1,721,249 research outputs found
Donor management and organ procurement
No full textDescription of current techniques for donor management and organ procurement in heart transplantatio
Adenosine-lidocaine-magnesium non-depolarizing cardioplegia: Moving forward from bench to bedside. Reply to Vinten-Johansen.
No full textAdenosine-lidocaine-magnesium non-depolarizing cardioplegia: Moving forward from bench to bedside. Reply to Vinten-Johansen
Eye-tracking e reazioni psicofisiologiche combinate con opinioni espresse in merito a spot pubblicitari
No full textOggi le tecniche che studiano il comportamento dei consumatori possono avvantaggiarsi di tecniche neuroscientifiche (Knutson et al., 2005). Per questa ragione alcuni ricercatori hanno iniziato a parlare di un nuovo campo di studi definito come “Neuromarketing” (Lee et al., 2007).
Sebbene questo sia un campo promettente, ci sono ancora molti fattori da definire riguardo la possibilità di applicare tecniche di immagine usate nel campo delle neuroscienze, fattori che hanno già avviato un dibattito all’interno della comunità scientifica (Ariely et al., 2010). Per esempio, la definizione dei pattern psico-fisiologici che correlano con le emozioni (Rainville et al., 2006), poiché le emozioni hanno un ruolo rilevante nelle scelte di acquisto (Mano, 1999). Un altro punto da definire riguarda anche i pattern psicofisiologici legati al decision making, altro campo di studi in espansione (Knutson et al., 2007).
Altri fattori che richiedono ulteriori definizioni metodologiche riguardano la capacità statistica e bio-ingegneristica di inferire informazioni, a partire da dati psicofisiologici (Picard, 1997), in grado di indicare il livello di piacevolezza e di gradimento di uno stimolo o di una certa esperienza senza obbligare il soggetto a rispondere a delle domande in merito; in altre parole, una “opinione psicofisiologica” dello stimolo o dell’esperienza percepita. Ricerche precedenti di questo tipo hanno studiato le emozioni grazie alla combinazione di categorie definite “Attivazione” (Arousal) e Valenza (Valence) (Lang, 1995).) e attraverso studi sul coinvolgimento o “Flow”, frutto dell’interazione di processi emotivi, attentivi e mnestici (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; De Manzano et al., 2000; Mauri et al., 2010).
Al fine di aggiungere dati sperimentali riguardo questi temi, in questo studio abbiamo esposto 30 studenti IULM ad un paio di spot pubblicitari sulla stessa tipologia di prodotto dopo averli invitati a presentarsi presso i laboratori sperimentali dell’Università IULM di Milano. Durante l’esposizione i seguenti indici psico-fisiologici sono stati monitorati: Elettroencefalografia dei lobi frontali, Elettromiografia dei muscoli facciali “Corrugator Supercilii”, la sudorazione dei palmi delle mani, la variabilità cardiaca attraverso un sensore fotopletismografico sulla punta di un dito della mano non dominante, e il ritmo respiratorio attraverso un sensore collocato sul petto. L’acquisizione di tutti gli indici è stata sincronizzata attraverso un opportuno protocollo (Cipresso et al., 2010) con una apparecchiatura Eye-tracking per tracciare il movimento dello sguardo sullo schermo del pc e per monitorare la dilatazione della pupilla, ulteriore indicatore psico-fisiologico dello stato emotivo dei soggetti.
I due spot pubblicitari sono stati presentati a random per 30 secondi sullo schermo di un computer. Dopo ciascuno spot, ai soggetti è stato chiesto di esprimere il proprio giudizio di gradimento dello spot stesso su una scala compresa tra 0 (non mi è piaciuto per niente) e 100 (mi è piaciuto tantissimo).
Nelle nostre analisi preliminari si cerca di combinare i risultati emersi dai giudizi con le reazioni psico-fisiologiche e con i tracciamento dello sguardo al fine di valutare l’impatto sortito dai due spot pubblicitari.
I primi risultati emersi dalle registrazioni psicofisiologiche e eye-tracking possono fornire informazioni utili riguardo il livello di gradimento e le intenzioni di acquisto da una parte e il livello di coinvolgimento o “Flow” durante l’esposizione ai due spot pubblicitari dall’altr
Commentary: The quest for the holy grail continues: Is levosimendan the best choice to support patients with cardiomyopathy requiring cardiac surgery?
No full textThere is no much evidence on the use of levosimendan in cardiac surgery in terms of survival advantage after surger
Troponin I after Cardiac Surgery and 30-Day Mortality
No full textDevereaux et al. corroborate the independent negative prognostic effect of increased levels of cardiac troponin I after cardiac surgery,1 reinforcing the notion derived from a meta-analysis of earlier studies2 that the predictive thresholds of 5670 ng per liter after coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) and aortic-valve replacement or repair and of 12,981 ng per liter after other cardiac surgery are much higher than the cut-off points endorsed in guidelines3 and provide sufficient prognostic information for identifying those patients with levels below these thresholds for whom there is a low likelihood of a complicated course. Although the authors were unable to differentiate ischemic myocardial damage from procedural injury, it is well recognized that levels of cardiac troponin I increase almost universally after cardiac surgery, and the magnitude of this increase varies depending on the surgical procedure performed and the anesthesia and cardioplegia used.1,4 We believe that their data beg the question of what is now the truly abnormal value of cardiac troponin I after cardiac surgery, because they have moved the threshold bar to particularly high values, thereby suggesting that caution has to be paid as to the clinical judgment used when integrating the variable elevated cardiac troponin I levels into the complex puzzle of other known powerful independent predictors of worse postoperative outcome.
Should We Discontinue Intraaortic Balloon During Cardioplegic Arrest? Our Old But Still Open Question
No full text[abstract not available
Reply: Redefining the durability of bioprostheses in the era of a "biological lifelong strategy": Is it time to reach a consensus?
No full textRedefining the durability of bioprostheses in the era of a “biological lifelong strategy”: Is it time to reach a consensus
Eye-tracking recordings and psychophysiological reactions versus expressed opinions about advertising spots
No full textNowadays the tools that can study consumers’ behaviour might take advantage of neuroscientific techniques (Knutson et al., 2005). This is the reason why some researchers started to propose a new field, Neuromarketing.
Although this is a promising field, there are still many issues about the use and the application of neuroscientific findings, methods and technologies that are still debated in the scientific community (Ariely et al., 2010). For instance, the uncovering of the links between affective states and biological correlates (Rainville et al., 2006), since emotions are significant in purchase intentions (Mano, 1999). Another issue is the uncovering of the links between decision making and biological predictors (Knutson et al., 2007).
Another hot topic is also related to the ability to extract information from biological data aimed to indicate the amount of pleasantness of the stimulus without asking subjects to answer some questions about it; in a few words, a “psychophysiological opinion” of perceived stimulus or experience, that in the field of psychophysiology has been named Valence (Lang, 1995). Although about these issues there are many new research groups, for instance the Affective Computing Group (Picard, 1997), it is not clear yet how to apply these research findings and methods in practice.
Last but not least, the implementation of non-invasive, wearable and wireless sensors might allow in future the possibility to infer from biological and psychophysiological data the level of engagement or Flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; De Manzano et al., 2000; Mauri et al., 2010), a potential measure of the level of consumers’ attention dedicated to products or services, not only in experimental environment within labs or in front of a computer, but also in real world situations. This possibility might represent an interesting and innovative area in consumer researches aside traditional ones.
In order to add empirical data about these topics, in this study we showed 30 IULM students a couple of advertising spots. They were asked to come at our Lab and sit in front of a computer while their psychophysiological reactions were recorded with non-invasive sensors: namely, EEG of the frontal lobes, EMG of Corrugator Supercilii muscle, Galvanic Skin Response from the palms, Heart Rate Variability from a Photoplethysmograph on a finger and Respiration from a chest belt. The recording device was synchronized with an eye-tracker system, in order to get pupil dilation, as an additional contactless indicator of emotional reactions, and the tracking of subjects’ gaze pointing on the PC screen.
The 2 advertising spots were randomly presented for 30 seconds on a PC screen. After each spot, subjects were asked to express their level of liking of the adv spot on a scale between 0 (I don’t like it at all) and 10 (I like it very much). Since we were recording EEG and EMG signals from the frontal lobes, prone to motor artefacts, subjects were previously trained in simply using the pointing of their gaze to “point” their level of liking on a picture showing for 5 seconds an horizontal bar, from extreme left (I don’t like it at all) to extreme right (I like it very much). Subjects were asked to choose a point within the bar and fix their gaze on it in order to express their judgements. With the same ratio, a second item about their opinion was related to express in what extend they would be available in buying the product presented in the spot. A second picture showing an horizontal bar was then presented for other 5 seconds, and subjects used again their gaze pointing to express their judgements.
In our analyses we attempt to combine the results provided by the two items presented above with the psychophysiological reactions and with the eye-tracking recordings, in order to evaluate the actual reactions of subjects versus their expressed opinions about their level of liking and their level of purchase intentions.
The first analysis revealed how the combinations of different physiological signals coupled with eye-tracking recordings might provide information about on one side the level of pleasantness and about the purchase intentions; on the other side, the level of engagement or Flow during the exposure to the 2 adv spots, enabling to rank the 2 adv spots as more or less engaging according to psychophysiological and eye-tracking data
Psychophysiological and Eye-Tracking recordings while watching brand flyers: a Neuromarketing experiment
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