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Koinéforming av industristedtalemål: En sosiolingvistisk studie av språkutviklingen i Sauda og Årdal de siste hundre årene
No full textIn this sociolinguistic dissertation I investigate how the dialects in Sauda and Årdal have changed over the last hundred years. Sauda and Årdal are two large industrial towns in Western Norway, and are, among other things, characterized by a rapid and concentrated population growth in the industrialization period. I argue that Norwegian industrial town dialects should be examined as koines that develop due to the dialect contact between the original inhabitants and the many in-migrants. Accordingly, dialect changes should be examined in the context of macro social changes that occurred in these towns as a consequence of the industrialization. This dissertation is therefore written in a koine formation perspective, where the traditional model of koine formation (also called ‘new-dialect formation’) (Trudgill 1986, Siegel 1985) is supplemented with the perspective of language evolution (Mufwene 2001). These theoretical perspectives are accounted for in the introduction. Furthermore, the first article, article I, is a theoretical discussion of the term ‘koine’ and a comparison of koine formation in Norwegian industrial town dialects and other dialect changes. The three other articles, article II, III, and IV, are empirical investigations where language change and variation in the industrial town dialects of Sauda and Årdal are examined from different perspectives. The main purpose of these three articles is to address the question of how language structural and language social factors play a role in koine formation processes in Norwegian industrial town dialects. The introduction to the dissertation accounts for the main findings in the articles, and discusses the articles in light of the main research question. The introduction also adds further information on the methods of collecting and analyzing speech data used in this dissertation, and a description of the industrial towns Sauda and Årdal. The empirical basis for the current study is a large collection of speech recordings from Sauda and Årdal (in total 47 informants from Sauda and 60 informants from Årdal). The recordings can be grouped in three: Recordings from the 1960s (only Årdal), from the 1980s (both towns) and from 2011 (both towns). I use written descriptions of the dialects in Sauda and Årdal and a range of other dialects, in addition to these recordings. The hundred year period described in this dissertation has to be investigated with an apparent time method, but I also describe some of the dialect changes investigated with a real time method. Article II, III, and IV, approach the subject of koine formation in industrial towns from different perspectives. In article II, I focus on grammatical simplification, and the relationship between simplification and other changes, based on a statistical comparison of simplification in 43 town dialects and a quantitative comparison of simplification and other language changes in 8 industrial town dialects. Article III is centred around the levelling process between the dialects in contact in the industrial towns Sauda and Årdal. I show how the dialects of Sauda and Årdal have changed, and then analyse each variable and discuss if the variant used today might have “won” as a result of this variant being the most frequent when the original inhabitants’ and in-migrants’ birth place dialects are taken together. In article IV, I focus on the social conditions in Sauda and Årdal, and discuss if there are any social structures that can promote or restrict the introduction of new variants to these industrial town dialects. The main findings from these empirical investigations are that the language structural aspects of the dialects in contact in the industrial towns, both determine which language features are used in the industrial towns’ dialects in the hundred year period, and determine which grammatical simplifications occur in these koines. However, the simplification and levelling processes also seem to be governed by regional and national norms for language use. In addition, the unique historical macro social conditions in the industrial towns, create different conditions for interaction between the inhabitants, and therefore create different conditions for the introduction and spread of new variants to the speech society. The comparison between the dialect in Sauda and the dialect in Årdal accentuate that the two towns’ different industrialization histories as well as different geographical conditions, influence how these industrial towns’ dialects change. In this dissertation I argue that the factory has a social core function in industrial towns and that the factory is a central social factor in the koine formation processes both on the social level and on the individual level. However, these processes take place in a close interplay between the language structure of the dialects in contact in the industrial towns and the social conditions for language use and interaction in the towns and the region. Accordingly, this creates unique and different conditions for the formation of each industrial town dialect
Industristedtalemål og dialektendring
Get PDFDe norske industristedtalemålene kan sees på som resultat av en språkendringsprosess som har mange fellestrekk med annen dialektendring. Samtidig kan prosessen tolkes inn i en språkkontaktkontekst og sammenliknes med danning av pidgin- og kreolspråk. I artikkelen argumenterer forfatteren for at industri - stedtalemål er koinévarieteter, og at forskjellen mellom koinéforming og dialektendring (og kreolforming) ikke er en absolutt og kategorisk forskjell, men en mer gradvis forskjell sentrert rundt ulike prototypiske talemålsendringer. Videre argumenterer artikkelen for hensiktsmessigheten av å spesifisere danning av industristedtalemål som en spesiell variant av talemålsendring, og at undersøkelsesmetodene må fokusere på demografiske forhold, på talemålene som kom i kontakt, og på restruktureringen av dem til en ny talemålsvarietet
Innflyttertalemåls innvirkning på talemålsendringer i industristeder
Get PDFArtikkelen er en empirisk undersøkelse av endring i totalt seksten språklige variabler i industristedtalemålene i Sauda og Årdal. Det drøftes om talemålsendringene følger typiske mønstre for koinéformingsprosesser, og om innflytternes talemål har direkte betydning for utfallet av prosessen. De to industristedtalemålene viser forskjellige endringsmønstre, både når det gjelder antall varianter i hver variabel, antall språklige endringer og mulige årsaker til disse endringene. Det empiriske materialet viser at innflytternes fødestedstalemål ikke er en direkte årsak til talemålenes utforming i dag, og det argumenteres for at forskjellene mellom industristedtalemålene kommer av at industristedene hadde ulike innflyttingsmønstre og at regionene stedene ligger i, Rogaland og Sogn, er svært forskjellige med hensyn til sentralisering
Saudamålet i 1981
Get PDFArtikkelen presenterer språklig variasjon i et talemålsmateriale fra Sauda i 1981. Saudamålet er et industristedtalemål, og artikkelen dokumenterer en endring i tilsynelatende tid, der noen tradisjonelle språktrekk forsvinner, mens andre er bevarte i det nye saudamålet i 1981. En kan også se antydninger til et geografisk spredningsmønster, og finne spor av språklige nyvinninger som ikke ble en del av det nye saudamålet
Med heimstaddialekten i bagasjen? Om korleis målføresynopsisen og folketeljingane kan brukast i historisk sosiolingvistikk
Get PDFArtikkelen tek utgangspunkt i ei teoretisk problemstilling som gjeld faktorane som spelar inn i koinéformingsprosessar, nemleg om det er ein direkte samanheng mellom dialektbakgrunnen til innflyttarane til ein ny stad og språktrekka som blir brukte i den nye dialekten som etterkvart veks fram. Dette spørsmålet blir testa med å kombinere folketeljinga frå den nye byen Narvik i 1900 og målføresynopsisen sine presise data om tradisjonelle dialektar i Noreg. Medan mange tidlegare forskingsprosjekt om talemål i industristader og liknande nye byar har konkludert med at innflyttarane sine talemål har vesentleg innverknad på sluttproduktet av koinéformingsprosessen, viser denne undersøkinga at dialektane som innflyttarane hadde med seg i bagasjen frå heimplassen sin, ikkje kan ha hatt direkte innverknad på korleis språktrekket som vert undersøkt her, er realisert i den nye koinéen.publishedVersio
"vann og kan og mann" En sosiolingvistisk studie av nn-variabelen og andre språktrekk blant ungdommer i Narvik
Get PDFThis master thesis is a sociolinguistic study of speech variation in four adolescent groups in Narvik in Northern Norway. The study is based on interviews conducted with sixteen 17-year-old informants in three local schools. This work represents the first linguistic survey of the dialect of Narvik. In order to give an indication of possible dialect change, a reference group of six 80-year-old informants was established, allowing the linguistic data from the adolescent groups to be compared with an estimate of an earlier language norm
Stasjonsnavn og navn på lokomotiv:Ofotbanen i Nordland og Nesttun–Osbanen i Hordaland
Get PDFThis article is a socio-onomastic contribution to Norwegian language history. We investigate which names were given to the stops on two new railway lines during the last decades of the 19th century: Ofotbanen in Nordland and Nesttun–Osbanen in Hordaland. We investigate whether naming practices were different in railway development in the north and southwest, in the mountains and farmland, and in a multilingual versus a monolingual environment. One question reagarding the naming practices is whether the names given to stops and stations were names of natural features, farm names or names of man-made features, and whether it is possible to find out who had the power to decide which names should be used. We also look briefly at the etymology of the various names. The article ends with a look at the locomotives and their names.publishedVersio
Simplification in 43 varieties of urban Norwegian
Get PDFThis paper investigates the linguistic outcomes of contact situations in 43 Norwegian urban towns, comparing the urban varieties’ noun systems to those of the rural dialects surrounding each town. Two questions are explored: i) Is the morphology of the urban Norwegian varieties always more simplified, in terms of paradigmatic complexity and repertoire of inflectional suffixes, when compared to neighbouring rural varieties? ii) Can the noun morphology of urban Norwegian varieties best be explained as resulting from levelling and standardisation processes or as grammatical simplification between dialects in contact? We find that the urban varieties’ noun systems form a close, yet consistently simplified, match to their neighbouring rural varieties. The urban varieties can, however, not easily be placed on a scale between traditional rural dialects and standard language, indicating that the noun systems in the urban varieties of Norway are best understood as resulting from simplification rather than standardization.publishedVersio
Norwegian children's acquisition of the dialect feature r
Get PDFThe pronunciation of r is a central dialect feature of Norwegian. The main division is between a front and a back pronunciation. The back realization is acquired relatively early (around age 4), while the front realization is one of the most problematic sounds to acquire, and substitution sounds are frequent. Using two data collection points, we show how four children learning Norwegian start by substituting r use of the r of their dialect area or idiolectal surroundings. The main argument of this article is that the r-development of kindergarten children is not only governed by rules on acquisition and development lines, but also by the sociolinguistic variation and use of r in the Norwegian speech community.Norwegian children's acquisition of the dialect feature rpublishedVersio
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