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Slags reinventing themselves: from metallurgical waste to ingredients in pharmacological applications
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Copper metallurgy of the Early Bronze Age in Thassos, north Aegean
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Reassessment and new data on the diachronic relationship of Thassos Island with its indigenous metal resources
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Publication — "Rhesus' Gold, Heracles' Iron: the archaeology of metals mining and exploitation in NE Greece"
No full textNerantzis Nerantzis, Rhesus' Gold, Heracles' Iron: the archaeology of metals mining and exploitation in NE Greece East Macedonia in northern Greece has rich deposits of gold and silver as well as copper and iron ores. The gold and silver were important to Classical Athens and even more so to Alexander the Great’s Hellenistic world. Copper was extracted as early as the Late Neolithic, and iron was worked from the Iron Age to Ottoman times. Bringing to life the essential background to this wea..
Copper production during the Early Bronze Age at Aghios Antonios, Potos in Thassos
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Βυζαντινή και Οθωμανική μεταλλευτική και εξαγωγική μεταλλουργία στην Ανατολική Μακεδονία, Ελλάδα και οι επιπτώσεις τους στις τοπικές οικονομίες
No full textThe study outlined here is an investigation of mining and smelting evidence across eastern Macedonia in northern Greece particularly through the Byzantine (AD 324-1453) and Ottoman (AD 1453-1912) periods. Diverse evidence for mineral exploration and metallurgical extraction in the ancient and medieval past exists throughout this region bounded by the Strymon and Nestos river valleys. Through an integrated approach to survey, site characterization and scientific analysis of metallurgical debris it has been intended to approach issues of inter-relatedness between subsistence and production sectors, and address questions relating to Byzantine economy and technological complexity. Documentary evidence from antiquity, late Byzantine Mount Athos charters and Ottoman cadastral registers refer to local, large-scale iron production in the region. Although at present there exists no clear understanding of the chronology for the various production sites, surveys and analytical studies carried out elsewhere have been proven enlightening towards that end. Further, the actual practices represented at these sites remains to be established. Although the mainstay of the metallurgical traditions seems to be iron metallurgy, analyses of slag from sites across Macedonia, particularly high arsenic concentrations, and the occurrence of speiss among the debris, suggested that precious metal extraction could have been an important but peripheral activity. This coupled with documentary evidence allows for the potential of eastern Macedonia to be a minor but significant source of precious metals in the Byzantine world. The current study focuses on the survey and sampling of four smelting sites in the region and scientific analysis by various instrumental techniques (XRF, SEM/EDS, XRD) undertaken in view to characterizing the metallurgical processes represented in each case. The production sites are characterized by spatial and scalar variation reflecting distinct modes of organizing labour and fluctuations in specialization, intensity and time-length of operations. Analytical data provide an overview of the technical parameters which in turn represent human capacities and choices deeply rooted in social and cultural information. Eventually the dynamics of practice and technical choices for organizing seasonal smelting ventures are being perceived as identity forging incidents among the medieval rural communities of the region.Η διδακτορική διατριβή επικεντρώνεται σε διεπιστημονική μελέτη της τεχνολογίας των μετάλλων από θέσεις της ανατολικής Μακεδονίας στη βόρεια Ελλάδα, ιδιαίτερα της Βυζαντινής (324-1453 μ.Χ.) και Οθωμανικής (1453-1912 μ.Χ.) περιόδου. Στην αναδρομή για την εξέλιξη της μεταλλουργίας παρουσιάζονται αρχαιολογικά στοιχεία που μαρτυρούν την αρχική εμφάνισή της κατά την 5η χιλιετία π.Χ. με τα κύρια στάδια που αφορούν στις πρώιμες τεχνικές απόληψης χαλκού και χρυσού και στη συνέχεια μολύβδου και αργύρου. Περιγράφονται τα τεχνολογικά επιτεύγματα της Εποχής του Χαλκού με τα πρώιμα κράματα χαλκού και η εμφάνιση της τεχνολογίας του σιδήρου. Επίσης περιγράφεται η μεγάλης κλίμακας μεταλλευτική δραστηριότητα της κλασικής και ρωμαϊκής αρχαιότητας και τέλος η Βυζαντινή και Οθωμανική τεχνολογία μετάλλων που βασίστηκε στην πλούσια αυτή παράδοση. Μέσω μιας διεπιστημονικής προσέγγισης που περιλαμβάνει επιφανειακή έρευνα, μελέτη των γραπτών πηγών και εργαστηριακή/αρχαιομετρική ανάλυση μεταλλουργικών υπολειμμάτων εξετάζονται ζητήματα αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ πρωτογενούς παραγωγής και βιοτεχνίας που σχετίζονται με την οικονομία και την τεχνολογική πολυπλοκότητα. Η επιφανειακή έρευνα καλύπτει 22 συνολικά θέσεις ενδιαφέροντος με πλήρη καταγραφή και δειγματοληψία τεσσάρων θέσεων. Η εργαστηριακή ανάλυση με διάφορες αναλυτικές τεχνικές (οπτικό μικροσκόπιο, XRF, SEM/EDS, XRD) παρείχε στοιχεία για τον λεπτομερή χαρακτηρισμό της τεχνολογίας μετάλλων σε κάθε περίπτωση που εξετάστηκε. Οι θέσεις παραγωγής χαρακτηρίζονται από διαφορές τόσο χωροταξικά αλλά και ως προς την κλίμακα, γεγονός που αντικατοπτρίζει διαφορετικούς τρόπους οργάνωσης της εργασίας και διακυμάνσεις στην εξειδίκευση, την κλίμακα και τη χρονική διάρκεια των εργασιών. Τα αναλυτικά δεδομένα παρέχουν μια επισκόπηση των τεχνικών παραμέτρων που με τη σειρά τους αντανακλούν ανθρώπινες ικανότητες και επιλογές βαθιά ριζωμένες σε κοινωνικές και πολιτισμικές προσλαμβάνουσες. Η δυναμική της συλλογικής πρακτικής και των τεχνικών επιλογών για την οργάνωση και εκτέλεση βιοτεχνικών εγχειρημάτων γίνονται αντιληπτά ως περιστατικά διαμόρφωσης ταυτότητας των μεσαιωνικών κοινοτήτων της περιοχής
Byzantine and Ottoman Mineral Exploration and Smelting in Eastern Macedonia, Greece and their Implications for Regional Economies
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The metal production at Pistyros and the surrounding area in the historical period: Research and first results
No full textThis article focuses on metal production at the Thasian colony of Pistyros in Aegean Thrace during the Classical/Hellenistic periods. The archaeological findings reveal that primary smelting of iron/manganese ores bearing precious metals and argentiferous lead
ores were smelted at Pistyros for the extraction of silver and possibly also gold
The presence of Au and Ag in Pb-rich slags from Hellenistic Pistyros, N. Greece: some observations
Get PDFPistyros, in NE Greece, is a small fortified urban settlement founded by Thasians on the mainland in the 7th c. BCE; it displays, uniquely for the region, a considerable amount of well contextualized and dated (4th-3rd c. BCE) metallurgical waste (in excess of 1.2 tons); further, the Pb-based metallurgical waste displays presence of Au and Ag. In an area famous, both on historical and geological grounds, for its base (Cu, Pb, Fe) and precious (Au, Ag) metals deposits, there exists, still today, no good evidence for their routine extraction and processing and on a large scale. The questions that arise are related to what was urban Pistyros’ main function. Was it intent on making metals and which ones? Was it making only metals or metal derivatives (oxides or carbonates) as well? We have at this stage no definitive answers.
In this paper we focus on the presentation of EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analysis) results from three slag sample-types (silicate slag, iron arsenides, lead oxides). We examine the presence and distribution of Au and Ag within, and suggest that the two metals probably play a secondary role to the site’s main involvement, i.e. Pb-based metallurgy; be it for the production of antimonial lead and its ‘purification’ for the production of lead oxide and/or for the further processing of iron arsenides. Pistyros polymetallic metallurgical waste interpretation requires careful assessment of what it means to carry out high temperature metallurgical activities for the purpose of acquiring not just metals but possibly, also, metallic mineral derivatives within urban centers; such centers tend to be rare, nuanced, and certainly challenge us to look beyond the ‘precious metal-for-coinage’ axis we have been accustomed to
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