1,899 research outputs found
The Clinical and Public Health Challenges of Diabetes Prevention: A Search for Sustainable Solutions.
No full textIn an Editorial accompanying PLOS Medicine's Special Issue on Diabetes Prevention, Guest Editors Nicholas Wareham and William Herman discuss some of the challenges for researchers and policy makers in developing effective and equitable solutions to the worldwide problem of type 2 diabetes
Do different dimensions of the metabolic syndrome change together over time?. Evidence supporting obesity as the central feature
No full textOBJECTIVE—The metabolic syndrome is a loosely defined cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Evidence for inclusion of these features in the syndrome has mostly come from cross-sectional studies, and a few studies have examined how the various factors change together over time. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a prospective population-based cohort study of 937 individuals aged 40–65 years who underwent oral glucose tolerance testing on two occasions at 4.5-year intervals. Changes in the components of the metabolic syndrome were analyzed by principal component analysis in the entire population and in a subgroup of 471 individuals who did not receive pharmaceutical therapy for hypertension and dyslipidemia. RESULTS—Principal component analysis identified three independent factors in men: a blood pressure factor (systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI), a glucose factor (fasting and 120-min postload glucose, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], and fasting insulin level), and a lipid factor (triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, BMI, WHR, and fasting insulin level). In women, an additional factor was identified, which included BMI, WHR, fasting insulin, and triglycerides. Analysis of the contribution of these variables to the different subdimensions indicated that BMI was the central feature of the syndrome in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS—This analysis of change in the features of the metabolic syndrome over time provides evidence of the fundamental importance of obesity in the origin of this disorder. <br/
sj-pdf-1-jtt-10.1177_1357633X221093434 - Supplemental material for The development, validation and application of remote blood sample collection in telehealth programmes
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jtt-10.1177_1357633X221093434 for The development, validation and application of remote blood sample collection in telehealth programmes by Albert Koulman, Kirsten L Rennie, Damon Parkington, Carina SB Tyrrell, Michael Catt, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, and Nicholas J Wareham in Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare</p
On the moral equality of artificial agents
No full textArtificial agents such as robots are performing increasingly significant ethical roles in society. As a result, there is a growing literature regarding their moral status with many suggesting it is justified to regard manufactured entities as having intrinsic moral worth. However, the question of whether artificial agents could have the high degree of moral status that is attributed to human persons has largely been neglected. To address this question, the author developed a respect-based account of the ethical criteria for the moral status of persons. From this account, the paper employs an empirical test that must be passed in order for artificial agents to be considered alongside persons as having the corresponding rights and duties
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Myth, rulership, church and charters ::essays in honour of Nicholas Brooks ; edited by Julia Barrow and Andrew Wareham.
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Physical activity intensity, sedentary time, and body composition in preschoolers
No full textBACKGROUND: Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) subcomponents, sedentary time, and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear.OBJECTIVE: We examined the magnitude of associations between objectively measured PA subcomponents and sedentary time with body composition in 4-y-old children.DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 398 preschool children recruited from the Southampton Women's Survey. PA was measured by using accelerometry, and body composition was measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Associations between light physical activity, moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity; sedentary time; and body composition were analyzed by using repeated-measures linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, birth weight, maternal education, maternal BMI, smoking during pregnancy, and sleep duration. Sedentary time and PA were also mutually adjusted for one another to determine whether they were independently related to adiposity.RESULTS: VPA was the only intensity of PA to exhibit strong inverse associations with both total adiposity [P < 0.001 for percentage of body fat and fat mass index (FMI)] and abdominal adiposity (P = 0.002 for trunk FMI). MVPA was inversely associated with total adiposity (P = 0.018 for percentage of body fat; P = 0.022 for FMI) but only because of the contribution of VPA, because MPA was unrelated to fatness (P ? 0.077). No associations were shown between the time spent sedentary and body composition (P ? 0.11).CONCLUSIONS: In preschoolers, the time spent in VPA is strongly and independently associated with lower adiposity. In contrast, the time spent sedentary and in low-to-moderate-intensity PA was unrelated to adiposity. These results indicate that efforts to challenge pediatric obesity may benefit from prioritizing VPA
A novel plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance determinant (mcr-1.8) in Escherichia coli recovered from broiler chickens in Brunei Darussalam
No full textThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy following peer review. The version of record: Muhd Haziq F Abdul Momin, Apostolos Liakopoulos, David C Bean, Lynette M Phee, David W Wareham, A novel plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance determinant (mcr-1.8) in Escherichia coli recovered from broiler chickens in Brunei Darussalam, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 74, Issue 11, November 2019, Pages 3392–3394, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz352 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz35
Variation in the promoter of the human hormone sensitive lipase gene shows gender specific effects on insulin and lipid levels: results from the Ely study
No full textWe previously identified a hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) promoter variant, ?60C>G, which in vitro exhibits 40% reduced promoter activity. In this study we examined the effect of the ?60C>G on glycemic and lipid measures in the population based Ely study of metabolic function and insulin resistance in 218 middle-aged men and 276 middle-aged women. Adipose tissue HSL is the rate-limiting step in triglyceride lipolysis, generating free fatty acids for energy utilization. HSL is also expressed in pancreatic ?-cells where its activity therefore may affect insulin secretion. In the women, carriers of the HSL ?60G allele had significantly lower fasting insulin levels (P=0.0005) and a lower total area under the curve for insulin during the oral glucose tolerance test (P=0.005). There was no demonstrable association in men with these measures of insulin sensitivity but carriers of the ?60G allele had significantly lower fasting non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels (P=0.025) and higher low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.02) than men who were non-carriers. This study provides additional evidence for a role for HSL in the development of insulin resistance, from which carriers of the ?60G allele, associated here with markers of insulin sensitivity in women, and with lower NEFA levels in men, might be protected
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