6 research outputs found
Population genomics of marine zooplankton
No full textAuthor Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bucklin, Ann et al. "Population Genomics of Marine Zooplankton." Population Genomics: Marine Organisms. Ed. Om P. Rajora and Marjorie Oleksiak. Springer, 2018. doi:10.1007/13836_2017_9.The exceptionally large population size and cosmopolitan biogeographic distribution that
distinguish many – but not all – marine zooplankton species generate similarly exceptional patterns of
population genetic and genomic diversity and structure. The phylogenetic diversity of zooplankton has
slowed the application of population genomic approaches, due to lack of genomic resources for closelyrelated
species and diversity of genomic architecture, including highly-replicated genomes of many
crustaceans. Use of numerous genomic markers, especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), is
transforming our ability to analyze population genetics and connectivity of marine zooplankton, and
providing new understanding and different answers than earlier analyses, which typically used
mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. Population genomic approaches have confirmed that,
despite high dispersal potential, many zooplankton species exhibit genetic structuring among geographic
populations, especially at large ocean-basin scales, and have revealed patterns and pathways of population
connectivity that do not always track ocean circulation. Genomic and transcriptomic resources are
critically needed to allow further examination of micro-evolution and local adaptation, including
identification of genes that show evidence of selection. These new tools will also enable further
examination of the significance of small-scale genetic heterogeneity of marine zooplankton, to
discriminate genetic “noise” in large and patchy populations from local adaptation to environmental
conditions and change.Support was provided by the
US National Science Foundation to AB and RJO (PLR-1044982) and to RJO (MCB-1613856); support to
IS and MC was provided by Nord University (Norway)
Long-Range Allosteric Modulation of DNA Duplex Dynamics Induced by Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide Binding
No full textAn evaluation of Minor Groove Binders as anti-fungal and anti-mycobacterial therapeutics
No full textThis study details the synthesis and biological evaluation of a collection of 19 structurally related Minor Groove Binders (MGBs), derived from the natural product distamycin, which were designed to probe antifungal and antimycobacterial activity. From this initial set, we report several MGBs that are worth more detailed investigation and optimisation. MGB-4, MGB-317 and MGB-325 have promising MIC80s of 2, 4 and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively, against the fungus C. neoformans.MGB-353 and MGB-354 have MIC99s of 3.1 μM against the mycobacterium M. tuberculosis. The selectivity and activity of these compounds is related to their physicochemical properties and the cell wall/membrane characteristics of the infective agents
10
No full textfound to poeaosa many posalblllUe* ol
napplnass. wbleh th* marking* *polled
lor pa a* Ing on.
Inspired With thla Idea of acndlag
out renaambratiLe* tbat night bo mul-
UpUed four-fold a new. sat uf cards
waa given to air*. Aldcn by the Ke-
cordera atari and thasa cards were at
one* a*at out. Tbe tbanha i«oal**d
for tteu were ao pretty that aa Item
was made of tbetn la tbe New York
Hacordrir. Tola canwd furtber corit-
d tn a club for
mdly gmetlnga.
The
of "Chat" waa
' THE BEGGAR TRUST.
MZCVLARLTORCASLZED FOR TBB
rruross of mclctsxg the
mite
lookout* were appointed for each, and
at lb* aan-e- time made- houriy rnllatv
■ :im Of li.i- Uiuuvy [Visaed out by a
Ingcnlowe Maker-Up* and Cruel Devi-
««• Practiced- Afreet Made and the
Ptintipsla :.. m to Prison. I snwbs
UVrfcot Beggar.
Aa old aa la < irlliaatlon. « aid If Ibe
blsturyof the beggar kingdom.
a for the column, but in time the: vru-rrvcr bare Lveu found any colL.
toembersblp grew ao Urge tbat tbo j ^^ ^ ^.^ ^ i^gg^n tk*n played
5" RTfi? SSTJ^Z T?? «**" l"MUW-« *h5« indifference and
ceae***1 to tB*"-?u»ab'.nVr tiw?.! »*» •«« •* "»' M*W*-J»* alway*.
aa« IU active aaamher* war* to include f reaping their bancs! frutti tbe pbUatv
all who war* deslro** of Urigbtanlng) tbrupli
'Ibe ut'Urr one draw* to ibe
Ufa by srerd. Uuraght or deed.
The growth of the Society hag been
almost paeonmreal. From tbe pere-nl
society branches have sprung up uaitl
every State tn the Union ia reprw.-n'.
ed with regularly enrolled president*
and organiser*.
When a Btata haa ten branch**., aarb
one coualatlag of at least t*o member*.
II become* ehlltlad to a Statu president. Brslrtrn tbs thousands of mem-
Mra la the rolled Stat**, that* are
nourishing liranrlte* to England, Ja-
fan, lad la. France and Oetnsaoy.
Th* Society Matte.
The eanapetltlofl to furnish th* **>
elely'a taotto ran for tare* oiuaths and
101 Morir-OSMftAI AaXJCN.
*aong (ho many thousands of vtircoa
•calved tbe following poem ami lo by
air*. W. 11. Chase of Brooklyn waa
Mra.
select*
warmer couimn-e inore aud more no-
iBiTiitja one llnua tiu- prwfaaalonal beggar. Egypt, India and Italy are tbe
worst example*. In coontrtea wbicb
buaat of tbeir l.iRt.. r ctvlliaaiKui la-g-
gury lluuriaaten not through want or
p..vnt«hi, but Ibruugb a •-j»* uf people wbo make U-ggitty their profee-
alon umI wlio batu math' a ti ■■■•■■ art nf
Ibe tiurtlMHl* of reaching tbe anlt
iMwrtcd. And beggnr* of tbla cuuai do
not »• ■ 1.1 to *t"p at criminality.
A rwTtii cane Waa nolrd in prrsr
(11*pal. in-* of ttnuaual brutality brer
tlcsd by a beggar upun thro* children
in Auafrui wbo bed been kidnapped
from tbi-lr parmta. Tbe children (ok
a temti«- laie of aiiffi-riuj: at the bands
nf i!i- iH-cirur who bnd broken tbelr
r»r* In i*u p:.v * abd t:-n twtitro
tbr limit* out uf aVifipe, ao tliat In
anitiuig loaetlnr Eua bone* wnuld not
*e*t straight. Tba man sent th* rhtl- PCOSPtBOlS SPAtttn run ac.
dtyu out to beg l;.r Mm and tt.rlr |Hrl- g^^ paWi._ -ft*,,, ..rnlaga wer*
ft;| eDo.li.ion tjw'ie mlupnasKiruto p*> ,,l„,,,i .„ \ l,,,... Mg] ,, ,r, „f v,hlrb
•iiua because of tbelr, ;„ (1^, ,„ t£m£Kk for l<-gal reW*-
.., gt*n Inrr" .
apponut mlacry.
Pake Deforanltlea.
While a iHSrt'- ? of the beggars
found lu larci- ••..* at* really *~
fnnned—bliii.l lata*, nuilmrd, erfp.
or doaf and . vvt ll U ■ known
tact to the potlco nutboriUe* tbat there
ctv cstiiiill*uui>-tit, ii' en bile, wortr-
irsa atxl Ury ocrsop. ar* rr*dl!y mai
mtxuna into fMaen or rtiarir*. *n
theme nf eao of tt..-* best of the t
' -ins' stnpl/.. !■ n wi.nilnrl
(laod In iMymdit
aratsimn wtf-n one of the "trust*
might !•■■ arrested. At one time there
w*r»> thirty men In ttv eorpnrallnn.
*Jw! hut Ihr- police of New Tnrlt gradnaDy
fmiliil *■"' '*n,' t,r "n" "( ,u" "■'•'"biT" linn
°- V» toila of tbe- Uw abd the "truaT
waa broken up.
utlfuiiu fieGoratsa cmna Dinner set
FREE
FREE
THs Urre China Tea Sit If- Cuctl* aa Described.
ThUUslii in sift'. myHsaio. ■*« |pr**WSttM
SsSsri **k**T sJll**!** mlUM* "1 **■*■.■>****■
atfteWi
t*.'"*.'.'*tJ*f** s^sjse.sstfraa
ss&t&ssm.
latpoarrcD stv. u*ti CABtstTa
w-ia t«ssa^'>eVss&a* aJatSt
Oead Cheer,
iraes yaw hod a klndneaa shown?
Paws It on.
Twaa not given for you alone—
Vkaa It on.
«at II tfaTDl duwo the years,
•<H It WIbsi another * tear*, a. ■
111 in beavtn the dw.l appeara—
Paao It on.
At the tuna the reran waa sHnrtr-d
M oas knew tba author and it waa
not for several year* after the Society
had adopted the motto that th* witter
was discovered to b* Hev. Hrnry liur-
ton. D. D-, of Lytliam, I'jigland. Mr.
Burton wrote tbe poem t*e«ty.five
year* ago and bad almost forgottnn It
until the Sunshine Society beougbt It
Into prranlnenc*, air. Burton la rector Of Uio I.ylbam Ephvopal Churrh
aod haa bacoma ao tntervarted in the
ftocltrty that now everybody la bis
churrh abd Sunday achool baa become
a HiwsalrMT.
Uf. Bur tons ew.rl*h!enrrt ar* hutld-
l&g a beautiful new church and Bun-
■hl&sra the world over ar* planning
10 raise fund* for a handsome memorial window bearing the poem which
baa inspired ao many to atta of glad-
&*** atld t hough tftilnr**.
The Due*.
One of the unique features of the
Society la the payinrnt of tnemleraMp
fa** Which rouaiata merely of aomc
klad aft which will bring "subablne"! a
to aoot* one. It may be only aa .»- ■ ■
cbattg* of looks, picture* or Beware, or | at<
It rnay bring mere material i-rin-ni. In
ODb ffutla a fall knowa woman baa
paid her due* by eduratieg soma boy
at Ifsuc aa ab**b lire* ltialrail of phn-lng
a costly taoeonvant over her aona
ffrat*. in nearly orrry Stain lo th»
1'nioti the Bocifjt* own* a wheel chair
Ifran In mranory of noma dear one.
Tanas* tr* paaaed around to crippled
an* neapVea* ones and ar* ennalaaily
to ua*.
"tfrtough the BoeVety baa tp«T*T aollc-
Itod funds it it. estlmnted that llDO.rititi
baa been given to rarer on tta work.
rrorn th« Ititertiallotini ln-adfiimrters,
H lHtth Avenc". New York fit),
nearly |Mi.000 baa t«-rn expended in
the paat flv* yrara to make others
hApny.
raewepapcr Aid.
TTae ■s^rapaper* mnet be- given
eredlt In a large degree lor the growih
of Us Roeiety. Originating to a new.
paper eaaea It baa everywhere received
the e*d*rs*avent of tbe prvaa until today over >00 papers are regularly car*
rytag Ounahlae departmeni*.
The Isor-lety haa a paMlcatton of Its
owa called the Sunshine Bulletin, of
Which Mrs Alden, the founder and
presidentgear-ml, la editor.
Peats*--** of "sunshine Work.
Each Stats division of th* Buaahlne
Society endeavor* to have seme eetab-
llaked feature besides the lodivljual
aaasfe is* «*ch member atrfvee to nrat-
tar. Thla work takes the form of day
aursarla*. hem** tor rrlrr-led cbtldrrn
and ngvil on**, maintaining bt>U In
beeaiUI wanbi, frvwh air and .«nine
enttaa**. Sunshine llbrariae, lu&cb
room* for working girts, etc.. etc.
The greatest mil lbs fWlelr haa to
eontend with I* tbe fake, aunahln* ee>
etatla* grartar* nrganlM to defrand
tbe puhllr. The popularity nf the Roeiety and th" raw*f response- ttutt
every appeal of Sun*hln« re^elv** hgs
" i ll isseatkla for tb«w* Kraftst
Dy Tcteptioaa.
i th* reside
Morgan. The bnayje
an (•nginc at Oaana Thl* U Herbert I.
Mtd-iii.-. Mr. Morgan'* s»n in-law,
talking-"
There waa unusual es-Iteraent at Bra
hiftitrjtjarters recently whoa tbn telephone rang and the forssolo- warns
mm* over the wire.
Tbe engine was ir-nt. and 30 team
ever made a quicker run When lbs
Bremen arrived at Z'< Madlsnn avenue,
tba borne of the- mulM millionaire, tbey
found Mr. Battrrle* ia tbe doorway.
Tbe only sign of fire was a atendvr
•beet of llama akooMag out of tbe
chimney.
"For heaven's sake, do not use any
water," Mr. Sailed** bogged. "Yob
'HI ruin trr*p!sr**L> painting* If you
o. The Bre i» la the chlamey. But
please be quirk.**
Tbe Bremen yielded to Mr Batter
lew'* request, and used hand grenade*
tostead of tba boae They found Po
llceman Daniel Keiioher on the roof.
Ho had almost eitlogulshed the Bre
by throwing salt dosra tba cbimgey.
Tbe Bra caused ao damage.
OLD VETERANS' HOKE.
rnv'Uiv hvsi itt;i> old hol-
DISKS as** CASED FOR IX COM-
fomt am» nesrr.
tut KrMQ or H<^a*r3.
and the regular detective* and tn fart
evf-r*hody but tlm Man Hherlnek. Tat
old bands In the drtcvilv* force *tale
that tbla prlm-liMl *)luatlon la In no
way overdrawn aa applied to actual
cecatttlooa.
A Ctoa* Cernoratlon S't,
pu/fk/r Dtoponett Q£
A eertala eolonel la aa aatborlty a*
tf^kl all military matter*, god bells- oftea
■ bealsgsd by craaka with pe*UMattr
rapid Bring guns, rifle*, dirigible war
balloons, and other martial inventions
On one occnalon be waa alttlag lo
hia private roam at th* barrack* wttb
a friend when a servant brought la a
card.
"Oh. send htm la." said M. "HI*
bualneea won't lake more than a minute or two." '•
There waa shown to a wild-eyed.
lonrMietred mao, twilling hia soft ha:
nervously la both ban '.*.
"Colonel.** be aahl, "I have here"—
aod he took out a assail pare'—"a
■ bullet-proof army coal. If Ibe govern-
'meat would adopt this —-"
t Tut 11 on. Put It oil" aald the sol-
Sun^hK -oe.fi °uf /•/Tr r><" »•• S «1 «h.0V"'Vh
ui.u.1 OialiTn.i .Ll ,.^.fl." .».,« '■ '■•»! apr**rrd a* the toveator wa
porn
mutual protr*-tion and tmnrll. Lh.
waa rvevntly <-*lalilUbr*] fti Sfrt rui..
'begpir iru«i" through tlie cttori* of
or- le.TC'-d youth who fud
il.J,. !■..
nev rf"'
ly tn hctsftis:- tils reroarfuble to- am
sight into Tiustni'ds iDciiiiMla would
pntlmhly Jmvs rraprd btiu a greett-f
reward than waedertrod through le-g-
-■ry. UrgHtiliing „ ciniuiiniiy of lu-
ri-at among tho rnotulleinta of Park
ow, be picked out farnrahlo p.jnta
throughout the city to which were assigned C-eelaln pi*n A tames emnttt
sro old Trie pin red
inaci
bnd
> point, a mil-l
xMbh-d mer«ti-
a*r
nvenlor wa* get-
g Into tbs coat.
'Joe**," aald hi* raa-t-r. •tell Ser-
mi Drown lo order no* «f bl* m«n
load hia rlue with ball and cartridge (
Ekuso inn. air. I forgot somMhlriB."
loterrupted the' Inventor, and with a
biinled look ho disappeared.
Maintenance of a Crcat Inatltutlon
T hruogh Compufnory Consribwtiins
of Men uf the Hegular Army.-Haa
Beautiful Ground*.
Tho National Roldiera' norne in the-
f>Utrkt uf folutuMa ia lb>- unly lQ*tl-
ituuon of Its kind 111 tin* f(ilt<-.| St.itis,
'I'lt- horn.- wa» jfasJasssd Hafrefj '■'. VBt
The Idea of \br rstsbliotitot-nt is *aUl
to have nrigiiiutrd with ilr-m-rsl V- .;;
r.fld Scoti. aft.r whom the- mam huiM
. .; of tbe Home la named, and of
wiiuui there is n fine bronae eulue In
t!w iroOi.il* Huring tbe- occiipatkin of
kleitro lirueral s.-nn nactid a *um of
mouey frvtu that eouatry. Tbe uomey
*r*a paid to lulu, aod bo aaked t'on-
Rru> ih.il II !-■ -■! aside for ti->- e*Ub-
bment at Washing ton of a borne for
disabled anllslod nu-n of the regular
Oavy aod army. Tni* waa done. Tbe
Home la maintained by esactmg from
every eiillstrd man ai:ii oillrvr 1'.' 1-2
crnta from each mnrjth*' pay 1'tnea
!rnnn nttlfl Ibnrlisl nod ntotw-y iluo
deaorters ia turned Into tbla fund. Im*
provement* at the llttuie are n.ntr-tn-
plated, which ran fur tin- eit»>iidlture
of over one ttillllon iiotlars. T: - Home
ha* nn de-poslt in t; .■ Trenaury of the
t'tiltid htnn-s a filed nf trm-i- (ban two
tallllou dollars. It WHinld be Utrne tn
11.ind that tbe (Jovi-niuietit of the i
I'nlted Slat** d»e* not contribute* oae'
dollar to tbe auCPort uf tbts great 10'
tutloo.
No woBsen ere emptovnl at tl.r
Hotne excepting [!.■■■■ In tbe cor]'* of
tr*ir;.d nurse* lu tbe Hum* bo*-;>;iaL
Murb of the veorfc at t!m homo, farm
work, ilatrylug, garUroIng^ rued ma!
tenao'*, bouarwnrk. rookii.g, waiting'
011 table, etc., (* dom* by the Itauiair*.
wbo ar* paid for tbelr acrvlce* out of
tbe nome *■...;.
Tbcro are about 1-T.al vetenns In the
lasti-.ution Many «r tbrm are civil
ivnr ■mldler* aoiuo wen* disabled In
the West tod**, other* In tbe Philip-
1>inee, some intbe Indian cnmnalcns.
ISd some wore dl«cl>arf>-d from tbe
•M-rrtc* for dleahllrty incurred in estop
anil garrison, Many of the Home
loruatee ar* oaer* youth*. Every bun-
uroUy diseliDrgod sohller or an I lor.
who nred* -ii.-Ji.-r. flud* 11 at tbe Na-
timiat Kolillrr*' Ilonw
Ki.itt Hall atinds In the ivM-r of
IVashlngtou'a Btwpst pork. It I* glorl-
011* in *umnirr and mal<-*tlc In winter.
iV:i.!iHictmii.iii« know (his, and in fair
weather a throng of persona afoot.
BIG FUR SCARF, BEAUTIFUL RING & HAND BAG
CI
■n, rtsiferfcsigt** ■ j
KIO fflf M MuStuv"- .rf B4tU* la*
dark, d xesie lu; ib.'k ■*! son, ss>
S0mi.V*U,i^'
PEMEMBER! *:
Arrangemrnta am beinr: mado for
tha rnaetruction of a great military
rt8* factory in China.
He Has Thrown Away His Bottles and Scales
and oaea the ft, p. to(rjo*i»c-
Pirepsrallent. nrgy. / He at the
■ eifhUii «r:-i you add th* water
N.P.C&
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MtTOL HYDtTO DrVfLOPfR
Tbe old *iandby. *s cent* for ■!>
tubca, making up the same amount cat
ric«-c«sc«»oosar>d*»mnt»t*intb* ' tI*v«l«P«.
flngefa. ysccntafuraiatubes.aufflcMnt > . ft. P. C C srPM TOftCR
■ *lot^*oeVeloa.Cyke, BOaek sr^ whnepeinisoo devek>psd
op"-ng oapara,ot j paper may be ra-developcd at anytime
to a perfect sepia tj cents h* sis lubes-
NAelOiW. FH0T009U*la^ CtttMICAL COMPANY*5*
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KotoxsnJtiilicr slrv
It) ounce* plat* or film devsUiper.
HOW TO MAKE SCHOOL GARDEiNS.
By II. 1). Ucmcnwny.
Thai *ug*e-*Jire little- bo k I* a practlcal foanual of sehoid f^rdening foe *n»th
teacbor and pupil, and aiipphe* Uio Hot a'iciiuato work «f tbe sort in this couniry
This voluntr is I n*H nn actual esperlence (tb* author U an suiboi-.ty and eiinxti*
U the lisni'-rd N.bmd .4 HortK-ultuic).
COSTrNTS. Intmdurti.m; lf,-wto Make a Garden: Twenl*>0>* Leavvons
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Ily apr-cut arrnngernont with Doubkday, l'age & Co., I aa al4e for tl>emacstt
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Tlio OARDBS MAGA2IKB la fiorlv Illustrate,]. nt„l fe, (ha finest magailnc nf
ttshm.I poblkdVad m Anetke. To uke adaaBBtaaa nf tht..p»*cial **a«*. **•**■,
ahoul.1 be ■ at..: orxv to H. I). H«uicn*«y, ll..:::.-i ., ( -.tn-., > •■;. „:.
TI. i-..rt.r.-1-r be witiulrsWB*
[success magazine
tme Magaxine of America
led otfwr toe a llmlterl tlma anlr*
.MWHlWKllMIHihObeN^eOlltaaa
"l's?t.!l>rs*r?ilajr."****4, ■'*"'■'■**■**■■*■ •**"'
SwISl^j. .°ur
BULL RUN BRIDGE.
One of the Historic tandmjri* of the Chll War.
Ahont thla brldee ellrtr* pwr» of thsjw^* hfrr. th.vt (he nnrnlnary battle of
heroic htitcry or the fntt*d S"*'*^—the 1 1«i iwwan-—Trier's dtelston of the
eld Dnit Itun brl.l«e, end Hull Hun. tbs: r-*lon armr on the ea«t aids or the
Utile *:r»<*m flnwitc unJer its arcN-s. j r!e!:t of the plctnre. sad the Terma'a
jln the South a eree*; l* cs'lcd a wi, ,brtgad« of the Confederate army on
"''* and thla Ktrenm In th" Noreh would h* thn we*t or left bvnd Una of tbe r'*
eallsd Hull frr*k. The Vrt.tr* msrv* ■ tor*. The** was fleMme Tn ttie nHeb-
where the WartrntTn t"rno!kr.. tba; boehood of the bridge tn tea*., and a
war-worn rosd aero** Northern -Vic ' rnai marine on tbh old bridge could
ainla hetweeo tbs Potomac and lM bare hrsrd th» guoa of a ecore of flf his 1
Rappahannock crosses the sireasi. It; la tha Clrtt War.
SCOTT HAlt
awheel and with horw* or anto
their appret-lailoo of the b^arlty of th.
pbvee. The rrt>unda embraro five hundred acre* of h!t:v or evdlly rolling
land and Bne tnvtM of the city aod It*
enrIrons may be had.
Purine tho war a new a.lm'nKtm-
tiot) faaanans* hn* Ix-en cotie;rwt»-il and
a large addition to the bovpttal baa
been rua.V- A rn-w mesa hall ta pro-
Jeetid. Tbe plana foe the neve hall
e*n for an taipotine building of white
marbV. rockftrvd, to conform In stylr
of archltcrtur* with the P-cvtt tuii:dice
■ Arrrarrrtag to la*t tvport of Gen: It
Hawkln*. gnteroor of the llmne. there
wvre t"t"l pennvnr>nt inmatp* .-i lass
tW, come nf them wrrv- ectunlly In
the ground*, emttr of th»m re-e-elvlcg
OUt-ofd"^ re"ef. son** Tt-'ng In O-e
government Imapltal f«r the Insane,
s<ir absent on furl..ugh ai-d some In
the general hospital at fort lUyard,
New Mexku.
;to ahow "*■' "*;
rameaiber that the' onlv anthea'
gnash tea aoclety has Mra Cvnthta
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Trust and transformation in the water sector in South Africa
No full textWater policy under the 1956 Water Act actively discouraged participation and water was managed centrally. The principles enshrined in the National Water Act (no 36 of 1998), designed in line with international sustainable development goals that actively encourage participation of a wide range of stakeholders operating closest to the resources that are being used, require a shift from governing through direct controls to governance where the state interacts with a wide range of interest groups. Although policy seemingly embraces a new water management paradigm, the old is being resurrected with all the contradictions and contortions that precipitated the shift in focus from the old to the new in the first place. There is on the one hand an undeveloped notion of what participation should entail, but there is also a culture in the domain of water that negotiates meanings around technical rather than social discourses. It is the absence of knowledge, the unequal power relationship between water users and the inhibition of agency that makes participation so difficult and keeps those who have knowledge, in - and those who do not have knowledge, out, with the unintended consequence of strengthening bonds between those who have had, in the past, privileged access to water. Those who suffer water deprivation have not been able to use their franchise to improve their access to water and their access to decision-making bodies in the water sector. Repeated failures to achieve reform are costly in terms of finance, and they are costly because they affect the production of trust and make it difficult to retain the 'spirit of the law.' The changing role of the state and the influence that state policy and intervention has in developing or hindering the production of trust and the perpetuation or production of shame is pivotal. Trust is a valuable but volatile resource and the broader set of analytic tools have provided a scafIold using the following set of analytic themes: style of government, way in which bureaucrats accept or resist change, ability of non-state and state actors to develop synergistic relationships, equalising of power, meaningful transfer of knowledge and creation of an agency-enhancing and agency-enabling environment. Trust is a product of a set of 'ideal' conditions, public officials being trustworthy, trading credit slips between water users, having a sense of agency and being able to trust. The ideals of trust present trust as a product of democratic processes and in these ideal conditions trust, as an experience, is reproduced and smoothes relationships. The study expands on the theme of trust by introducing the idea of shame as an inhibitor of trust and examines conditions that activate shame based feelings
