40 research outputs found
Short communication: Guttation of oat and wheat and the results of its comparison with the yield
No full textSaabunud / Received 14.10.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 05.04.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 05.04.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Edvin Nugis; [email protected] present paper aims to give an overview of results
collected in the Estonian Crop Research Institute related to the
comparison between guttation and yield in grain crop cereals. The
objects of research were oat variety 'Eugen' and wheat 'Manu', which
went through the stages of germinating their seeds (in vitro), set them
by sprouts down into the soil, and the emergence of sprouts under
conditions of a hydrothermostat. Since transpiration in a hydrother-
mostat at an air temperature of 23 °C, and an extremely high value of air
relative humidity was limited, therefore, due to this, the plant sprouts
have begun to exude guttation fluid. As result, we have found that the
amount of isolated gutted fluid correlates significantly with the grain
yields of field trials indicators. The comparison between relative
guttation and relative yield was described by a straightforward
relationship. The entire experiment took about one week, and the first
results of droplet prints on filter paper can be obtained after 60 hours.
This was the novelty of our approach which provides the prerequisites
for both increasing the reliability of conclusions regarding the yield
obtained and with forecast
Optimization of options for differential application of nitrogen fertilizers in the precision farming system
No full textSaabunud / Received 26.01.2020 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 12.05.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 12.05.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Edvin Nugis e-mail: [email protected] paper aims to present the use of various treatments for
the differential application of nitrogen in the precision farming system. To
assess the state of the vegetation cover, both ground-based observations
and associated remote sensing methods were used. Assessment of the state
of plants (Menkovsky of AFI, 2009–2011) was carried out according to
the phases of their growth and development using an N-tester in the field,
as well as analysis of plant samples in a specialized laboratory. Remote
sensing was carried out at the time of the analysis of plant samples using
unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with cameras that allow shooting in
different areas of the spectrum. The test sites with predetermined doses of
nitrogen fertilizers for decrypt the obtained images were used. It is shown
that for differential application of nitrogen fertilizers in spring wheat crops
it is advisable to use the optical characteristics of the state of plants
performed using calibration test sites. We have found that the maximum
yield in the differentiated nitrogen applications treatment (TK-4) was
4510 kg per hectare (kg ha–1
). At the same time, the minimum in the TK1 treatment was 3780 kg ha–1
. On average, over the years of research
differentiated fertilizer application increased the collection of protein per
hectare by 15–17%. In the TK-4 treatment for three years, a grain was
obtained that corresponded to the first quality class (exceed 14%) in terms
of protein content. Our novel research has shown that for characterizing
the state of plants an assessment is given which was performed using
calibration test sites
Express-diagnostics method for assessment of soil compaction for different cultivation methods
No full textSaabunud / Received 01.12.2019 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 08.05.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 11.05.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Edvin Nugis e-mail: [email protected] compaction remains a concern because of the heavy
tractors used in intensive agriculture. When axle loads of vehicles
increase, soil compaction is affected in deeper soil layers. An efficient tool
is needed to assess the impact of machines on soil. Therefore, an expressdiagnostics method was developed and implemented under Estonian
agricultural conditions. Since 1976, an investigation has been carried out
on how wheeled or tracked vehicles (WTV) influence soil under
agricultural conditions in Estonia. The main goal of the investigation was
to develop a mathematical model and corresponding computer simulation
system. Uncompacted and compacted soil was modelled using a
vegetation model of "guttated vegetation miniatures". The system allows
soil vulnerability to compaction to be assessed by the criterion (qabc) agroempirical bearing capacity (ABC). Both field and laboratory data were
used in the development of the system. We have found that at the deepest
layer the bulk density was higher for tilled soil compared to no-tilled soil.
Dry soil bulk density in no-tilled soil after 2 years in the deepest layer was
0.11 Mg m3 –1
less than tilled soil, and for no-tilled soil after 3 years in the
deepest layer it was 0.12 Mg m3 –1
less compared to the tilled field soil.
The amount of agronomically preferable aggregates (2–4.75mm) was
major in tilled soil compared to no-tilled soil. It means that the preferred
(in agronomical sense) soil particles Kstr in conventionally tilled
(ploughing – K2; K3) fields were significantly better compared to no-tilled
(O2; O3) fields in the trial plots. These results emphasize the benefits of
multifunctional modelling systems (computer simulation and simulation
by vegetation miniatures) and the need to improve assessment of
methodology for receiving adequate and probable results, and finally for
yield prediction
Precision agriculture in the North of Kazakhstan
No full textSaabunud / Received 13.10.2020 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 14.12.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 31.12.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Edvin Nugis [email protected] precision farming system has been used in the North of Kazakhstan where specialized landfill on an area of 3000 ha was formed. In the fields of the landfill, detailed agrochemical survey (accuracy) of soil samples of the southern carbonate chernozem for grid cells 1 ha and 5 ha of fieldnet treatments with were conducted. Further differentiated fertilization was carried out both with the help of Amazone ZA-M and with the use of the Bourgault sowing complex. Monitoring of the state of the soil, plant development and work performed was carried out both by traditional methods and using modern remote sensing data. After the introduction of precision farming technologies in the North Kazakhstan from 2019 precision farming technologies has been used. As a result of the work carried out only from the introduction of one element of precision farming – differentiated rationing of fertilizer application, an increase in the yield of spring wheat 'Astana' by 9.6–19.2% to the standard economic technology was established. Research results have shown that the share contribution with a high yield of 2000 kg ha–1 was significant for a sampling grid cells 1 ha of fieldnet (40–47%) and less significant for a sampling grid cells 5 ha of fieldnet (15–20%). Hence it follows that the choice of a fieldnet with grid cells 1 ha is more preferable. Due to the use of a differentiated application system the savings from reducing the consumption of mineral fertilizers for the unit of the relay have had 69.26 EUR. Our novel research has shown that for characterizing the state of plants an assessment is given which was performed using test sites 1 and 5 ha grid cells of fieldnet treatments. In this case, we have used the vegetation indices NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. At the same time, this index has changed relatively synchronously with the results of the yield of the spring wheat
Dynamic model of seed germination on the example of a genus Dracocephalum L. based on logistic function
No full textSaabunud / Received 02.10.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 21.11.2021 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 21.11.2021 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Edvin Nugis [email protected] aim of this paper is to present the use of mathematical model for an assessment of seed germination on the example of a genus Dracocephalum L. based on logistic function. An assessment of the quality of seeds and their species specificity was carried out. For this the method of a mathematical model of seed germination and the "Origin Pro" application package was used. The objects of research were samples of species Dracocephalum L. of different geographical origin from the collection of the I.N. Vavilov named All-Russian Crop Research Institute (VIR). Morphometric parameters of seeds of the studied species of the genus Dracocephalum L. were identified, which were divided into two groups. The first group with small seeds (2.7–3.0 mm long and 1.6–2.0 mm wide) included varieties of the species D. moldavica, and the second group – with very small seeds (2.0 mm in length and 1.0 mm wide) of D. multicaule and D. nutans. To assess the quality of seeds, we used both standard static indicators for germination, germination energy and seed vigour which are also assessed by both known the Grodzinsky bio test, and new ones based on dynamic parameters for evaluating seed germination. The dynamic model presented in the work reproduces changes in the initial phase of plant growth through the dynamics of seed germination. That is, the change in the state of a living object in motion in this model. When processing the results, a logistic function was applied that reflects the dynamics of change or accumulation of quantitative signs with the transition to new qualitative indicators. It was revealed that the shortest germination time of half of the maximum number of germinated seeds (intensity of germination) equal to 44.0 hours had the sample K-6 ('Aroma-2'). This indicates vigourous and friendly germination of the seeds of this variety. For sample K-7 ('Aroma-2'), this figure is 60 hours and, therefore, the germination rate is less than that for K-6. Similar in these parameters and the intensity of germination in the sample K-8 'Zeya' equal to 53 hours. Sample K-10 ('Arhat') was characterized by a relatively high germination rate, intensity of germination equal to 46 hours. Samples at 32 (D. nutans) and at 20 (D. multicaule) had approximately the same intensity of germination was equal to 61 and 54 hours, respectively. As a result, comparing the similarly different age characteristics of the seed material, a certain species and variety specificity in the dynamics of growth processes in the seeds of various types of snake head was revealed. The novelty of these studies was the search for new patterns and phenomena in assessing the quality of seeds and their species specificity
Soil over compaction by means of heavy machines
No full textAntud magistritöö eesmärgiks oli uurida põllu reljeefsel tasapinnal liikuva põllutöömasina rehvi poolt tekitatud survet mullale, millega kaasneb tihenemine. Põllu ebatasasustest tingituna käsitleti rehvide survet kui löögilainet mullale. Selle tulemusena on ka rehvide poolt tekitatav tihendatavus erinev.
Eesmärgi täitmiseks teostati nii laboratoorseid katseid kui ka põldkatseid. Väga tähtsateks töövahenditeks antud uurimustöö juures on „Proctori standardne tihendaja“ ja mulla tihendamise seade. Mõlemat liiki katsete puhul leidis aset kobeda ja tihendatud mulla võrdlemine ehk Proctori seadme kalibreerimine katsemasina rehvi järgi. Katsemasinaid oli kokku kolm, millest kaks Vene päritolu traktorid ja üks sõiduauto. Laboratoorsed katsetused nägid ette muldade tihendamist erinavate rõhumisjõududeni koos vastavate graafikutega ja mulla niiskuse ning mulla tiheduse arvutamist. Põldkatsetel tihendati traktoritega rehvi alust mullakihti jälg-jäljes sõites kokku viis korda ning võrdluseks kobeda mulla vastavad näitajad. Sõiduautoga katsetati ja kontrolliti normaalpinget mullas kontaktis rehviga.
Lisaks teostatud katsetele leiti tihedamisega kaasnevate probleemide väljaselgitamine. Uuriti erinevate konstruktsiooniliste erisustega rehvide osakaalu tähtsust tihenemisprotsessis. Nagu põhitekstist võis välja lugeda, et kasutusel on kahte tüüpi rehve. Nendeks on radiaal- ja diagonaalrehvid, millest diagonaalrehvid on tunduvalt jäigemad ning põllupind kannatab rehvi poolt tekitatud suurema erisurve tõttu. Sellega kaasneb ka suurem muldade tihenemine. Töösse on sisse toodud erinevad pinnase tiheduse määramise meetodid, mida on kokku kuus erinevat varianti. Kõige sarnasemaks saab pidada „Proctori standardset tihendajat“ penetromeetriga, mis leiabki kasutamist Eestis ja on eriti liivpinnastele sobilik. Rõhutamist väärib muldade tihendamise vähendamise võimalused. Enamlevinud võimalustest on kasutada topeltrattad või roomikud traktoritel, et suurendada rehvide pinda ja jaotada teljele mõjuv koormus suuremale pinnale. Järgnevalt on võimalus viia rehvi siserõhk võimalikult väikseks, sest milline on rehvi siserõhk, selline on ka normaalpinge mullas kontaktis rehviga. Võimalus on ka tihendamist vähendada agrotehniliste võtetega, liblikõieliste heintaimede kasvatamise või sõitmiskorduste arvu minimaliseerimisega. Kõige tähtsam nõue on õigeaegselt põllule minemine. Liblikõieliste heintaimede juurestik on sammasjas ning nad ulatuvad sügavamatesse mullakihtidesse kui kõrrelised heintaimed.
Graafikud olid mõeldud erinevate olukordade kirjeldamiseks. Laboratoorsete katsete käigus selgus, et ühe- ja viieatmosfäärilise rõhumisjõuga tihendatud mullas saadi Proctori seadmega standardse raskuse vabalangemise teel teada imitaatori mulda sisenemise väärtused. Selgus, et erinevalt tihendatud mulla puhul olulisi märgatavaid muutusi ei esinenud. Üldjuhul peab paika ikka olukord, et mida rohkem mulda tihendatakse, seda kõvemaks ta muutub ning Proctori seadme imitaatori mulda sisenemine väheneb. Ratta imitaatori kobedasse mulda sisenemise näidud tihendatud mulla näitudega erinevad teineteisest ligi poolega. Haage Agro OÜ põllul teostati katseid jäljes ja väljaspool jälge.
Tulemused erinesid omavahel mitmekordselt. Kuna Haage põllul olid mulla niiskused kõige väiksemad võrreldes nii laborkatsetes kui ka autori põldkatsetes saadud tulemustega, siis sellest hoolimata sarnanevad tulemused MTZ 820-ga pärast teistkordset tihendamist. Haage põllul kontrolliti normaalpingete mõõturiga seaduspärasuse paikapidavust, et milline on rehvi siserõhk, selline on ka normaalpinge mullas kontaktis rehviga. Katse läbiviimisel selgus, et pärast esimese korra sõitu samas jäljes saadi tulemuseks rehvi siserõhuga võrdne tulemus. Autori põllul teostatud katsete maht oli mõneti mahukam. Katseid teostati mitme traktoriga ja tulemusi koguti jälg-jäljes sõites. Iga tihendamiskorra järel teostati Proctori seadme löökide arvu ja ratta imitaatori vahelise seosega graafik. Tehti ka graafik ratta imitaatori mulda sisenemisest traktori ratta jäljes lähtuvalt kobeda mulla näitajatest. Sealt selgus, et MTZ 820 suurema massi tõttu loob selle laiem ratas soodsamad jälje tingimused, kuna imitaator süveneb märksa enam mulda kui T-25 tallatud jälgedes. Seega MTZ taktori nn. kõnnak on põllul pehmem. Antud graafikuga lükati ümber teadaolev väide, et kerge traktor tallab vähem. Teostati ka Proctori seadme kalibreerimine imitaatoriga kobeda põllumulla suhtes. Selgus, et vastava niiskusega imitaatori sisenemine mulda andis võimaluse iga tihendamiskorra järel vaadelda, milline rehvi normaalsurve tekib kontaktis mullaga.
Leiti ka mulla niiskuse sisaldus ja tihedus. Kõige niiskemad mulla väärtused ja suuremad tihedused ilmnesid autori põllul põldkatseid tehes, mis on ka loogiline, kuna katseid teostati pikalt kestva sügise tõttu alles detsembri lõpus. Kuna kõiki katseid teostati mitmes korduses, siis oli võimalus ka teha statistiline analüüs. Tähtsamateks näitajateks on toodud välja aritmeetiline keskmine, standardhälve, standardviga ja piirdiferents.
Käesoleva uurimistöö edasiarendamise suunaks peaks võtma kasutusele erinevad läänetraktorid ning tegema autori tööga sarnaseid katseid. Selge on see, et tänapäeva traktorid on varustatud radiaalrehvidega, mis on väga positiivne. Peamine erinevus Belarus traktori ja läänetraktori vahel on massi erinevus, rehvide laius ja diameeter ning rehvi siserõhk. Huvitav oleks teada, kui palju siis ikkagi mitmeid kordi raskem läänetraktor oma rehvidega mulda tallab.The aim of this thesis was to study the impact of the tyres of agricultural machinery on the
terrain and soil, which involves compaction. The uneven level of the field prompts the
pressure from tyres to bring about additional impact wave on the soil. The effect of
different tyre types on the surface is undarstandably different too. In order to establish a
valid result, tests were conducted both in labs and in the field. For that purpose Proctor
standard compaction test, compaction machinery and other test equippment were used. In
the course of testing, experimental machinery was used to determine how the vehicles
compact the soil after going in line. The results were collected by introducing a wide-tyre
imitator, especially equipped for the Proctor machinery for soil pressure, considering the
standard free fall effect of a standard weight. The argument of comparison lies in the
difference of tyre imitator impact to mellow or compacted soil. Different graphs were
given for different situations. Tests on the author’s own field resulted in a conclusion that
with MTZ 820, because of its larger mass, the wider tyre creates more impact conditions in
terms of track, because the imitator penetrates soil deeper than T-25 track does. Therefore
the “MTZ walking” in the field is much softer. The present data disprove the widespread
concept that a heavy agricultural vehicle is better. In order to go forward with this research,
focus should be definitely put on western-imported machinery and similar studies by
interested parties are only welcome. One thing is clear, agricultural machinery (tractors)
today are equipped with radial tyres, which is a good thing. The main difference between a
Belarus and anything like John Deere lies basically only in mass, tyre diametre and tyre
pressure. It would be interesting to find in the future, however, how much damage a
heavier western traktor will really inflict on our soil
Assessment of Arable Soil Physical Condition of Hiiumaa by Using Modern Indicators
No full textAntud uurimusliku magistritöö eesmärgiks on uudsete indikaatorite abil hinnangu andmine tihenemisele, niiskusele ja struktuursusele, et määrata põllumulla füüsikaline seisund. Töö raames antakse lühike ülevaade erinevatest ohtudest mullale ja põhiparameetritest põllumulla kvaliteedi hindamiseks. Tutvustatakse lühidalt ka bioloogilisi, keemilisi ja füüsikalisi parameetreid ning nende tähtsust.
Töös kirjeldatakse ülevaatlikult põllumulla kvaliteedi hindamise parameetrite ja nende mõõtmise metoodikaid ning seadmeid. Samuti antakse ülevaade ekspress-diagnostilistest võtetest põllumulla füüsikalise seisundi hindamiseks ja tutvustatakse antud metoodika kasutamist kahe erineva harimisintensiivsusega põllul. Sooritatakse põld- ja laborkatsed lasuvustiheduse, niiskuse ja struktuursuse määramiseks tihendamata ja kuni ekstremaalsete väärtusteni tihendatud mullaga, et näidata rasketehnika mõju põldude füüsikalisele seisundile. Põld- ja laborkatsete tulemuste põhjal õhukuiva ja niiske mullaga arvutatakse tihenemise-, niiskuse- ja struktuursuse indeksid ning lõpphinnangu andmise jaoks ka lihtsustatud kompleksindikaator.The aim of this thesis is to use modern indicators for compaction, moisture and structure to evaluate physical condition of arable soil. It presents a short summary of different parameters used to evaluate soil and gives an overview of the dangers that can change arable soil quality.
Different parameters and measuring techniques are evaluated in the thesis and express-diagnostic measurement and analysis method proposed for fast evaluation of soil physical condition. In addition, two fields with different cultivation intensity are measured in situ for soil bulk density, moisture and structurality. Laboratory experiments are also conducted with the same soil, where the soil is compacted into different states up to extreme condition, to show the damage that heavy machinery can cause to soil. Indicators of compaction, moisture and structure are calculated using the field and laboratory measurement results. Final evaluation to both fields is given with the use of simplified complex indicator
Complex Evaluation of Compactedness of South-Estonia Arable Soils
No full textAntud uurimustöö annab ülevaate ja hinnangu Lõuna – Eestis paiknevate põldude näitel
millisesse seisundisse on viidud põllumullad mobiilsete tehniliste vahendite poolt (külvi –,
ratta – ja väljakünni kahjustused), kui neid kasutada oskamatult ja ebaratsionaalselt.
Eesmärgiks on prognoosida ja töötada välja kahjustuste hindamise meetod erinevate
viljelusmeetodite (sh. otsekülv) korral ning teostada põllumuldade tallatavuse seire ja
kahjustuste komplekshindamine. Antud uurimustöösse on kaasatud instrumentaalseteks
osadeks GPS – seadmed ja mulla deformatsiooni ning jääkdeformatsiooni mõõteseade, mis
võimaldavad hankida koht spetsiifilist informatsiooni (site specific information). Lisaks
võimaldab GPS – seadmete kasutamine määrata ja parendada põllul esinevate kahjustuste
ulatust ja iseloomu. Selleks, et vähendada ja prognoosida mobiilsete tehniliste vahendite poolt
tingitud ja mulla liigtihenemise ning tallamisega põhjustatud kahjustusi, saame kasutada
ArcGIS Desktop tarkvara. ArcGIS Desktop tarkvara kasutus annab veel võimaluse uuringute
tulemusi muuta arusaadavamaks ja atraktiivsemaks ning aitab operatiivselt nõustada ja
suunata talunikku, näiteks luues tarkvara abil kahjustuste kaart. Lisaks GIS – i tehnoloogia
rakenduste kasutamine parendab efektiivsust põllumajandusteaduses ja – praktikas.This study provides an overview and assessments to which state South - Estonian arable soils
are carried out by using mobile and technical means incompetently and irrationally. The
objective of the study is to anticipate and develop a method of evaluating the effects of
different cultivation methods (incl. direct sowing) and evolve appropriate soils compactness
monitoring and evaluation of complex lesions. As intrumental parts of this research GPS
equipment, soil deformation and permanent deformation measuring devices have been
included to obtain a site specific information. In addition GPS – devices help to improve
determing the extent and nature of the lesions. In order to reduce and predict damage of
mobile technical means and effects of soil compaction, we can use ArcGIS Desktop software.
ArcGIS Desktop software gives the user the opportunity to make the results of research more
attractive and understandable. Also it helps to prompt advice and guidance to farmers, for
example by creating damage maps. In addition using GIS – applications technology improves
the efficiency of agricultural science and practice
Influence of mobile technical means on soil of Tartu county
No full textUurimustöös tutvustatakse Tartumaa mulla peamisi parameetreid ning uuritakse, milline on
kirjeldatud põllumulla füüsikalis-mehaanikaline seisund peale kündmist ning peale mobiilsete
tehniliste vahendite kasutamist. Üheks läbivaks probleemiks kogu töös on põllumulla
tihenemine mobiilse tehnilise vahendi toimel. Uurimustöös tehakse nii laborkatseid kui
põldkatseid, mille andmeid hiljem töödeldakse ning graafiliselt esitatakse. Nii laborkatsete kui
põldkatsete puhul kasutatakse põhiliselt mulla tihendajat, normaalpingete lugejat ning
elektroonilist penetromeetrit. Lisaks andmete kogumisele pakutakse välja laborkatseseadme
edasiarendamiseks välja uus lahendus. Selleks esitatakse katseseadmele nõuded, määratakse
normatiivid, tehakse morfoloogiline analüüs, projekteeritakse eskiismudel ning tehakse
riskianalüüs. Laborkatsetel saadi tulemused kombineerides erineva tihkusega mullasilindreid
ning penetromeetromeetriga mõõtes. Katsetulemusi analüüsides leiti, et heleda mulla tulemusi
ei saa värvikaardi koostamisel kasutada, kuid tumeda mulla tulemused võeti arvesse, kuna need
ühtisid kõige enam ka põldkatse tulemustega. Põldkatsetel kasutati uudset metoodikat, kus
mõõtmisi tehti nii risti jäljega, kui piki jälge, et saada võimalikult palju katsetulemusi ning
varieeruvust. Idee seisneb selles, et sellise meetodi abil saab koostada pealmise horisondi kaardi,
millelt on visuaalselt näha tihenenud ning kobedad alad. Võttes kokku põldkatse tulemused,
võib öelda, et kerge traktor tihendas suhteliselt võrdväärselt mulda võrreldes raske traktoriga.
Andmete töötlemisel pakutakse välja uudne lahendus, mille abil saab mulla pealmist horisonti
visualiseerida ning hinnata. Visualiseerimiseks kasutatakse kahte värvivahemikku, kus
helerohelisest tumeroheliseni (0...0,65 MPa) on taimedele sobilik kasvuvahemik, tumerohelisest
punaseni (0,7...1,15 MPa) on ebasobiva tihkusega muld ning erkpunane (1,2 MPa ning üle selle)
on kriitiline.This paper shows primary properties of soils in Tartu county. It researches the physical and
mechanical condition of soil after ploughing it and after the use of mobile technical means. One
of the main topics in this paper is compaction of soil during the impact of technical devices. The
tests are done in laboratory as well as on field and the results are processed and delivered in
graphs. Soil compactor, device for measuring pressure and electronic penetrologger are used in
laboratory tests. Electronic penetrologger is also used in field tests to research the soil
compaction in different circumstances. In addition to collecting data a new solution for
developping a laboratory testing device is given. Therefore, requirements for testing device are
presented, standards are appointed, morphological analysis is conducted, a model is engineered
and risk analysis is given. The results in laboratory testing were received combining cylinders
with different density and measuring with a penetrologger. A good overview of two different
colors of soil resulted the tests although many of them did not give results. After analysing the
data it was clear that the results of light soil cannot be taken into account. On the other hand,
the results of darker soil coincided with the results of the field tests, therefore, were taken into
account. A new method was used in field testing: soil density was measured across the track as
well as along the track to get as many data as possible. The idea of this method is to draw a chart
of upper horizon which shows visually compacted and mellow areas of the soil. In conclusion
of field testing, a lightweight tractor compacted the soil relatively equally as a heavy tractor. A
new solution is given to visualize and estimate the soil’s upper horizon. Two ranges of colors
are used to visualize: light green to dark green (0…0,65 MPa) is a proper density for the plants
to grow, dark green to red (0,7…1,15 MPa) is not suitable for growing plants and bright red (1,2
MPa and more) means this soil is in a critical state
Soil bulk density and phytosanitary conditions at potato field
No full textThe aim of this paper is to present the microorganisms and their activities and soil bulk density. It is a fact that both have a great impact on soil fertility and its health status. Among the microorganisms in soil, the bacteria and fungi are the most important ones for potato cultivation; the bacteria living on the plant roots serve to uphold the nutrient intake of plants. Our previous research has shown that Paenibacillus Polymyxa Rizobacter fostered a better uptake of phosphorus and reduced drought stress. The potato experiments were conducted in a pH range of 5.4 to 5.9, so it was environmentally favourable for the development of soil fungi. It is well known that moulds have a well-developed filiform and a high spore production. We have found that if the genus Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Fusarium, etc., has been left on the surface of the skin of potatoes then it will affect the disease. In 2010, the mould count remained within the range from 0.83·105 to 2.25·105. Also according to our assessments, an economic loss related to unfavourable soil bulk density for potato will occur if it is more than 1.25 ± 0.07 Mg m-3. At the same time, it should be noted that for the Estonian soil conditions, the accepted limit of penetration resistance is 1.0 MP
