22 research outputs found
Trade Update Notes; Report of the Task Force on The Aggregate Measure of Support: Potential Use by GATT for Agriculture
No full textInternational Relations/Trade,
A Critique of Computable General Equilibrium Models for Trade Policy Analysis
No full textThe paper will deal in turn with three sets of modelling issues: the question of 'data'; the 'micro' problem of specifying market behaviour, and the. 'macro' issue of 'closing' the models in aggregate. I will conclude with some suggestions for future research. The basic theme of the paper is this: CGE modelling is essentially a conservative or 'neoclassical' scientific endeavour, and exhibits the strengths and weaknesses of neoclassicism. And as for the recent injection of apparently nonneoclassical imperfect competition or industrial organization (IO) concepts into CGE, though, as an 10 specialist myself I certainly welcome this in principle, I have doubts about the usefulness of the practice.International Relations/Trade,
Courtney Yamada competing in the U.S. Ski Team Giant Slalom Super Series in Park City.
No full textPhoto of Courtney Yamada competing in the U.S. Ski Team Giant Slalom Super Series in Park City, in year 200
European Economic Integration and the Consequences for U.S. Agriculture
No full textThe pace of political-economic change in former East Bloc nations of Europe defies accurate prediction. Some events such as more price-directed markets are predictable enough but integration of former East Bloc countries into the European Community remains a matter of speculation. Analysis indicates that the economics of agriculture favors acceptance by the European Community of members of the European Free Trade Association before former members of the. East Bloc. Analysis also indicates the considerable agricultural production potential of Central and East Europe will be unleased first by market-directed economies and later by integration with the EC -- if the latter occurs. US consumers gain more than producers lose so the economic welfare of Americans is raised modestly.International Relations/Trade,
Shifts in Eastern German Production Structure Under Market Forces
No full textThe paper is organized into three major sections. The first section considers agricultural production prior to German reunification in 1990. It looks at the agricultural production structure in the region prior to the division of Germany in 1945 as well as the patterns which arose under the communist government. The second section starts with the 1989 situation and then discusses the initial adjustments seen as market forces are introduced -- 1990 and 1991. The third section builds upon this base to speculate on how the production structure will unfold in the future.International Relations/Trade,
Partial Reform of World Rice Trade: Implications for the U.S. Rice Sector
No full textThis paper analyzes the consequences for the United States of a partial reform of world rice trade. It is argued that likely trade reform would occur in the japonica rice producing countries of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the European Community. Multilateral rice trade liberalization would have strong effects for medium grain rice in the United States. The strength of these effects might not be felt for a couple of years after the liberalization has begun because of minimal Japanese imports in the first couple of years of liberalization. U.S. rice millers will likely benefit more than producers. California producers would be the major beneficiaries of more open world rice markets.trade liberalization, rice, japonica rice, agricultural trade, simulation model, Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade,
THE ECONOMICS OF GRAIN PRODUCER CARTELS
No full textThe objective of this study is to measure economic payoffs from a grain cartel. Two basic approaches to extract economic rents are considered: (i) Mandatory supply controls to restrict production and raise grain price, and (2) export price discrimination using export taxes or subsidies. The economic impacts of different producer cartel scenarios were estimated using a long-term, nine-region world trade simulation model incorporating the assumptions of neoclassical trade theory. The SWOPSIM program was used to write the model equations. Economic Research Service trade data for 1989 were used to initialize the model. Results reflect long-run changes from 1989conditions and are at 1989 general price levels. The model simultaneously estimated outcomes in markets for nine commodities: beef, pork, poultry meat, wheat, corn, coarse grains (other than corn), oilseeds (soybeans, rapeseed, and sunflower seed), oilmeal, and sugar. Cross-effects among commodities and input-output relationships between field crop and livestock production are accounted for by substitution and complementary coefficients in behavioral equations. Countries and groups of countries included in the model are Australia, Canada, the European Community (EC), European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the United States (US), Japan, and the rest of the world (ROW). The simulation results report the consequences of restricting only US grain production (wheat, corn, and other coarse grains) from 5 to 20% below the 1989 production level. Grain supply restrictions were presumed to be mandatory, hence taxpayers incurred no additional outlays over those in 1989 . World price increases were modest for wheat, but greater for corn and other coarse grains in part because of differences in market share among grains. US consumers of grain and grain products buy less at higher prices and are worse off, as is the country as a whole. Consumer surplus falls nearly 7 billion in rents they collect from current programs. It seems unlikely that a producer group would risk gains of this size for the prospect of cartel rents a sixth the size or less from international markets. Gains to US producers are less for a wheat cartel than for either the feed grain cartel or for the wheat-feed grain cartel included herein. The unfavorable outcomes originate from the export demand for US wheat made highly elastic by opportunities to substitute feed grain for wheat in production and consumption especially in the long run. That is, a high wheat price and controlled production of wheat encourages importers to produce wheat, cut back feed grain production, and import low-cost feed grains.Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade,
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE IN PROCESSED FOODS: PATTERNS AND CURIOSITIES
No full textInternational Relations/Trade,
DOMESTIC AND TRADE POLICY FOR CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE
No full textInternational Relations/Trade,
