55,425 research outputs found
From tears to words: the development of language to express pain in young children with everyday minor illnesses and injuries
No full textBackground: little is known about the development of language to express pain in the young or how children and parents verbally communicate when young children have everyday minor illnesses and injuries.Methods: UK parents of children between the ages of 1 and 6 were invited to complete an Internet survey on children's pain language during everyday situations of minor illness or injury.Results: of the 1716 parents completing the survey, 45% reported their child had at least one word to express pain by 17 months of age, increasing to 81% by 23 months of age. Children used different words based on their age and in the contexts of minor illnesses and injuries, with words for expressing pain related to illness emerging slightly later. Children's language was purposeful in describing causes of pain and requesting specific forms of assistance from parents even in the very youngest age groups. Parents' communicated with their children primarily to gain further information about the source and nature of pain and to direct children's behaviour.Conclusions: children rapidly develop an extensive vocabulary to describe pain between 12 and 30 months of age, with words for pain from injury emerging first and reflecting the development of normal speech acquisition. The differences in verbal expressions in the context of minor illnesses and injuries suggest that children make a cognitive distinction between the origins and sensory aspects of pain. These findings can help parents, childcare and healthcare professionals to appreciate the early communication capabilities of young children and to engage in more effective pain assessment and management for young children
Noble gases in the Cameroon line and the He, Ne, and Ar isotopic compositions of high mu (HIMU) mantle
No full textUltramafic xenoliths, basaltic lavas, and CO2 gases from the Cameroon line volcanic chain provide the first characterization of combined He, Ne, and Ar isotopes in a high-time-integrated 238U/204Pb = μ (HIMU) magmatic system. Helium isotopic compositions typically range from 5.0 to 6.7 Ra, with an average of 6.3. These values are indistinguishable from the 3He/4He of other HIMU locales (Austral Islands, St. Helena). Neon isotopic compositions for xenoliths and CO2 gases are mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like, with a maximum 20Ne/22Ne of 11.87 and 21Ne/22Ne of 0.0508. Argon isotopic compositions in silicates range from atmospheric to 40Ar/36Ar = 4910±430 (crushing) and up to 16,300±1000 (single grain, laser step heating). The correlation between 20Ne/22Ne and 40Ar/36Ar in CO2 gases suggests a minimum 40Ar/36Ar = 1650±30 for the mantle-derived component. Uniform 3He/4He in silicates and in CO2 fluids across both the continental and oceanic sectors of the Cameroon line argues strongly for a negligible lithospheric contribution to noble gas isotopic compositions. This inference is supported by high 238U/3He in lherzolites, indicating that noble gases in these samples must have been recently introduced (<50,000 years ago) to the sample, most likely from the host magma. Ocean crust recycling models of mixing between MORB source regions and highly radiogenic slabs cannot produce the observed He and Ne isotopic compositions. Isolation and aging of MORB source mantle can generate the isotopic compositions but require extreme 3He/22Ne fractionation. Involvement of plume-derived gases, consistent with the lithophile element isotopic compositions, alleviates the need for strong 3He/22Ne fractionation. Closed-system aging of plume-derived heterogeneities can reproduce the data with minimum 3He/22Ne fractionation at reasonable 238U/3He ratios. However, diffusive exchange of He and to a lesser extent Ne between aged MORB source and aged plume veins could explain the occurrence of low 3He/4He compositions in all HIMU centers and the apparent low time-integrated 3He/22Ne of the Cameroon line
Letter from Noble L. DeVotie, Washington, D. C., to Charles Manly, December 23, 1858
No full textThis item is from the Manly Family papers. The collection includes the papers of Basil Manly, president of the University of Alabama, 1837-1855, and a founder of Furman University, which reflect the history of the period as well as his life as theologian and educator. It also contains materials created and gathered by other Manly family members, including his sons Basil and Charles, president of Furman University, 1881-1897
Imitation or something simpler? Modelling simple mechanisms for social information processing
No full textSpontaneous Formation of Noble- and Heavy-Metal-Free Alloyed Semiconductor Quantum Rods for Efficient Photocatalysis
No full textQuasi-1D cadmium chalcogenide quantum rods (QRs) are benchmark semiconductor materials that are combined with noble metals to constitute QR heterostructures for efficient photocatalysis. However, the high toxicity of cadmium and cost of noble metals are the main obstacles to their widespread use. Herein, a facile colloidal synthetic approach is reported that leads to the spontaneous formation of cadmium-free alloyed ZnSx Se1-x QRs from polydisperse ZnSe nanowires by alkylthiol etching. The obtained non-noble-metal ZnSx Se1-x QRs can not only be directly adopted as efficient photocatalysts for water oxidation, showing a striking oxygen evolution capability of 3000 µmol g-1 h-1 , but also be utilized to prepare QR-sensitized TiO2 photoanodes which present enhanced photo-electrochemical (PEC) activity. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal that alloyed ZnSx Se1-x QRs have highly active Zn sites on the (100) surface and reduced energy barrier for oxygen evolution, which in turn, are beneficial to their outstanding photocatalytic and PEC activities
Refining pathological evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
No full textAIM: To assess tumour regression grade (TRG) and lymph node downstaging to help define patients who benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.METHODS: Two hundred and eighteen consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction treated with surgery alone or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery between 2005 and 2011 at a single institution were reviewed. Triplet neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of platinum, fluoropyrimidine and anthracycline was considered for operable patients (World Health Organization performance status ? 2) with clinical stage T2-4 N0-1. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was assessed using TRG, as described by Mandard et al. In addition lymph node downstaging was also assessed. Lymph node downstaging was defined by cN1 at diagnosis: assessed radiologically (computed tomography, positron emission tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography), then pathologically recorded as N0 after surgery; ypN0 if NAC given prior to surgery, or pN0 if surgery alone. Patients were followed up for 5 years post surgery. Recurrence was defined radiologically, with or without pathological confirmation. An association was examined between t TRG and lymph node downstaging with disease free survival (DFS) and a comprehensive range of clinicopathological characteristics.RESULTS: Two hundred and eighteen patients underwent esophageal resection during the study interval with a mean follow up of 3 years (median follow up: 2.552, 95%CI: 2.022-3.081). There was a 1.8% (n = 4) inpatient mortality rate. One hundred and thirty-six (62.4%) patients received NAC, with 74.3% (n = 101) of patients demonstrating some signs of pathological tumour regression (TRG 1-4) and 5.9% (n = 8) having a complete pathological response. Forty four point one percent (n = 60) had downstaging of their nodal disease (cN1 to ypN0), compared to only 15.9% (n = 13) that underwent surgery alone (pre-operatively overstaged: cN1 to pN0), (P < 0.0001). Response to NAC was associated with significantly increased DFS (mean DFS; TRG 1-2: 5.1 years, 95%CI: 4.6-5.6 vs TRG 3-5: 2.8 years, 95%CI: 2.2-3.3, P < 0.0001). Nodal down-staging conferred a significant DFS advantage for those patients with a poor primary tumour response to NAC (median DFS; TRG 3-5 and nodal down-staging: 5.533 years, 95%CI: 3.558-7.531 vs TRG 3-5 and no nodal down-staging: 1.114 years, 95%CI: 0.961-1.267, P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Response to NAC in the primary tumour and in the lymph nodes are both independently associated with improved DFS
John M. Noble Collection
No full textPhotograph of L to R: 1. Jim, 2. Babe, 3. Anna, and 4. John M. Noble, c.1891
Perovskites doped with small amounts of noble metals for IT-SOFCs
No full textNoble metal-doped lanthanum strontium ferrite (La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.99M0.01O3-dM=Ru, Pt) powders were developed as active electrodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The as low as 1% mol doping sensitively improved the electrochemical performance. Structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties are discussed in detail. Fuel cell tests in H2show promising performance in the 700-750 C temperature range
Feasibility study of geospatial mapping of chronic disease risk to inform public health commissioning
No full textThis final article is available for use under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 2.0 Licence; see http://bmjopen.bmj.co
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