism, relies primarily on descriptive statistical analysis. In addition, this study collated relevant historical materials that relate to the military, utilising national archival collections.
The empirical findings of this research did not identify a new form of military authoritarianism in Nigeria. The study, however, argues that the unrestricted institutional framework accorded the military has contributed significantly to authoritarian practices in the post-military era in Nigeria. This study discovered that there were similarities between the Brazilian and Nigerian militaries in regard to their military spending during their period in power. Both countries had lower defence budgets. Just as in Brazil, it appears that part of the reason the Nigerian military decided to relinquish power in 1999 had to do with its desire to gain a higher budget, something that was precluded in a military government struggling to retain a sense of legitimacy. The military needed a higher budget to modernise and re-professionalise its institution after more than a decade in power. This feature, which the Nigerian military shares with the Brazilian military, appears to justify the application to Nigeria of Alfred Stepan’s concept of military prerogatives.
Analysis of biological relationships in the hemoparasitechelonian model in Colombia
No full textilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, mapas, tablasAlgunos géneros de parásitos del suborden Adeleorina infectan usualmente hospederos intermediarios como las tortugas. Sin embargo, el conocimiento que se tiene acerca de las especies de parásitos que infectan estos hospederos es escasa. En la literatura, para la identificación de parásitos de este suborden se usan herramientas morfológicas, morfométricas y técnicas moleculares; principalmente información del gen 18S rDNA. Sin embargo, el uso de este gen tiene varias deficiencias. Para incrementar el conocimiento de los parásitos que infectan quelonios, así como en las técnicas moleculares para investigación en diversidad, este estudio tuvo como objetivos: 1) identificar la diversidad genética de linajes de parásitos aislados mediante amplificación distintos genes, 2) Integrar líneas de evidencia tanto morfológica como molecular para la identificación de unidades linajes evolutivos desconocidos y 3) diseñar herramientas alternativas para el diagnóstico e identificación de estos parásitos mediante la implementación de nuevos marcadores moleculares que han sido poco explorados en organismos de este suborden.
Para alcanzar estos objetivos se obtuvieron y analizaron muestras sanguíneas de 457 individuos pertenecientes a 16 de las 29 especies de tortugas continentales presentes en Colombia. Todas las muestras fueron analizadas por métodos moleculares y 203 de estas muestras también fueron analizadas por microscopia. Como resultado de los analisis se pudo describir una nueva especie de Hepatozoon (Hepatozoon simidi sp. nov) en Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Geoemyidide) basados en información acerca de la morfología de los estadios sanguíneos y secuencias de un fragmento del gen 18S. También se diseñaron nuevos sets de primers para los genes mitocondriales citocromo oxidasa I (coxI), citocromo oxidasa III (coxIII) y citocromo b (cytb) basados en la secuenciación genómica del parásito obtenido de una muestra tomada de Podocnemis vogli (Podocnmeididae). Se aislaron por lo menos 30 linajes diferentes de cada gen analizado, demostrando una alta diversidad genética de parásitos en estos hospederos. Sin embargo, los índices de diversidad evaluados demuestran que aún se desconoce la diversidad real de linajes parasitarios en estos hospederos. Adicionalmente, los resultados también evidenciaron varios procesos como heteroplasmía y/o especiación críptica, están afectando la identificación y caracterización de la diversidad de parásitos. Este estudio constituye el comienzo de una interesante e importante área de investigación. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Some genera of parasites of the suborder Adeleorina usually infect intermediate hosts such as turtles. However, little is known about the diversity of parasites that infect these hosts. In the literature, for the identification of parasites of this suborder, morphological and morphometric tools as well as molecular techniques are used; mainly information from the 18S rDNA gene. However, the use of this gene has several shortfalls. To increase the knowledge on parasites infecting chelonians and the knowledge on different molecular markers that can offer more inflrmation for diversity reseach, this study had the following goals: 1) to identify the genetic diversity of isolated parasite lineages using the amplification of different genes, 2) to integrate morphological and molecular evidence for the identification of unknown evolutionary lineages, and 3) to design alternative tools for the diagnosis and identification of these parasites through the implementation of new molecular markers that have been little explored in organisms of this suborder and that are infecting turtles in Colombia. To reach those goals, a total of 457 blood smples of individuals belonging to 16 of the 29 species of continental turtles in Colombia were obtained and analyzed. All samples were analyzed by molecular methods and 203 of these samples were also analyzed by microscopy. As results of the performed analyses, a new species of Hepatozoon (Hepatozoon simidi sp. nov) was described infecting Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Geoemydidae) based on the integration of morphological information of the blood stages and the sequences of a fragment of the 18S gene. New sets of primers for the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (coxI), cytochrome oxidase III (coxIII) and cytochrome b (cytb) were designed based on the genomic sequencing of a sample from a parasite that had infected a Podocnemis vogli (Podocnemididae) individual. At least 30 different lineages were isolated from each gene analyzed, evidencing a high genetic diversity of parasites in these hosts. However, diversity indexes evaluated showed that the real diversity of parasitic lineages in these hosts is still unknown. Aditionally, the results also evidenced several phenomena such as heteroplasmy and /or criptic speciation, which are affecting the identification and characterization of the diversity of parasites. This study represents the beggining of an interesting and important field of research.MaestríaMagister en Infecciones y salud en el TrópicoParasitología y Biología molecular en reptile
