39 research outputs found
Platon: Euthydemos:Indledning og oversættelse
No full textA Danish translation of Plato's Euthydemus, with an introduction to the dialogue
Upper-mantle reflectors:modelling of seismic wavefield characteristics and tectonic implications
No full textUdgivelsesdato: 200
MPSLIB: A C++ class for sequential simulation of multiple-point statistical models
No full textAbstractGeostatistical simulation methods allow simulation of spatial structures and patterns based on a choice of statistical model. In the last few decades multiple-point statistics (MPS) has been developed that allows inferring the statistical model from a training image. This allows for a simpler quantification of the statistical model, and simulation of more realistic (Earth) structures. A number of different algorithms for MPS based simulation have been proposed, each associated with a unique set of pros or cons. MPSLIB is a C++ class that provides a framework for implementing most of the currently proposed multiple-point simulation methods based on sequential simulation. A number of the most widely used methods are provided as an example. The single normal equation simulation (SNESIM) method is implemented using both a tree and a list structure. A new generalized ENESIM (GENESIM) algorithm is proposed that can act as (in one extreme) the ENESIM algorithm, and (in another extreme) similar to the direct sampling algorithm. MPSLIB aims to be easy to compile on most platforms (standard C++11 is the only requirement) and is released under the Open Source LGPLv3 License to encourage reuse and further development
Influence of process-based, stochastic and deterministic methods for representing heterogeneity in fluvial geothermal systems
No full textFocus is on comparing stochastic, process-based and deterministic methods for modelling heterogeneity in hydraulic properties of fluvial geothermal reservoirs. Models are considered a generalized representation of a fluvial sequence in the upper part of the Gassum Formation in northern Denmark. Two ensemble realizations of process-based and stochastic heterogeneity were simulated using the state-of-the-art numerical modelling software, Delft Advanced Research Terra Simulator (DARTS), to assess differences on a statistically relevant sample size. Simulator settings were optimized to achieve two orders of magnitude improvement in simulation time. Our general findings show that the stochastic and process-based methods produce nearly identical results in terms of predicted breakthrough time and production temperature decline for high net-to-gross ratios (N/G). Simple homogenous and layered models overestimate breakthrough and underestimate temperature decline. More complex representation of facies in process-based models show smaller variance in results and stay within the limits of ensemble runs compared to simpler facies representation. Results indicate that a multivariate Gaussian based stochastic representation of heterogeneity provides comparable thermal response to a process-based model in fluvial systems of similar quality.</p
Survival of Ascaris suum and Ascaridia galli eggs in liquidmanure at different ammonia concentrations andtemperatures
No full texttEggs of Ascaris suum from pigs are highly resistant and commonly used as a conservativeindicator of pathogen inactivation during slurry storage. Eggs of Ascaridia galli, the poultryascarid, are also known to be highly resistant but the suitability as an indicator of pathogeninactivation has never been tested. Pig slurry has to be stored for several months to inac-tivate pathogens but chemical treatment of slurry may reduce this time. The suitability ofA. galli as an indicator of slurry sanitation was tested by comparing the survival of eggsof A. suum and A. galli in pig slurry. In addition, the effect of urea treatment on inactiva-tion of ascarid eggs in relation to storage time was also tested. Nylon bags with 10,000eggs of either species were placed in 200 ml plastic bottles containing either urea-treated(2%) or untreated pig slurry for up to 120 days at 20◦C, 6 days at 30◦C, 36 h at 40◦C or2 h at 50◦C. At all the temperatures in both slurry types, A. galli eggs were inactivated ata significantly faster rate (P < 0.05) compared to A. suum eggs. For each 10◦C raise in tem-perature from 20◦C, T50(time needed to inactivate 50% of eggs) for both types of eggswas reduced markedly. At all temperatures, viability of eggs of both species was signifi-cantly higher (P < 0.05) in untreated slurry compared to urea-treated slurry except A. gallieggs at 20◦C where no significant difference was detected. In untreated slurry, the levelsof pH (6.33–9.08) and ammonia (0.01–1.74 mM) were lower (P < 0.0001) compared to thatof urea-treated slurry (pH: 8.33–9.28 and ammonia 1–13 mM). The study demonstratedthat A. galli eggs are more sensitive to unfavourable conditions compared to A. suum eggs.The use of A. galli eggs as hygiene indicator may thus be suitable to assess inactivation ofpathogens that are more sensitive than A. galli eggs. Addition of urea may markedly reducethe storage time of slurry needed to inactivate A. suum and A. galli eggs
Bio-Guided Fractionation and Molecular Networking Reveal Fatty Acids to Be Principal Anti-Parasitic Compounds in Nordic Seaweeds
No full textCopyright © 2021 Bonde, Bornancin, Lu, Simonsen, Martínez-Valladares, Peña- Espinoza, Mejer, Williams and Thamsborg. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.[EN]Widespread use of antimicrobial drugs has led to high levels of drug-resistance in pathogen populations and a need for novel sources of anti-bacterial and anti-parasitic compounds. Macroalgae (seaweed) are potentially a rich source of bioactive compounds, and several species have traditionally been used as vermifuges. Here, we investigated the anti-parasitic properties of four common cold-water Nordic seaweeds; Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta), Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Ascophyllum nodosum (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae). Screening of organic extracts against helminths of swine (Ascaris suum) and sheep (Teladorsagia circumcincta) revealed that S. latissima and L. digitata had particularly high biological activity. A combination of molecular networking and bio-guided fractionation led to the isolation of six compounds from extracts of these two species identified in both fermented and non-fermented samples. The six isolated compounds were tentatively identified by using MS-FINDER as five fatty acids and one monoglyceride: Stearidonic acid (1), Eicosapentaenoic acid (2), Alpha-Linolenic acid (3), Docosahexaenoic acid (4), Arachidonic acid (5), and Monoacylglycerol (MG 20:5) (6). Individual compounds showed only modest activity against A. suum, but a clear synergistic effect was apparent when selected compounds were tested in combination. Collectively, our data reveal that fatty acids may have a previously unappreciated role as natural anti-parasitic compounds, which suggests that seaweed products may represent a viable option for control of intestinal helminth infections.SIThis project was funded by the Green Development and Demonstration Program (GUDP) (Project No. 34009–17–1220). In vitro studies performed on T. circumcincta was funded by Short Term Scientific Mission (STSM) Grant provided by European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST CA16230 - Combatting anthelmintic resistance in ruminants). MM-V funded by the Spanish “Ramon y Cajal” Program (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; MM-V, RYC-2015–18368)
Drukarstwo warszawskie w latach 1795–1806
No full textPRINTING IN WARSAW IN 1795–1806The article examines the state of printing in Warsaw over an 11-year period following the fall of the Kościuszko Uprising. The author briefly discusses printing houses closed at the time run by Tadeusz Podlecki, Fr. Józef Mejer and the Cadet Corps; in addition, he presents a detailed analysis of the state of printing houses that continued their operations as well as new printing houses founded in the 19th century. The most distinguished printing houses from the reign of Stanisław August including those of Piotr Dufour and Michal Gröll, and Piotr Zawadzki’s matrix shop did not manage to maintain their status. This was the result of both a new political situation and the death of the owners, whose successors were no match for them in terms of talent or scope of projects undertaken. Among monastic printing houses only the Piarists’ printing houses remained in good condition, printing a number of quality publications in 1795–1806. Among new entities established in the 19th century the one that stood out was the very well equipped printing house founded by Tadeusz Mostowski, the publisher of the „Wybór Pisarzów Polskich” “Selection of Polish Writers” series, important for the preservation of the national heritage.The author analyses the operation of press printing houses of „Korespondent” and „Gazeta Warszawska” and engraving houses of Józef Elsner and Fr. Izydor Cybulski, who printed sheet music, and the engraver Jan Ligber, a book illustrator. The author questions the existence of Stefan Baccigalupi’s enterprise during the discussed period, because his typefaces and press were used by the „Korespondent” printing house.PRINTING IN WARSAW IN 1795–1806The article examines the state of printing in Warsaw over an 11-year period following the fall of the Kościuszko Uprising. The author briefly discusses printing houses closed at the time run by Tadeusz Podlecki, Fr. Józef Mejer and the Cadet Corps; in addition, he presents a detailed analysis of the state of printing houses that continued their operations as well as new printing houses founded in the 19th century. The most distinguished printing houses from the reign of Stanisław August including those of Piotr Dufour and Michal Gröll, and Piotr Zawadzki’s matrix shop did not manage to maintain their status. This was the result of both a new political situation and the death of the owners, whose successors were no match for them in terms of talent or scope of projects undertaken. Among monastic printing houses only the Piarists’ printing houses remained in good condition, printing a number of quality publications in 1795–1806. Among new entities established in the 19th century the one that stood out was the very well equipped printing house founded by Tadeusz Mostowski, the publisher of the „Wybór Pisarzów Polskich” “Selection of Polish Writers” series, important for the preservation of the national heritage.The author analyses the operation of press printing houses of „Korespondent” and „Gazeta Warszawska” and engraving houses of Józef Elsner and Fr. Izydor Cybulski, who printed sheet music, and the engraver Jan Ligber, a book illustrator. The author questions the existence of Stefan Baccigalupi’s enterprise during the discussed period, because his typefaces and press were used by the „Korespondent” printing house
Environmental contamination and transmission of Ascaris suum in Danish organic pig farms
No full textBackground: Although Ascaris suum is the most common pig nematode, the on-farm transmission dynamics are not well described. Methods: We performed a 1-year field study on five organic pig farms, mapping egg contamination levels in pens and pasture soil as well as faecal egg counts in starter pigs, finisher pigs, dry and lactating sows. The uppermost bedding material was sampled from three pen areas (resting, intermediate and latrine) of shallow and deep litter pens. Results: Ascaris suum was found on all farms. Averaged across farm and season, the prevalence of A. suum was 48, 64, 28 and 15 % in starters, finishers, dry and lactating sows, respectively. For starters and finishers, the prevalence varied with season increasing towards the end of the year when 83-96 % of finishing pigs from each farm had fresh liver white spots. Farrowing pastures were contaminated with a mean of 78-171 larvated eggs/kg dry soil depending on farm, while pastures for starter pigs contained 290-5397 larvated eggs/kg dry soil. The concentration of eggs in soil was highest in the autumn. Indoors, all pen areas were contaminated with A. suum eggs at comparable levels for shallow and deep litter. Overall there were 106, 445 and 1331 eggs/g dry straw in the resting, intermediate and latrine areas, respectively. However, more eggs were undergoing development in resting areas (44 %) compared to intermediate (33 %) and latrine areas (13 %). Irrespective of area, more eggs were undergoing development in the autumn, but overall there were very few fully developed (i.e., infective) eggs in the bedding material. Laboratory embryonation of eggs from the bedding material nevertheless revealed that an overall mean of 79 % of the eggs were viable. Conclusion: The organic pigs of all ages were continuously exposed to A. suum, but mainly younger animals were infected. Deep litter appeared to be a less important source of A. suum eggs than previously believed compared to shallow litter. Long-term pasture rotation to eliminate pasture contamination was not possible, and control programs should therefore include thorough cleaning indoors and composting/long-term storage of bedding material and manure to inactivate eggs and reduce transmission to pigs.Background: Although Ascaris suum is the most common pig nematode, the on-farm transmission dynamics are not well described. Methods: We performed a 1-year field study on five organic pig farms, mapping egg contamination levels in pens and pasture soil as well as faecal egg counts in starter pigs, finisher pigs, dry and lactating sows. The uppermost bedding material was sampled from three pen areas (resting, intermediate and latrine) of shallow and deep litter pens. Results: Ascaris suum was found on all farms. Averaged across farm and season, the prevalence of A. suum was 48, 64, 28 and 15 % in starters, finishers, dry and lactating sows, respectively. For starters and finishers, the prevalence varied with season increasing towards the end of the year when 83-96 % of finishing pigs from each farm had fresh liver white spots. Farrowing pastures were contaminated with a mean of 78-171 larvated eggs/kg dry soil depending on farm, while pastures for starter pigs contained 290-5397 larvated eggs/kg dry soil. The concentration of eggs in soil was highest in the autumn. Indoors, all pen areas were contaminated with A. suum eggs at comparable levels for shallow and deep litter. Overall there were 106, 445 and 1331 eggs/g dry straw in the resting, intermediate and latrine areas, respectively. However, more eggs were undergoing development in resting areas (44 %) compared to intermediate (33 %) and latrine areas (13 %). Irrespective of area, more eggs were undergoing development in the autumn, but overall there were very few fully developed (i.e., infective) eggs in the bedding material. Laboratory embryonation of eggs from the bedding material nevertheless revealed that an overall mean of 79 % of the eggs were viable. Conclusion: The organic pigs of all ages were continuously exposed to A. suum, but mainly younger animals were infected. Deep litter appeared to be a less important source of A. suum eggs than previously believed compared to shallow litter. Long-term pasture rotation to eliminate pasture contamination was not possible, and control programs should therefore include thorough cleaning indoors and composting/long-term storage of bedding material and manure to inactivate eggs and reduce transmission to pigs
Ribavirin-induced mutagenesis across the complete open reading frame of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1a and 3a
No full textRibavirin (RBV) has been used for the last 20 years to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This pluripotent drug is believed to induce mutagenesis in HCV RNA. However, for cell-cultured HCV (HCVcc) this phenomenon has only been investigated in genotype 2a recombinants. Here we studied the mutations that developed in HCVcc of genotypes 1a and 3a treated with RBV or ribavirin triphosphate (RBV-TP) compared to non-treated controls. Analysis was performed on the amplified full-length open reading frame (ORF) of recovered viruses following next-generation sequencing and clonal analyses. Compared to non-treated controls, the spread of TNcc(1a) and DBN3acc(3a) HCVcc was delayed by RBV and RBV-TP at concentrations of 40 μM or higher. The delay in HCVcc spread was associated with increased new singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Significantly higher numbers of new SNP were observed in TNcc(1a) viruses treated with RBV or RBV-TP compared to matched non-treated controls. RBV or RBV-TP treatment led to significantly increased proportions of new G-to-A and C-to-U SNP compared to non-treated TNcc(1a). Clonal analyses confirmed a significantly increased mutation rate in RBV-treated TNcc(1a). Synonymous pairwise distances increased in both viruses across the complete ORF under RBV and RBV-TP treatment compared to controls. Consensus-shifts in single samples of RBV- or RBVTP- treated TNcc(1a) viruses occurred in proteins E1, p7, NS3 and NS4B. No non-synonymous consensus changes were observed in DBN3acc(3a). This study supports a biased G-to-A and C-to-U mutagenic effect of RBV and RBV-TP throughout the entire ORF of HCV genotypes 1a and 3a.</p
