40,639 research outputs found
NGO field workers in Pakistan
No full textNGOs came into the society in their present form after World War II and more precisely in 1960s. Before that also different forms of philanthropy existed. Like elsewhere in the world, in Pakistan also state and the market were the two sectors catering for different needs of the people. When foreign funding started coming into the poor countries, the channel of NGOs was considered more appropriate including the fact they had roots in the society and the benefit could reach the far flung areas. NGO field workers are the real actors in the NGOs’ activities but sadly the NGOs those raise the slogans of working for the destitute do not bother to facilitate the NGO field workers. Eventually the NGO field workers are facing problems of job insecurity, poor salary structure, unhealthy working environment and even harassment especially in case of women NGO field workers in Pakistan.Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), NGO field workers, wage level and structure, working conditions
Cryptographic and Financial Fairness
No full textA recent trend in multi-party computation is to achieve cryptographic fairness via monetary penalties, i.e. each honest player either obtains the output or receives a compensation in the form of a cryptocurrency. We pioneer another type of fairness, financial fairness, that is closer to the real-world valuation of financial transactions. Intuitively, a penalty protocol is financially fair if the net present cost of participation (the total value of cash inflows less cash outflows, weighted by the relative discount rate) is the same for all honest participants, even when some parties cheat. We formally define the notion, show several impossibility results based on game theory, and analyze the practical effects of (lack of) financial fairness if one was to run the protocols for real on Bitcoin using Bloomberg's dark pool trading. For example, we show that the ladder protocol (CRYPTO'14), and its variants (CCS'15 and CCS'16), fail to achieve financial fairness both in theory and in practice, while the penalty protocols of Kumaresan and Bentov (CCS'14) and Baum, David and Dowsley (FC'20) are financially fair
Enslaving Development: An Anthropological Enquiry into the World of NGO
No full textThis thesis investigates the conflict of values that occurs in Bangladesh between NGOs and wider society. It examines the dynamics of BRAC, a large NGO, in order to illustrate the dissonance and inconsistencies in development discourse. Tension is evident in development, which is a multi-stranded process, in which each strand may complement or contradict the others. The process may also be understood in terms of the societal change that results from an attempted synthesis of the contradictory, clashing values of Western agency (individualism, equality, market, etc.) and Bangladeshi rural cultural life (community, hierarchy, subsistence, etc.).
Development processes, backed by strong finance, introduce Western ideas and theories to the South. NGOs subscribe to a global policy language in transforming these ideas into locally implementable programmes and projects, ignoring the diverse social, cultural and political settings in which they work. When villagers come into contact with these projects, they are pushed towards a sense of individualism, but instead of developing this individualism, they produce a new form of collectivism. In this hybrid environment, actors engaged in development adhere neither to the old values nor to new ones.
Projects aimed at modernization, itself, have undergone change from a blue-print approach to a process approach. In reality, top-down approaches are renamed but not reformed into bottom-up approaches. NGO projects targeting women, notably through micro-credit programmes, contribute to the rise of women-only organisations as well as matri-focal groups that constitute a challenge to male-dominated village associations. Micro-credit also polarises the traditional notions of money into moral and immoral money to produce new arenas of dispute. Overall, religious groups oppose such NGO interventions.
Conflict occurs within NGOs themselves. This is evident when BRAC, as an organisational entity, seek to accommodate to Western, Bengali and Islamic cultural traits which further generate conflict and are managed by a culture of fear or indulgence. Unless knowledge is shared by both parties there is the strong likelihood of increased conflict to the detriment of both NGOs and the local people
sj-docx-1-cll-10.1177_09636897221110876 – Supplemental material for Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Neurological Sequelae due to Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: First Case Report
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-cll-10.1177_09636897221110876 for Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Neurological Sequelae due to Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: First Case Report by Liem Nguyen Thanh, Van T. Hoang, Huong Le Thu, Phuong Anh Thi Nguyen, Duc M. Hoang, Doan Van Ngo, Hung Cao Vu, Van Nguyen Thi Bich and Michael Heke in Cell Transplantation</p
The Entry of NGO Schools and Girls’ Educational Outcomes in Bangladesh
No full textThis paper uses household, school, and test score data from Bangladeshto compare and contrast the effectiveness of NGO-run and state-run schoolsin the provision of primary education. I study how the entry of NGOs inprimary education has affected educational outcomes of girls and examine themechanisms which account for the relative performance of NGO versus stateschools in improving female educational outcomes. The results show that theentry of NGO schools has significantly increased girls' enrollment as comparedto boys. Constructing cohorts from cross-sectional data using year of birth andyear of NGO school establishment, I show that cohorts which were exposed toNGO schools have higher probability of enrollment and the effect operatesmainly through girls. The two most prominent characteristics of NGO schoolsthat encourage girls' enrollment are the high percentage of female teachers andhaving Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs). NGO schools show strong effectsin improving children's test scores.NGOs, non-formal schools, girls’ education, Bangladesh.
Whose accountability? A case study of NGO accountability to recipients of aid in South Sudan
No full textThe prominence of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) has increased dramatically in the last decade triggering concerns over the accountability of these organisations. In response, NGOs have broadened their accountability systems to include all their stakeholders, not only those who hold some form of authority over them. Particular attention has been given to ensuring accountability to the recipients of an NGO‟s assistance, known in some circles as „beneficiary accountability‟. However, the implementation of beneficiary accountability is particularly difficult in the kind of environment in which humanitarian assistance is provided – a point which is acknowledged in literature. The aim of this research was to understand the factors that influenced the implementation and the reasons for the difficulty.
The case study employed qualitative methods to gather data from NGO staff and members of two Dinka communities in South Sudan. The study found that the complexity of accountability was not given sufficient consideration during implementation. Within the task-oriented environment of humanitarian aid, accountability was simplified into a set of practical steps. But while staff implemented the steps, they often missed the real essence of accountability. As a result, the mechanisms employed were not entirely appropriate for the target audience, the Dinka communities. Perhaps because of this, the community tended to prefer their own methods of holding the NGO to account.
The research concludes that because of certain structural difficulties inherent in beneficiary accountability it is not only difficult, but impossible to implement within certain contexts. It is recommended that NGOs make changes to the methodology they employ when working in a context similar to the one in which the research was conducted
ACCOUNTABILITY IN SOUTH KOREAN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS AS PERCEIVED BY NONPROFIT LEADERS
No full textMy dissertation attempts to identify the major societal and strategic forces that shape the development of South Korea’s nonprofit sector as perceived by Non-profit Organization (NPO) leaders and managers. I began with a reflection on Lester Salamon’s (2012) theoretical framework, which specifies four impulses—civic activism, voluntarism, professionalism, and commercialism—that have historically exerted pressure on the U.S. nonprofit sector and, consequently, shaped its present structure and behavior.
My first research question is: what are the impulses shaping the South Korean NPO sector? I seek to discover if Salamon’s framework is transferable to the South Korean context. South Korea has a distinct social foundation and history of civil society, which may generate different impulses than those in the U.S. My dissertation delves into the universalities and particularities of the driving forces that South Korean NPOs face. My second research question is: what specific accountability obligations are perceived by NPO leaders to be implied by the various impulses? For the purpose of this study, accountability is defined as the management of diverse stakeholder expectations on nonprofit management (Kearns, 1996; Romzek & Dubnick, 1987). This study focuses on how NPO leaders and managers align the organization with perceived stakeholder expectations.
This study is comprised of two phases: employing mixed methods of the Repertory Grid Method and organizational surveys. The first phase aims to identify what a sample of NPO leaders believe to be the driving forces impacting their accountability environments. In phase II of the study, the survey is designed to determine how NPO leaders perceive the driving forces that are shaping their accountability environment and, further, to identify the ways that they are responding to these forces.
This study found that the reinforcing influence and countervailing interchange between the social movement and strategic management impulses have been significant and tangible in the South Korean context. It also observed that the duality structure, which refers to the split between advocacy-focused NPOs and service-focused NPOs in the nonprofit sector, prevails in the South Korean nonprofit sector in terms of the nonprofit leaders’ perceptions of their accountability obligations towards their main stakeholders
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