10 research outputs found
Landholders perceptions of the Australian Government’s Reef Rescue Program in the Wet Tropics region of North Queensland
No full textThis report describes the results of a series of interviews of rural landholders in the Wet Tropics Natural Resource Management (NRM) region of North Queensland on the topic of the Australian Government’s ‘Reef Rescue’ program (RRP). Interviews were conducted with fourteen landholders across the region, who were targeted on the basis of the results of analyses of a postal survey of rural landholders undertaken in 2007/2008 (Emtage and Reghenzani, 2008; Emtage and Herbohn, 2009; Emtage, 2009). A semi-structured interview schedule was used to examine landholders’ perceptions of: The barriers to participation in the RRP; Landholders’ motivations for participating in the RRP; and Their perceptions of classification schemes of agricultural practices. The RRP was designed to provide financial and training assistance to landholders to adopt management practices that will lead to improvements in the quality of water in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon
Promoting smallholder forestry as a poverty alleviation measure in the Phillipines: A study focused on Leyte Province
No full textNick Emtage, Jungho Suh, Edwin Cedamon, Steve Harrison and John Herboh
Landholder Types in Leyte, The Philippines: A Review of Literature and Proposals for Methods to Extend Understanding
No full textLandholder typologies are potentially useful to assist in the design and administration of tree planting support programs. This paper reports a review of relevant literature on the nature of landholder types in regard to tree planting and upland farming in the Philippines, and some preliminary impressions of landholder types in several communities in Leyte on the basis of information obtained from visits to these communities in 2001. The potential research methodology to examine landholder attitudes and explore for the presence of distinct groups with respect to these attitudes in Leyte is examined
An Investigation of the Social and Economic Factors Affecting the Development of Small-Scale Forestry by Rural Households in Leyte Province, Philippines: A Typology of Rural Households in Relation to Small-Scale Forestry
No full textThis thesis investigates the social and economic factors affecting small-scale forestry development in Leyte Province, the Philippines, and in particular, the potential to use typologies of rural households to aid the description and interpretation of the diversity of households in relation to forestry development. Data for the analysis of the relationships between socioeconomic factors and tree management behaviour and intentions and the construction of a typology of rural households in Leyte was gathered from four case study communities on the Island. Following focus group discussions in each of the participating communities to gather background data and populate the structured interview schedule, representative samples of 50 households were selected and interviewed in each of the four communities. Analysis of the present tree management activities of households in the four communities revealed that most households surveyed (approximately 80%) indicated that they are presently managing at least a few trees, the primary purpose of most tree management activities being to supply timber for the households' own needs. Only 10% of respondents indicated that they intend to sell trees they are presently managing, and 25% stated that they intend to plant and manage trees for the production of timber for sale in the future. Approximately 60% of responding households indicated an interest in developing commercial tree farming on the land they manage. Thus it is concluded that small-scale commercial tree growing is uncommon in the communities involved in the survey, and that many households are interested in developing their tree planting and management activities but feel constrained from participation by various factors. The first level of exploration of the socioeconomic factors affecting rural households' tree management behaviour involved univariate analyses of the relationships between households' tree management behaviour and intentions, their socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes to forestry. The level of resources controlled by the household, in terms of the area of the land managed by the household, their tenurial security and their cash income, are correlated with higher levels of participation in forestry activities, and greater intentions to plant higher numbers of trees in the future. Some farming system variables are also related to higher levels of tree planting and management activity, including the management of livestock and of farm plots distant from their house. While control over higher than average levels of productive resources are, in general, positively correlated to the active management of trees on their land, there are patterns of exceptions to this trend. The exploration of the interrelationships between socioeconomic factors and attitudes affecting households' tree management behaviour was undertaken through the definition of a typology of rural households in relation to forestry. Five types were defined, each having different attitudes to forestry activities. The interpretation of the types was undertaken by describing and comparing the socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics of the types in the typology. The types were characterised by differences in their control of productive resources, differences in their present and intended levels and types of forestry activity, and by differences in their participation in training activities run by development programs. The characteristics of the types were found to correspond highly with descriptions of the socioeconomic factors affecting forestry activities of smallholder households reported by previous studies into and theories about the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder forestry development. The typology of rural households does help to describe and interpret the variation within each of the four communities in terms of households' attitudes to forestry development and their socioeconomic characteristics. It is concluded that these variations between households mean that the various types of households will be affected in different ways by forestry development programs. It is also concluded that the present state of forestry policies and the market for timber products is such that substantial increase in the level of forestry activity by smallholders is unlikely without comprehensive land use planning, policy reform in regards to tree registration and transport permits, and market development. Recommendations for further research and policy development arising from the thesis focuses on the need to create enabling conditions in which forestry activities can occur and on ways to address the differing needs of the various types defined in the typology
Small-scale forestry development in the Philippines An investigation of the social and economic factors affecting smallholder forestry development
No full textSmall-scale forestry in the Philippines Deforestation and poverty are major problems in rural Philippines. Rural development programs have focussed on community and private forestry development as a central means of tackling the problems of poverty and environmental decline yet their outcomes have been erratic. Many programs have failed to account for the variations in the socioeconomic characteristics and attitudes of those in rural communities. This book presents a study of the factors that affect forestry in the Philippines and results of case studies of households’ socioeconomic circumstances and forestry development attitudes in four communities. A typology of households was developed, describing the nature of variations in households both between and within communities. A series of recommendations are made for reforms to improve development outcomes. The study provide a practical example for development program administrators and practitioners of how to better understand rural households’ needs and preferences in relation to rural development programs in the Philippines and elsewhere
Redesigning first year anatomy and physiology subjects for allied health students: Impact of active learning strategies
No full textTo combat high failure rates in an Anatomy and Physiology for first year Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy and Sport Science students, a flipped classroom was introduced in 2015. It became apparent that students did not engage with materials prior to classes, but they did engage with in-class active learning strategies. In subsequent years of this study, our focus changed to delivery with student active learning in mind. The active learning approaches introduced resulted in improvements in academic performance for all three student cohorts. Occupational Therapy students’ marks improved by 12.9% when comparing pre-intervention (2014) results to the end of the post-intervention period (2017), Physiotherapy students’ marks increased by 6.9%, while the greatest gains of 14.8% were seen in Sport Science students. When investigating the relationship between student performance and university entrance scores, students with high entrance scores demonstrated modest gains in performance, while those students with lower entrance scores benefited the most. Our results suggest that the introduction of active learning may result in the transition of the learning style of students under-prepared for university studies, to be more like those of more successful students; that is, to a deeper level of learning
Attitudes of Landholders to Farm Forestry in Tropical Eastern Australia
No full textThe area planted to farm forestry in the Wet Tropics region of north Queensland is small, despite favourable climatic conditions and the availability of many native species that grow rapidly and produce high-quality timber. This paper reports the results of a survey which explored landholder attitudes to farm forestry, including the reasons why landholders in the region plant trees, perceived obstacles to greater participation in farm forestry activities, and attitudes to various incentives designed to encourage planting. Landholders place much greater importance on environmental and personal satisfaction as reasons for planting trees than on commercial gain. The main impediments to planting more trees for commercial purposes were associated with economic and structural impediments, and satisfaction with the current land use. Economic incentives such as harvest security, tax deductions, local government rate remissions, planting grants, higher market prices and subsidised seedlings were considered to be more important than incentives associated with provision of information and joint venture arrangements. The results of the survey are discussed in the context of possible policy prescriptions that can be made at local, state and federal government levels to facilitate greater tree planting in the region
Present tree planting and management activities in four rural communities in Leyte Province
No full textDemand for timber in Leyte Province continues to increase whilst supplies from domestic sources have contracted following the suspension of logging in remaining natural forests. One means to make up the deficit in timber supplies has been to encourage timber planting by smallholders. A survey was undertaken in four rural communities to help assess the present tree planting and management activities of households and their tree planting and management intentions. It was found that about 61% of the households who have planted trees do not manage more than 100 trees. There were 88 different species planted or managed by households, but 83% of the total trees planted belong to 10 most preferred species, including mahogany, ipil-ipil, gmelina and molave. The primary purpose of tree planting is to meet the household's own needs for timber for dwelling construction and fruit production. About 72% of the total trees being managed by households were planted, as distinct from natural regeneration, with planting stock coming mostly from own seeds, nursery and wildlings. Only four respondents had registered any of their trees with the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (necessary for commercial harvesting), the main reason for lack of registration appearing to be lack of awareness of this procedure
1545: Identification and Risk-Stratification of Abscondees of Renal Stone Clinic- a Multi-Centre Study
No full textEstimation of the in-cylinder residual mass fraction at Intake Valve Closing in a 2-stroke High-Speed Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition engine
No full textThis is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting,
and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418813406.[EN] New combustion concepts and engine designs are being currently investigated in order to comply with upcoming pollutant regulations and reduce fuel consumption. In this context, two-stroke architectures appear as a promising solution for the implementation of some combustion concepts. However, scavenging processes in a two-stroke engine are much more challenging than for a four-stroke engine, and the residual mass of burnt gases retained inside the cylinder needs to be properly determined in order to keep control over the in-cylinder composition, hence over the combustion conditions and pollutant emissions. In this study, a new methodology for the estimation of the internal residual gas fraction is introduced, which is based on the thermodynamic processes occurring in the engine investigated and makes use of basic engine instrumentation and measurement equipment usually available in a conventional test cell. Several versions of the estimator were developed so that different requirements could be met, such as those of real-time estimation on an engine test bench but with reduced precision or, on the contrary, highly precise but time-consuming computations for post-processing purposes and combustion diagnosis. The consistency of the internal residual gas estimator was then validated through its application to real engine tests at different operating points.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been sponsored by the European Union in framework of the REWARD project, Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 636380. The authors kindly recognize the technical support provided by Mr Gilles Coma and his research group at RENAULT SAS, and also by the research group at IFPEN, along the development of the investigations presented here.Torregrosa, AJ.; Martín, J.; Novella Rosa, R.; Thein, K. (2020). Estimation of the in-cylinder residual mass fraction at Intake Valve Closing in a 2-stroke High-Speed Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition engine. International Journal of Engine Research. 21(5):838-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418813406S838855215Galindo, J., Luján, J. M., Serrano, J. R., & Hernández, L. (2005). Combustion simulation of turbocharger HSDI Diesel engines during transient operation using neural networks. Applied Thermal Engineering, 25(5-6), 877-898. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.08.004Payri, F., Benajes, J., Galindo, J., & Serrano, J. R. (2002). Modelling of turbocharged diesel engines in transient operation. Part 2: Wave action models for calculating the transient operation in a high speed direct injection engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 216(6), 479-493. doi:10.1243/09544070260137507Rakopoulos, C. ., Rakopoulos, D. ., Giakoumis, E. ., & Kyritsis, D. . (2004). Validation and sensitivity analysis of a two zone Diesel engine model for combustion and emissions prediction. Energy Conversion and Management, 45(9-10), 1471-1495. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.012Gatowski JA, Balles EN, Chun KM, Nelson FE, Ekchian JA, Heywood JB. Heat release analysis of engine pressure data. SAE technical paper 841359, 1984.Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., & Hernández, J. J. (1999). Diagnosis of DI Diesel combustion from in-cylinder pressure signal by estimation of mean thermodynamic properties of the gas. Applied Thermal Engineering, 19(5), 513-529. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(98)00075-1Arrègle, J., López, J. J., Garcı́a, J. M., & Fenollosa, C. (2003). Development of a zero-dimensional Diesel combustion model. Part 1: Analysis of the quasi-steady diffusion combustion phase. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(11), 1301-1317. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(03)00079-6Arrègle, J., López, J. J., Garcı́a, J. M., & Fenollosa, C. (2003). Development of a zero-dimensional Diesel combustion model. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(11), 1319-1331. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(03)00080-2Li J, Chae JO, Park SB, Paik HJ, Park JK, Jeong YS, et al. Effect of intake composition on combustion and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine at high intake pressure. SAE technical paper 970322, 1997.Brown WL. Methods for evaluating requirements and errors in cylinder pressure measurement. SAE technical paper 670008, 1968.Lancaster DR, Krieger RB, Lienesch JH. Measurement and analysis of engine pressure data. SAE technical paper 750026, 1975.Ghojel, J., & Honnery, D. (2005). Heat release model for the combustion of diesel oil emulsions in DI diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering, 25(14-15), 2072-2085. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.01.016Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhen, X., Guan, S., & Wang, J. (2014). Three-dimensional CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of scavenging process in a two-stroke free-piston engine. Energy, 68, 167-173. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.107Yuan, C., Feng, H., He, Y., & Xu, J. (2016). Combustion characteristics analysis of a free-piston engine generator coupling with dynamic and scavenging. Energy, 102, 637-649. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.131Cheung HM, Heywood JB. Evaluation of a one-zone burn-rate analysis procedure using production SI engine pressure data. SAE technical paper 932749, 1993.Brunt, M. F. J., Rai, H., & Emtage, A. L. (1998). The Calculation of Heat Release Energy from Engine Cylinder Pressure Data. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/981052Payri, F., Molina, S., Martín, J., & Armas, O. (2006). Influence of measurement errors and estimated parameters on combustion diagnosis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26(2-3), 226-236. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.05.006Broatch, A., Ruiz, S., Margot, X., & Gil, A. (2010). Methodology to estimate the threshold in-cylinder temperature for self-ignition of fuel during cold start of Diesel engines. Energy, 35(5), 2251-2260. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.012Olsen, D. B., Hutcherson, G. C., Willson, B. D., & Mitchell, C. E. (2002). Development of the Tracer Gas Method for Large Bore Natural Gas Engines—Part I: Method Validation. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124(3), 678-685. doi:10.1115/1.1454116Olsen, D. B., Hutcherson, G. C., Willson, B. D., & Mitchell, C. E. (2002). Development of the Tracer Gas Method for Large Bore Natural Gas Engines—Part II: Measurement of Scavenging Parameters. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124(3), 686-694. doi:10.1115/1.1454117Benajes, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & Carreño, R. (2014). A new methodology for uncertainties characterization in combustion diagnosis and thermodynamic modelling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 71(1), 389-399. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.07.010Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & García, A. (2011). A complete 0D thermodynamic predictive model for direct injection diesel engines. Applied Energy, 88(12), 4632-4641. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.005Benajes, J., Novella, R., De Lima, D., Tribotté, P., Quechon, N., Obernesser, P., & Dugue, V. (2013). Analysis of the combustion process, pollutant emissions and efficiency of an innovative 2-stroke HSDI engine designed for automotive applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 58(1-2), 181-193. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.03.050Benajes, J., Martín, J., Novella, R., & Thein, K. (2016). Understanding the performance of the multiple injection gasoline partially premixed combustion concept implemented in a 2-Stroke high speed direct injection compression ignition engine. Applied Energy, 161, 465-475. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.034Benajes, J., Novella, R., De Lima, D., & Thein, K. (2017). Impact of injection settings operating with the gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept in a 2-stroke HSDI compression ignition engine. Applied Energy, 193, 515-530. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.044Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Description of a Semi-Independent Time Discretization Methodology for a One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics Model. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131(3). doi:10.1115/1.2983015CARREÑO ARANGO, R. (s. f.). A comprehensive methodology to analyse the Global Energy Balance in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines. doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/73069Benajes, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., Blanco-Cavero, D., & Warey, A. (2017). Evaluation of swirl effect on the Global Energy Balance of a HSDI Diesel engine. Energy, 122, 168-181. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.082Payri, F., López, J. J., Martín, J., & Carreño, R. (2018). Improvement and application of a methodology to perform the Global Energy Balance in internal combustion engines. Part 1: Global Energy Balance tool development and calibration. Energy, 152, 666-681. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.11
