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Active integration of glutamatergic input to the inferior olive generates bi-directional postsynaptic potentials
Get PDFThe inferior olive plays a critical role in motor coordination and learning by integrating diverse afferent signals to generate climbing fibre inputs to the cerebellar cortex. While it is well established that climbing fibre signals are important for motor coordination, the mechanisms by which neurones in the inferior olive integrate synaptic inputs and the roles of particular ion channels are unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that neurones in the inferior olive actively integrate glutamatergic synaptic inputs. We demonstrate that optogenetically activated long-range synaptic inputs to the inferior olive, including projections from the motor cortex, generate rapid excitatory potentials followed by slower inhibitory potentials. Synaptic projections from the motor cortex preferentially target the principal olivary nucleus. We show that inhibitory and excitatory components of the bidirectional synaptic potentials are dependent upon GluA receptors, are GABAA -independent, and originate from the same presynaptic axons. Consistent with models that predict active integration of synaptic inputs by inferior olive neurones, we find that the inhibitory component is reduced by blocking large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels with iberiotoxin, and is abolished by blocking small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels with apamin. Summation of excitatory components of synaptic responses to inputs at intervals ≤ 20 ms is increased by apamin, suggesting a role for the inhibitory component of glutamatergic responses in temporal integration. Our results indicate that neurones in the inferior olive implement novel rules for synaptic integration and suggest new principles for the contribution of inferior olive neurones to coordinated motor behaviours
FIGURES 32–34. Phthinomita ingramae n in An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region
No full textFIGURES 32–34. Phthinomita ingramae n. sp. from the intertrabecular spaces of ventricle (heart) of Siganus punctatus off Lizard Island. 32. Adult. Lateral view, whole mount. 33. Male terminal genitalia, lateral view. 34. Female terminal genitalia, lateral view. Scalebars: 32,34, 250 m; 33, 100 m.Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1218 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1218.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506485
FIGURES 23–25. Phthinomita adlardi n in An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region
No full textFIGURES 23–25. Phthinomita adlardi n. sp. from the intertrabecular spaces of ventricle and atrium (heart) of Siganus argenteus from Ningaloo Reef. 23. Adult. Lateral view, whole mount. 24. Male terminal genitalia, lateral view. 25. Female terminal genitalia, lateral view. Scalebars: 23,25, 250 m; 24, 100 m.Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1218 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1218.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506485
FIGURE 1. ITS2 sequence alignment for threadlike sanguinicolids. Where identical ITS2 in An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region
No full textFIGURE 1. ITS2 sequence alignment for threadlike sanguinicolids. Where identical ITS2 sequences were obtained for sanguinicolids from different host/location combinations only one sequence has been included here. Gaps of five spaces delineate the 5' and 3' ends of ITS2 (and subsequent 3' end of 5.8S and the 5' end of 28S).Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1218 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1218.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506485
Synaptic interactions between stellate cells and parvalbumin interneurons in layer 2 of the medial entorhinal cortex are organized at the scale of grid cell clusters
No full textElectrophysiological and anatomical datasets, analysed data and code for experiments described in Huang et al., Synaptic interactions between stellate cells and parvalbumin interneurons in layer 2 of the medial entorhinal cortex are organized at the scale of grid cell clusters
Inter- and intra-animal variation in the integrative properties of stellate cells in the medial entorhinal cortex
No full textThe data are whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex of adult mice. The data for each neuron is a series of voltage responses to current steps or ramps injected through the recording electrode.There are two .tar.gz archive files. One contains stellate cell data and the other contains calbindin cell data. Each file has a similar folder structure when unzipped. The original data was recorded with Axograph and is in the folder 'multi_data'. The folder structure is '/multidata/slice/cell', where slice and cell are names specific to each experiment / recording. The electrophysiology data here is in .axgd format. To open .axgd files you can either use Axograph (available commerically from https://axograph.com/) or Neuromatic (http://www.neuromatic.thinkrandom.com/) which requires IGORpro (available commercially from (https://www.wavemetrics.com/). It should
also be possible to open the data using the axographio Python package
(https://pypi.org/project/axographio/) but we haven’t tested this. Most 'cell' level folders also contain an image of the slice in .jpg format. The electrophysiology data is also provided in hdf5 format in the folder name 'Database'. These files end in '.h5'. The folders also contain code to build the .h5 files from the .axgd files and then to automatically extract the parameters used for further analyses. This code should be sufficient to replicate the data processing. We plan to separately document and make this code available via our Github site (https://github.com/MattNolanLab)
FIGURES 15–18. Cardicola coeptus n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
No full textFIGURES 15–18. Cardicola coeptus n. sp. from the atrium and ventricle (heart), and the gills of Siganus punctatus off Heron Island. 15. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Mehlis' gland not seen in this specimen. 16. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Although spines seen on sucker exact number of concentric rows not clear, spines illustrated to show their presence only. 17. Male terminal genitalia, dorsal view. 18. Female terminal genitalia, dorsal view. Vitelline duct omitted from figure as it obscures the path of the uterus as it passes posteriorly. Scalebars: 15, 250 m; 16–18, 100 m.Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1265 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1265.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506551
FIGURES 31–34. Cardicola lafii n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
No full textFIGURES 31–34. Cardicola lafii n. sp. from the atrium and ventricle (heart) of Siganus fuscescens off Lizard Island. 31. Adult, whole mount, dorsal view. Posterior caeca unclear in outline, path seen as convoluted due to colouration of intestinal contents. 32. Anterior region, dorsal view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Although spines seen on sucker exact number of concentric rows not clear, spines illustrated to show their presence only. 33. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. 34. Female terminal genitalia, dorsal view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 31, 250 m; 32–34, 100 m.Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1265 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1265.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506551
FIGURES 18–22. Phthinomita symplocos n. g., n in An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region
No full textFIGURES 18–22. Phthinomita symplocos n. g., n. sp. 18. Whole mount, lateral view. 19,20. Vestigial oral sucker bearing 5 concentric rows of fine spines. 21. Tegumental spines in incomplete transverse rows; spines covered in tegument or mucus. Run entire length of the body. 22. Disturbed tegumental layer showing uncovered tegumental spines. Scalebars: 18, 100 m; 19–21, 1 m; 22, 10 m.Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific Region, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1218 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1218.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506485
FIGURES 19–22. Cardicola covacinae. n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
No full textFIGURES 19–22. Cardicola covacinae. n. sp. from the bulbus arteriosus (heart) of Siganus punctatus off Heron Island. 19. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Mehlis' gland not seen in this specimen. 20. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. No spines seen on sucker due to very small size of specimen. 21. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. 22. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Vitelline duct omitted from figure as it obscures the path of the uterus as it passes posteriorly. Scalebars: 19, 250 m; 20, 200Published as part of Nolan, Matthew J. & Cribb, Thomas H., 2006, Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 1265 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1265.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/506551
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