24 research outputs found
To the memory of Rustem Makhmutovich Nureev: review of works on economic theory, sectoral economy management and other directions
Get PDFObjective: to review the scientific contribution of Rustem Makhmutovich Nureyev to the Russian economics; to determine the best practices and life position of R. M. Nureyev which enabled him to leave a deep mark in economics.Methods: retrospective scientific-bibliographic analysis, abstract-logical, monographic methods.Results: the main results of Rustem Makhmutovich Nureyev’s scientific activity were listed; the most significant works were described that allowed him, in the authors’ opinion, to receive all-Russian and world recognition. The works are conditionally divided into two groups: popular works in the field of economic theory and modern significant works.Scientific novelty: the main stages and achievements of Rustem Makhmutovich Nureyev’s scientific activity are noted, as well as the impressions of the authors formed in the process of working with him.Practical significance: the review will help to get acquainted with the scientific contribution of R. M. Nureyev to the Russian science
Theory of Cycles of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky: View from the XXI Century
Get PDFThe paper is devoted to the theory of cycles of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, the scientific premises for the concept’s formation, the main stages of its development and the historical fate of Tugan-Baranovsky’s doctrine and its role in the advancement of the idea of long-wave economic dynamics. In the first phase (from 1847 to 1894), scientists have tried to figure out the causes of economic crises. The concepts of S. J. Loyd, W. S. Jevons, C. Juglar, E. Laveleye, S. Sismondi, K. Marx and F. Engels are investigated.
The second stage (from 1894 to 1919) is linked with the name of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky. Three lifetime editions of his master's thesis are analyzed, the relationship between simple commodity production and capitalist economy is shown. The advantages and disadvantages of the reproduction schemes of M. I. Tugan-Baranowsky, as well as the reasons for the success of his theory of cycles are described.
The third stage (from 1922) in the development of the cycle theory is associated with the name of N. D. Kondratiev who was the student of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky.
He created the theory of long-wave cycles conditions. The paper details the contribution of Joseph A. Schumpeter, who tried to link the short-term, medium-term and long-term fluctuations in market conditions. In 1910-1940 years the questions of understanding the nature of innovation, their role in the development of society and the link between innovation and long conjuncture cycles come to the fore. The period 1940-1970 characterized by increasing the role of macro-economic analysis in the study of the cycles theory. The present time is characterized by the cycle theories which can be described as the alternative approach: institutionalism, evolutionary economics, management (innovation management)
"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" J. M. Keynes: Background, Methodology and Specific Interpretations
No full textThe paper was prepared for the 80-th anniversary of publishing of John Maynard Keynes’ “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. It discusses the stages of the economist’s life, the main books written prior to "The General Theory ...". Particular attention is devoted to the development issues of the monetary policy in the works of "Indian Currency and Finance", ”A Tract on Monetary Reform” and "A Treatise on Money". A special section is dedicated to the analysis of Keynes’ methodology, its logic and structure, influenced by John. E. Moore. The paper reveals the unity and the difference in approaches of A. Marshall and John M. Keynes, and explores new categories of behavioral economics and marginal analysis, which established the success of "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", shows the value of Keynes's theory for the further development of macroeconomics.
Particular attention is paid to the popularization of Keynes's ideas from the initial interpretations of "The General Theory ..." to the neoclassical synthesis and further to neo-Keynesianism and post-Keynesianism. The paper studies the unity and the distinction between Hicks’ and American Keynesianism. Hicksian assumptions of a savings-investment function have determined the features of the IS-LM model. The contributions to the development of Keynesianism A. Hansen and P. A. Samuelson are also shown, as well as the history of the "Keynesian Cross". A comparative analysis of the neoclassical and Keynesian models of general economic equilibrium is given and analyzes the institutional reasons explaining differences between neoclassical and Keynesian paradigms.
A special section is devoted to the Keynesian theory of growth, showing unity and difference of R. Harrod and E. Domar models, along with their impact on the creation of Development Economics. Simplified understanding of Keynes's legacy has caused the emergence of unorthodox Keynesianism. The paper focuses on the contributions of R. Clower and A. Leijonhufvud to grasping the role of uncertainty and expectations in the original concepts of Keynes and his contributions to the study of disequilibrium economy. Finally, we investigate the contribution of post-Keynesians (J. V. Robinson, P. Sraffa and N. Kaldor), the rise and the fall of the Phillips curve, as well as the criticism of the Keynesian doctrine given by the monetarists, adherents of supply-side economics, new classical economics, the theory of rational expectations and the public choice
Doctrine of "Fair Price” by Thomas Aquinas: background, laws of development and specific interpretation
No full textThe paper is dedicated premises of origin and patterns of development of the doctrine of “fair price” Aquinas. Showing contradictions exchange of agricultural products to urban goods and services, resulting in a developed feudalism. For agricultural products incoming to the city market, the situation was characterized as the free competition, while medieval guild tried to create a monopoly conditions for the production and sale of its products, which objectively leads to distortion of prices. Under these conditions, the development of the problem of "fair price" becomes extremely important. The paper shows how scholasticism using theological methodology, trying to solve this problem.
Greed condemned, was considered evil and sin of avarice considered the source of all evils. This tradition goes back to the interpretation of the Gospel of Matthew John Chrysostom. Alexander Halensis one of the first attempted rehabilitation of commercial activities and even tried to criticize the position of the Pseudo-Chrysostom that the merchant is not pleasing to God. In the "sum of all theology" Alexander Halensis wrote that moral qualities profits depend on the circumstances of 6:
1. From the person selling (which allowed the laity, the monks are not allowed);
2. His intentions (satisfaction or desire for profit);
3. The method of sale (by fair means or fraud);
4. Time of trade (on weekdays or holidays, designed for prayer or service of God);
5. Selling place (in the market or in holy places);
6. Relationship to the buyers (which is expressed in the level - excessive or normal - the selling price).
Analyzes the rationale arguments to grounding the doctrine of "fair price", show the evolution of the concept during XII - XIV centuries, as well as its relationship with the teachings of the scholastics on the percentage. The paper deals with various estimates of the concept of "fair value" of Thomas Aquinas, resulting in the history of economic thought. Critically analyzed the "contribution" of Thomas Aquinas in the development of the labor theory of value. Such an ambiguous approach to a "fair" price led to what some researchers considered the forerunner of Thomas Aquinas, the cost of labor history: I. M. Kulisher (1906), R. H. Tawney (1926), J.-B. Kraus (1930), S. Hagenauer (1931), A. Fanfani (1935), O.V. Trachtenberg (1957), Y. Mike. (1994) - and others have tried to try on his views with utility theory (since it appeared demand Aquinas had to implement trade) trying to try two beginnings consumer and labor: H. Contzen (1869), E. Schreiber (1913), O. Scbilling (1923), R. De Roover (1958), R. M. Nureev (2005). Therefore, in the second half of the XX century, many researchers refuse to consider a "fair price" as the basis of cost, and steel is identified with its current market price: A. Sapori (1955), J. T. Noonan (1957), L. W. Baldwin (1959), Dr. T. Stetsyura (2010). The paper analyzes the arguments "pro" and "contra" in favor of each of these approaches
"Capital" by K. Marx vs. "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" by V. I. Lenin: Similarities and Differences
No full textThe article is devoted to studying the works of Karl Marx in Imperial Russia. Examines the background and reasons for the rapid spread of Marxism in the country, the second echelon of capitalism. The publication of the works of Marx extended for 100 years, and understanding began only at the end of the period of socialism. The insensitive perception of Marx's economic heritage, the absolutization of separate published works at different periods of development, their analysis in isolation from other works of the founder of Marxism led to a certain simplification and vulgarization of his views in the social-democratic literature of the late XIX-early XX century. The work of the Russian Marxists was no exception. An important feature of Russian economic thought was that it perceived the advanced achievements of its Western counterparts in conditions of catching up development. Hence the desire not only (and often not so much) to set out the main questions of the theory, how much to try to apply them to Russian reality. Particular attention is paid in the article to the analysis of V.I. Lenin's works, his role as a popularizer and vulgarizer of Marx is shown, factors that contribute to the Russification and orientation of Marxism are investigated. The spread of Marxism in the Russian Empire "breadth" occurred to a much greater extent than is allowed domestic economic, social and cultural conditions. But the same Russian reality has become obstacle to the spread of Marxism in Russia, "depth", for its development in an integrated and adequate primary source form. In conclusion, analyzes the causes of increasing interest to the academic Marxism, both in our country and abroad
Домохозяйства постсоветской России (институциональный анализ): 20 лет спустя
No full textThe article discusses the development of views on households in neoclassical,
Keynesian and institutional literature. It shows the advantages and disadvantages of
each of these approaches. Neoclassicists do not distinguish between individuals and
households. Keynesianism analyzed the investment and savings function of households,
showed its role in the revenue and expenditure cycle. However, it did not rise to genuine
political economy, since it failed to show the behavior of the main social groups and
their inherent interests. Institutional economic theory takes a step forward by showing
the dependence of households on the social environment. However, real households are
limited in collecting and processing information. Moreover, given the differentiation of
households, they possess these funds to varying degrees.
The population explosion in developing countries has exacerbated the problem of poverty
and has drawn attention to household economies, whose life expectancy has increased
in Asia, Africa and Latin America as a result of a sharp reduction in mortality and an
increase in life expectancy.
A special section is devoted to the institutional change of households in post-Soviet
Russia. It shows what succeeded and failed to achieve over the past thirty yearsВ статье рассматривается развитие взглядов на домохозяйства в
неоклассической, кейнсианской и институциональной литературе. Показываются
достоинства и недостатки каждого из этих подходов. Неоклассики не проводят
различия между индивидами и домашними хозяйствами. Кейнсианство
проанализировало инвестиционно-сберегательную функцию домашних хозяйств,
показало ее роль в кругообороте доходов и расходов. Однако оно не поднялось до
подлинной политической экономии, поскольку не сумело показать особенности
поведения основных социальных групп и присущих им интересов. Шаг вперед
делает институциональная экономическая теория, показывая зависимость домашних
хозяйств от социальной среды. Однако реальные домохозяйства ограничены в
сборе и обработке информации. Тем более в условии дифференциации домашних
хозяйств они обладают этими средствами в разной степени.
Демографический взрыв в развивающихся странах обострил проблему бедности
и привлек внимание к экономике домашних хозяйств, продолжительность жизни
которых увеличилась в странах Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки в результате
резкого сокращения смертности и увеличения продолжительности жизни
населения.
Специальный раздел посвящен институциональному изменению домашних
хозяйств в постсоветской России. Показывается, чего удалось и чего не удалось
достичь за последние тридцать ле
"Capital" by K. Marx vs. "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" by V. I. Lenin: Similarities and Differences
No full textEconomic Sanctions as a Factor of Modernizing of Russian Defense Industry Complex
No full textThe article is devoted to the analysis of the defense-industrial complex (DIC) of Russia in the conditions of economic sanctions. And although the center was the oil and gas industry, as well as the banking sector, economic sanctions against Russia affected the DCI. They touched first of all on such large Russian defense concerns as air defense "Almaz- Antey", "Sirius", "Stankoinstroment", "Kalashnikov", "Tula Arms Factory", NGO "Oriental Complexes", as well as "Dobrolyte". The prohibition of debt financing has affected such major enterprises of the defense industry as "Uralvagonzavod", "Oboronprom", "United Aircraft Corporation". The article shows, in general, the favorable impact of sanctions on the industry. At the end of 2016, Russia took the second place in world arms exports with a share of 23%, the US became the leader – their share was 33%. But the structure of the share capital in the defense industry companies is completely different if we compare these two countries: in the US, private companies dominate the market, in Russia – the largest enterprises are owned by the state. In the course of the analysis, it turned out that Russian defense industry enterprises are unprofitable or unprofitable, they do not have stability in financial performance, since they are highly dependent on government spending. To improve the current situation in this sector, it is advisable for the state to modernize the military-industrial complex companies in order to enhance the role of market mechanisms that will stimulate R & D, as under modern conditions of competition in any market, innovations represent an exclusive advantage for enterprise prosperity
Economic Sanctions of the West and Russian Anti-sanctions: Success or a Failure?
No full textThe main objective of the work is the analysis of the consequences for Russian economy from the imposition of sanctions by Western countries. The paper discusses issues related to the effectiveness of the sanctions on South Africa, Iraq, and Haiti; the work presents the consequences of imposition of sanctions for Russian economy as a whole, as well as highlight the impact of the introduction of anti-Russian and Russian sanctions on two sectors: banking and food industry. The first was chosen because it is an indicator of what is happening in the economy since a funding stream from the west has been blocked. As for the food industry - it is expected that the introduction of the embargo of the product will allow Russian companies to realize their potential and lead to the development of this sector. The imposition of sanctions, the fall of the ruble, as well as the decline in oil prices had a negative impact on Russian economy and the continuation of the current situation can greatly slow down its development in the future. According to our analysis we can draw the following conclusions: the banking sector came under several attacks at once (the prohibition of monetary financing from the west, the growth of past due accounts, the policy of the Central Bank). The food sector has potential for growth, but there is a lack of clear boundaries for the period of sanctions (which does not allow companies to invest in the development of food industry considerable sums), and declining purchasing power due to a significant increase in inflation for the past 2 years. The imposition of sanctions, the fall of the ruble, as well as the decline in oil prices had a negative impact on the Russian economy and the preservation of the current situation in the international arena can greatly slow down its development in the future
Economic Sanctions Against Russia: Short and Medium Term Consequences for the Oil and Gas Industry
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