8 research outputs found
The Role of Community Based Information Centres in Development: Lessons for Rural Zimbabwe
No full textCommunity based information proposals from the library profession in Zimbabwe should in theory fit well with government strategic goals for a “knowledge based society”. In reality, information technology has opened floodgates for international and national development by bringing in a plethora of community based information systems and services. This paper highlights developmental issues initiated by different community based information centres. It defines community, information, rural development and enunciates on community centers throughout their evolution to the modern community based information centres. The premise of the paper is that establishing community based information centres in Zimbabwean rural areas will strengthen and empower rural people to be among global players. The major scale of this paper is to provide platforms for erecting these centres in rural Zimbabwe for the purpose of providing everyone with useful, practical information for daily chores. Rural Zimbabwe has a bigger share in national and international development which can be achieved by harnessing community based information systems and services. Despite low level penetration of community based centres in Zimbabwe, the Matabeleland South initiatives have capacitated Zimbabweans to follow the trend. The centres should be spread throughout the country and provide information for development. Community based information centres can play a significant role in meeting social economic targets for rural people by connecting, empowering rural populace to developmental floodgates. The paper finally shows how community information based centres complement support for the government and agencies in resource sharing and enhances the services available through such centres. Keywords: information, information technology, rural development, and community based information centres: Zimbabwe
Performance evaluation of service quality and user satisfaction in selected Zimbabwe university libraries.
No full textDoctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.This study examines the performance evaluation of service quality and user satisfaction in selected Zimbabwe university libraries. The study objectives were to establish reasons for the criticality of performance evaluation in university libraries, to identify the aspects of performance evaluation standards that contribute the most to service quality and user satisfaction, to examine how the service quality of libraries is affected by technologies, to assess service quality characteristics that contribute to user satisfaction, and to evaluate the decline in the usage statistics of the selected university libraries This study aimed to determine the centrality of the performance assessment of service quality and user satisfaction. The focus is on the selected institutions in Zimbabwe. The study further identifies the contextual areas affecting service quality, user satisfaction, and performance evaluation methods. It provides an opportunity to advance our knowledge of library operations and services, improve our understanding of user expectations, and enhance efficient service delivery. This is crucial in the Information Science fraternity in several ways. For instance, the theoretical perspectives of the study are intended to provide and contribute to the knowledge of performance evaluation of service quality and user satisfaction in university libraries in Zimbabwe. The study adopts the Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) as the theoretical lens to view the research hypotheses. It also uses a pragmatic paradigm to address the different research questions. The study also employs a combined quantitative and qualitative approach using a survey questionnaire, interviews, and observation for data collection. A survey questionnaire was administered to 1330 postgraduate library users, and semi structured interviews were conducted with nine purposively selected library managers. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data were analysed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) 2021 to generate descriptive and inferential statistics to actualise the study's objectives. The reliability and validity of the instruments were ascertained through test retest reliability using Cronbach’s alpha on 30 postgraduate students from a university that was not selected. A reliability analysis was conducted on an instrument comprising 43 items. The Cronbach’s alpha showed that the questionnaire had acceptable reliability (α = 0.852). The study adhered to the ethical protocol of the University of KwaZulu Natal. The study findings established that respondents strongly felt that performance evaluation, user feedback, and user suggestions of library services are more critical to library performance and improving library services. The results revealed that library policies, procedures, and regulations affect most service quality and user satisfaction. The findings of this study showed that the use of computers has increased library performance. It was also found that physical library visits declined owing to the proliferation of technologies. The findings indicate that libraries have resources and facilities that meet users’ needs. The library staff were highly commendable. The study concludes that variables such as performance evaluation, service quality, and user satisfaction contribute to library service quality. The study also concluded that university libraries that subscribe to local and international associations and organisations develop more in their management. The selected libraries can raise their standards by becoming members of local and international associations. It was concluded that the availability of electronic resources enhances research quality by supplementing hard copies. University libraries should invest in electronic resources and ensure that they subscribe to various of these resources to increase the accessibility of their collections. The study recommended that work on performance measurement and evaluation be performed regularly. Every academic library's measurement and evaluation team must suggest proper planning for conducting performance surveys. The study also recommends that specific standards be observed to allow university libraries to use different indicators and the revised standards procedures in their operations. There was a need for collaborative efforts through national associations (ZimLA), Zimbabwe Library Consortia, and other international associations (IF LA, AFLIA and American Library Association (ALA). The study recommends that university libraries keep pace with the latest technological advancements. The study also recommends that library management create a section in the library dedicated to eliciting user needs. This study also recommends that library staff be trained and retrained on how to maintain library statistics. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations will help university libraries strengthen their systems and strategies for improving the provision of their services. More importantly, evidence based modern benchmarking tools will usher in a new dimension of managing university libraries. The study proposes a more refined model and instrument for measuring the service quality and user satisfaction of libraries. Finally, this study has the potential to improve the user experience of university libraries.
Iqoqa.
Lolu cwaningo luhlola ukusebenza kwezingabunjalo kanye nokwaneliseka kwabasebenzisa imitapo yolwazi ekhethiweyo enyuvesi yaseZimbabwe. Inhloso yocwaningo ngukuthola izizathu zobucayi bokuhlola ukusebenza emitwapweni yolwazi yenyuvesi, ukuveza izinkomba zamazinga okuhlola ukusebenza aholela kakhulu ezingabunjalweni lokusebenza kanye nokwaneliseka kwabayisebenzisayo, ukuhlola ukuthi izingabunjalo lokusebenza kwemitapo yolwazi linomthelela onjani ekusebenzeni kwezobucwepheshe, ukubheka ubunjalo bezinga lokusebenza obunomthelela ekwanelisekeni kwabayisebenzisayo, kanye nokuhlola ukwehla ekusebenzisekeni ngokwezinombolo kwemitapo yolwazi ekhethiweyo enyuvesi. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuthola isizinda sokuhlola kokusebenza kwezingabunjalo lomsebenzi kanye nokweneliseka kwabayisebenzisayo. Kugxilwe ezikhungweni ezikhethiweyo eZimbabwe. Ucwaningo luphinde lukhombe izizinda okugxilwe kuzo ezinomthelela wezinga lokusebenza, ukweneliseka kwabayisebenzisayo kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ukusebenza. Lunikeza ithuba ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwethu lokusebenza kwemitapo yolwazi kanye nemisebenzi yayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kokulindeleke ngabayisebenzisayo, kanye nokukhulisa izidingo zokusebenza ezigculisayo. Lokhu kusemqoka kakhulu emphakathini weSayensi Yezolwazi ngezindlela eziningi. Njengokuthi nje, izindlelakubuka ngenjulalwazi yocwaningo zihlose ukunikeza futhi zibe nomthelela elwazini lokuhlola ukusebenza kwezingakusebenza kanye nokweneliseka kwabayisebenzisayo emitapweni yolwazi enyuvesi yaseZimbabwe. Ucwaningo lusebenzisa iNjulalwazi Yokuvumelana Kokulindelekile, i-Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) njengesibuko senjulalwazi ukubuka izihlawumbiselo zocwaningo. Lusebenzisa futhi ipharadaymu yokungenzeka ukuphendula imibuzo yocwaningo eyehlukene. Ucwaningo luphinde futhi lusebenzise ngokuhlanganyela indlelande yezinombolo kanye neyobunjalo botho ngokusebenzisa uhlamibuzo lwesaveyi, izingxoxo, kanye nokubukela ukuqoqa imininingo. Uhlamibuzo lwesaveyi lwasetshenziswa kubasebenzisi bomtapo wolwazi asebeneziqu abayi-1330, kanye nezingxoxo ezisakuhleleka zenziwa nabaphathi bomtapo wolwazi abakhethwe ngenhloso. Imininingo yekhwalithethivu yahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya ngezindikimba, kanti imininingo yezinombolo yahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa iStatistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 2021 ukuthola izinombolo ezichazayo kanye nezibalo zokungase kwenzeke ukuqondisa kahle izinhloso zocwaningo. Ukwethembeka kanye nokukholakala kwamathuluzi asetshenzisiwe kwaqinisekiswa ngokuvivinya okuphindaphindayo kusetshenziswa iCronbach’s alpha kubafundi asebeneziqu abangama-30 basenyuvesi ekhathethiwe. Ukuhlaziya kokwethembeka kwenziwa ngethuluzi elinezinhlaka ezingama-43. ICronbach’s alpha yaveza ukuthi uhlamibuzo lwaba nokwethembeka okwamukelekile (α = 0.852). Ucwaningo lwahambisana nenqubo yenkambiso elungileyo yasenyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natali. Imiphumela yocwaningo yaveza ukuthi abahlanganyeli bezwa sengathi ukuhlola kokusebenza, izimpendulo zabasebenzisa imitapo yolwazi, kanye neziphakamiso zabasebenzisa umtapo wolwazi ngokusebenza komtapo wolwazi kugxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni komtapo wolwazi kanye nasekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza komtapo wolwazi. Imiphumela yaveza ukuthi imigomo yomtapo wolwazi, izinqubo, kanye nendlelakusebenza kunomthelela omkhulu kwizingabunjalo lomsebenzi kanye nokweneliseka kwasebenzisi bemitapo yolwazi. Lolu cwaningo lwaveza ukuthi ukusebenzisa amakhompyutha sekwenyuse ukusebenza komtapo wolwazi. Kwatholakala futhi ukuthi ukuvakashela umtapo ngumuntu bukhoma sekwehlile ngenxa yokusabalala kokusebensa ngobuchwepheshe. Imiphumela iveza ukuthi imitapo yolwazi inezinsizakusebenza ezihlangabezana nezidingo zabasebenzisi bemitapo yolwazi. Abasebenzi basemtapweni wolwazi banconywa kakhulu. Ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi amavarebhuli afana nokuhlola ukusebenza, izingakusebenza, kanye nokweneliseka kwabasebenzisi bomtapo wolwazi kunomthelela kwizingakusebenza lomtapo wolwazi. Ucwaingo luphinde luphethe ngokuthi imitapo yolwazi yasenyuvesi iyahambelana nezinhlangano zangaphakathi zezwe nezamazwe angaphandle futhi izinhlangano zithuthukisa amakhono azo okuphatha kakhulu. Imitapo yolwazi ekhethiweyo ingaphakamisa amazinga ayo ngokuba amalunga ezinhlangano zamazwe angaphakathi kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe. Kwavela ukuthi ukuba khona kwezinsizakusebenza zobuchwepheshe kukhuphula izingabunjalo locwaningo ngokuthatha indawo yamakhophi aqoshiwe. Imitapo yolwazi yasenyuvesi kumele ifake amandla emali ezinsizeni kusebenza zobuchwepheshe bese iqinisekisa ukuthi bayabhalisa kulezi zinsizakusebenza ezahlukehlukene ukukhuphula ukungeneleka kwamaqoqo abo olwazi. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi umsebenzi wokukala ukusebenza kanye nokuhlola kumele kwenzeke njalo. Zonke izikalo zomtapo wolwazi wemfundo kanye nethimba lokuhlola kumele kuphakamise uhlelo olufanelekile ukuqhuba umsebenzi wamasaveyi. Ucwaningo luyaphakamisa futhi amazinga athile kumele abhekwe ukuvulela imitapo yolwazi yenyuvesi ukusebenzisa izinkomba ezehlukahlukene bese kubuyekezwa izinqubo sokusebenza. Bekunesidingo semizamo yokusebenzisana nezinhlangano zesizwe (ZimLA), Inhlangano Yemitapo Yolwazi yaseZimbabwe, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe angaphandle (IFLA, AFLIA kanye ne-American Library Association (ALA)). Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi imitapo yolwazi yasenyuvesi ihambisane nokuthuthuka kokusebenza kobuchwepheshwe. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi ubuholi bomtapo wolwazi buqambe uhlaka olubhekelela izidingo zabasebenzi bomtapo wolwazi. Ucwaningo luphakamisa futhi ukuthi abasebenzi bomtapo wolwazi baqeqeshwe ngokuphindiwe ukugcina izinombolo zomtapo wolwazi. Imiphumela, isiphetho, kanye neziphakamiso kuzokwelekelela imitapo yolwazi yasenyuvesi ukuthi kukhulise izindlela zabo kanye namasu okuthuthukisa ukunikezela ngemisebenzi yabo. Ikakhulukazi, amathuluzi okusebenzisana nabanye esimanje nanobufakazi kuzokwelekeleka ukubhekelela ubungako obusha bokwengamela imitapo yolwazi enyuvesi. Ucwaningo luphakamisa imodeli ecolisekile kanye nethuluzi lokukala izingakusebenza lemitapo yolwazi kanye nokweneliseka kwabayisebenzisayo. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo lunokukwazi ukuthuthukisa isimo sabasebenzisa imitapo yolwazi yenyuvesi
Comment on "Community Involvement in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Management: An Assessment from Case Studies in Southern Africa and Elsewhere" by Shadreck Chirikure and Gilbert Pwiti
No full textMy comments address not the specifics of Chirikure and Pwiti’s judicious intervention into the policy of Zimbabwean and South African archaeology but its general principle: deference to “community.”Open peer commentary on: Chirikure, Shadreck, and Gilbert Pwiti. "Community Involvement in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Management: An Assessment from Case Studies in Southern Africa and Elsewhere." Current Anthropology 49, no. 3 (2008): 467-485.Peer reviewe
Evolving library staff skills during a health crisis: A case of Rimuka public library in Zimbabwe
No full textThe purpose of this study was to assess the evolving library staff skills during a health crisis. The focus was on skills that library staff could adopt in the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) era in Zimbabwe and worldwide. The aim was to generate insightful knowledge that could be used by information professionals facing health pandemics in order to provide current and relevant library services to their user community. The research employed a qualitative research design using a case study research strategy. Interviews were conducted with six library staff and four administrators who were chosen based on the purposive sampling procedure. Data was analysed thematically and presented textually. The significant findings were that the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had caught the Library unprepared for providing distant services. The library staff did not possess the requisite skills to offer distant services. The Library lacked resources, including ICT gadgets, which could have been used to provide such services. The main recommendations were for the Library to organise in-house training programmes, workshops and seminars to equip staff with digital literacies. To this end, the Library could upskill its staff and use the general digital competencies framework to focus the training. The Library could appoint a systems librarian to set up and run a digital library. The staff could participate in collaborative activities with other local council libraries and events organised by institutions in the library profession. The current study adds to our knowledge of how staff skills in public libraries in Zimbabwe during health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have changed over time. Numerous studies have been conducted in developed and developing nations evaluating the extent of harm to library services in health environments. Nevertheless, there is little research on how staff skills could be developed and enhanced during health crises in African public libraries, especially in Zimbabwe
The Role of Libraries in Promoting Peace and Conflict Resolution in Zimbabwe
No full textLibraries strive to promote societal harmony and conversations, as stated in S.D.G. number 16 on Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. The Library has traditionally been a communal hub for knowledge generation, recreation, exchange, and social conversations. The role of libraries extends beyond the distribution of justice-related knowledge, as they also function as safe spaces, meeting places, and centres for societal discourse on peace and conflict resolution. This paper aims to identify ways the Libraries could help resolve political, social, and economic conflict in Zimbabwean communities. The study is a desktop study, which is based on the materials published by other researchers on related topics. Lack of Information is a common cause of conflicts like those that are political, social, and economic. The study concluded that Zimbabwean libraries are not doing enough to support peacemaking and conflict resolution. The libraries lack the resources and programs that promote peace and mutual understanding among community members. Zimbabwean libraries can be reconfigured to take the lead in supporting efforts for fostering peace.</p
Authenticity and the localness of heritage: emerging perceptions at World Heritage sites in Africa. Conversaciones con... Herb Stovel Num. 8 Año 5 (2019) julio-diciembre
No full textCultural heritage in Africa is viewed as a local phenomenon embedded in the rich and diverse Indigenous Knowledge Systems of local communities. It reflects the pioneering spirit and approaches of local communities in defining the localness and character of heritage. However, colonialism almost erased this localness in Africa through advancing the monumentality approach, further reinforced by the World Heritage concept until recent times. To address this issue, the authenticity concept was adopted as a way of restoring the localness and character of cultural heritage. Through this concept, the African cultural heritage provides local perspectives and insights into the discourse on authenticity. Robben Island World Heritage site (South Africa), offers cross-cutting local perspectives and insights on authenticity. This discussion emphasises understanding the dynamics between authenticity and inscription process, obtaining and safeguarding information sources, conservation, sustainable development and heritage curriculums. The paper recommends adopting a progressive and adaptive approach to broaden the concept of authenticity as a continuing process linked to the ever-changing cultural practices at the local, which gives birth to ‘current authenticity’. This reinforces the importance of emerging local perspectives on authenticity and local communities in the future implementation of World Heritage in Africa.Abungu, George (2014) Looking at the traditional heritage conservation and management systems: the case of the Rabai Sacred Kaya Forests, Kenya, Unpublished paper, Paper presented at the NARA+20 Workshop, July 2014, Cape Town, South Africa.Abungu, George O. (2015) “Introduction”, in: George Abungu (ed.), Traditional management systems at World Heritage sites in Africa, Midrand, South Africa, pp. 15-22.African World Heritage Fund (2014) Report of the Nara document workshop that was held in Cape Town, South Africa from 8 to 9 July 2014, Midrand, South Africa.Chirikure, Shadreck (2014) Nara document, heritage training and research: an African perspective, Unpublished paper, Paper presented at the NARA+20 Workshop, July 2014, Cape Town, South Africa.Chirikure, Shadreck, Tawanda Mukwende and Pascall Taruvinga (2015) “Post-colonial heritage conservation in Africa: perspectives from drystone wall restorations at Khami World Heritage Site, Zimbabwe”, International Journal of Heritage Studies 22 (2): 165-178.Entech (2003) Robben Island stone quarry: protection measures for quarry sites and stone wall. Consultancy report, Unpublished report submitted to Robben Island Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.Hart, Tim (2003) Conservation statement on proposed rehabilitation options, northwest quarry, Robben Island, Unpublished Report, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town.Jokilehto, Jukka and Joseph King (2000) Authenticity and integrity. Summary of ICCROM Position Paper, Amsterdam 1998 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/443/] (accessed on 25 March 2019).Jopela, Albino (2016) “The traditional custodianship system in Southern Africa”, in: George O. Abungu (ed.), Traditionalmanagement systems at heritage sites in Africa, Midrand, South Africa, pp. 23-55.Kigongo, Remigius and Andrew Reid (2007) “Local communities, politics and the management of the Kasubi tombs, Uganda”, World Archaeology 39 (3): 371-384.Lowenthal, David (1995) “Changing criteria of authenticity”, in: Knut Einar Larsen (ed.), Nara conference on authenticity - Conférence de Nara sur l’authenticité, Japan 1994, Proceedings, UNESCO World Heritage Centre/Agency for Cultural Affairs (Japan)/ICCROM/ICOMOS, Tapir Publishers, Trondheim, pp. 121-135.Mahachi, Godfrey and Ephraim Kamuhangire (2008) “Administrative arrangements for heritage resources management in sub-Saharan Africa”, in: Webber Ndoro, Albert Mumma and George Abungu (eds.), Cultural heritage and the law. Protecting immovable heritage in English-speaking countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, ICCROM Conservation Studies 8, ICCROM, Rome, pp. 43-51.Matenga, Edward (2004) Proposals for the conservation of a dry stone wall at the Blue Stone Quarry on Robben Island, Unpublished report, File 9/2/018/0004, SAHRA Archives.Mumma, Albert (2002) “Legal aspects of cultural landscape protection in Africa”, in: Cultural landscapes: the challenges of conservation, shared legacy. World Heritage Papers 7, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 156-159.Nara document on authenticity (1994) Nara document on authenticity [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Document_on_Authenticity] (accessed on 25 march 2016).Ndlovu, Ndukuyakhe (2014) Authenticity and the application of the World Heritage Convention. Unpublished paper, Paper presented at the NARA+20 Workshop, July 2014, Cape Town, South Africa.UNESCO (2017) Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO, Paris.Robben Island Museum (2017) Draft Policy regulating Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) between Robben Island Museum and Ex-Political Prisoners. Robben Island Museum, Cape Town (South Africa), Unpublished document.Saouma-Forero, Galia (ed.) (2001) Authenticity and integrity in an African Context. Expert meeting, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 26-29 May 2000, UNESCO, Paris.Stanley-Price, Nicholas and Joseph King (eds.) (2009) Conserving the authentic. Essays in honour of Jukka Jokilehto, ICCROM Conservation Studies 10, ICCROM, Rome.Stovel, Herb (2008) “Origins and influence of the Nara document on authenticity”, APT Bulletin 39 (2/3): 9-10.Taruvinga, Pascall and Souayibou Varissou (2013) Conservation practices at African World Heritage sites: the case of Kasubi Tombs and Great Zimbabwe, Midrand, South Africa - African World Heritage Fund. Unpublished Paper.Taruvinga, Pascall (2014) Conservation, Tourism and Social responsibility: Challenges of developing Robben Island World Heritage site as a sustainable ‘hybrid’ institution, Unpublished paper, Paper prepared for a Workshop on Heritage and Sustainable development, 2014, Morocco.Taruvinga, Pascall (2015) Local actors and their role in sustainable development at World Heritage sites in Africa, the case of Robben Island World Heritage Site, Cape Town, Robben Island.Taruvinga, Pascall (2017) Living heritage, contestations and conservation: the case of Robben Island World Heritage Site, South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, Unpublished paper.Taruvinga, Pascall (2017) Building robust heritage industries: Making heritage responsive to socio-economic needs of African State Parties, Unpublished paper, Paper presented during the International Conference on African Cultures (ICAC 2017), National Art Gallery of Zimbabwe, 11-13 September 2017, Harare, Zimbabwe.Taruvinga, Pascall (2018) Building bridges between theory and practice; aligning university curriculums to the interdisciplinary needs of World Heritage sites: case of Robben Island World Heritage site, Unpublished paper, Paper Presented at the UNESCO “Workshop World Heritage and Educational Institutions in Africa”, 19-21 April 2018, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe.Von Droste, Bernd (2012) “World Heritage and globalization: UNESCO’s contribution to the development of global ethics”, in: Marie-Theres Albert, Marielle Richon, Marie José Viñals and Andrea Witcomb (eds.), Community development through World Heritage, World Heritage Papers (31), UNESCO, Paris, pp. 10-15
Autenticidad y la localidad del patrimonio: percepciones emergentes en sitios de Patrimonio Mundial en África. Conversaciones con... Herb Stovel Num. 8 Año 5 (2019) julio-diciembre
No full textEl patrimonio cultural en África se analiza como un fenómeno local embebido en los ricos y diversos Sistemas de Conocimiento Indígenas de las comunidades locales. Refleja el espíritu pionero y los enfoques de las comunidades locales para definir la localidad y el carácter del patrimonio. Sin embargo, el colonialismo prácticamente borró esta localidad en África con el posicionamiento del enfoque monumental, reforzado aún más por el concepto de Patrimonio Mundial hasta tiempos recientes. Para enfrentar el tema, se adoptó el concepto de autenticidad como una forma de restaurar la localidad y el carácter del patrimonio cultural. Mediante ese concepto, el patrimonio cultural africano provee perspectivas y conocimientos locales al discurso sobre autenticidad. El sitio de Patrimonio Mundial de Robben Island (Sudáfrica) ofrece perspectivas locales que se entrecruzan y percepciones sobre la autenticidad. Esta discusión enfatiza la comprensión de dinámicas entre la autenticidad y los procesos de inscripción, la obtención y salvaguarda de fuentes de información, conservación, desarrollo sostenible y programas universitarios sobre patrimonio. El presente artículo recomienda la adopción de un enfoque progresivo y adaptativo para ampliar el concepto de autenticidad como un proceso continuo, vinculado con las siempre cambiantes prácticas locales que dan paso a la "autenticidad actual". Esto refuerza la importancia de las perspectivas locales emergentes sobre autenticidad y las comunidades locales en el futuro de la implementación del Patrimonio Mundial en África.Abungu, George (2014) Looking at the traditional heritage conservation and management systems: the case of the Rabai Sacred Kaya Forests, Kenya, Unpublished paper, Paper presented at the NARA+20 Workshop, July 2014, Cape Town, South Africa.Abungu, George O. (2015) “Introduction”, in: George Abungu (ed.), Traditional management systems at World Heritage sites in Africa, Midrand, South Africa, pp. 15-22.African World Heritage Fund (2014) Report of the Nara document workshop that was held in Cape Town, South Africa from 8 to 9 July 2014, Midrand, South Africa.Chirikure, Shadreck (2014) Nara document, heritage training and research: an African perspective, Unpublished paper, Paper presented at the NARA+20 Workshop, July 2014, Cape Town, South Africa.Chirikure, Shadreck, Tawanda Mukwende and Pascall Taruvinga (2015) “Post-colonial heritage conservation in Africa: perspectives from drystone wall restorations at Khami World Heritage Site, Zimbabwe”, International Journal of Heritage Studies 22 (2): 165-178.Entech (2003) Robben Island stone quarry: protection measures for quarry sites and stone wall. Consultancy report, Unpublished report submitted to Robben Island Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.Hart, Tim (2003) Conservation statement on proposed rehabilitation options, northwest quarry, Robben Island, Unpublished Report, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town.Jokilehto, Jukka and Joseph King (2000) Authenticity and integrity. Summary of ICCROM Position Paper, Amsterdam 1998 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/443/] (accessed on 25 March 2019).Jopela, Albino (2016) “The traditional custodianship system in Southern Africa”, in: George O. Abungu (ed.), Traditionalmanagement systems at heritage sites in Africa, Midrand, South Africa, pp. 23-55.Kigongo, Remigius and Andrew Reid (2007) “Local communities, politics and the management of the Kasubi tombs, Uganda”, World Archaeology 39 (3): 371-384.Lowenthal, David (1995) “Changing criteria of authenticity”, in: Knut Einar Larsen (ed.), Nara conference on authenticity - Conférence de Nara sur l’authenticité, Japan 1994, Proceedings, UNESCO World Heritage Centre/Agency for Cultural Affairs (Japan)/ICCROM/ICOMOS, Tapir Publishers, Trondheim, pp. 121-135.Mahachi, Godfrey and Ephraim Kamuhangire (2008) “Administrative arrangements for heritage resources management in sub-Saharan Africa”, in: Webber Ndoro, Albert Mumma and George Abungu (eds.), Cultural heritage and the law. Protecting immovable heritage in English-speaking countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, ICCROM Conservation Studies 8, ICCROM, Rome, pp. 43-51.Matenga, Edward (2004) Proposals for the conservation of a dry stone wall at the Blue Stone Quarry on Robben Island, Unpublished report, File 9/2/018/0004, SAHRA Archives.Mumma, Albert (2002) “Legal aspects of cultural landscape protection in Africa”, in: Cultural landscapes: the challenges of conservation, shared legacy. World Heritage Papers 7, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 156-159.Nara document on authenticity (1994) Nara document on authenticity [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Document_on_Authenticity] (accessed on 25 march 2016).Ndlovu, Ndukuyakhe (2014) Authenticity and the application of the World Heritage Convention. Unpublished paper, Paper presented at the NARA+20 Workshop, July 2014, Cape Town, South Africa.UNESCO (2017) Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO, Paris.Robben Island Museum (2017) Draft Policy regulating Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) between Robben Island Museum and Ex-Political Prisoners. Robben Island Museum, Cape Town (South Africa), Unpublished document.Saouma-Forero, Galia (ed.) (2001) Authenticity and integrity in an African Context. Expert meeting, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 26-29 May 2000, UNESCO, Paris.Stanley-Price, Nicholas and Joseph King (eds.) (2009) Conserving the authentic. Essays in honour of Jukka Jokilehto, ICCROM Conservation Studies 10, ICCROM, Rome.Stovel, Herb (2008) “Origins and influence of the Nara document on authenticity”, APT Bulletin 39 (2/3): 9-10.Taruvinga, Pascall and Souayibou Varissou (2013) Conservation practices at African World Heritage sites: the case of Kasubi Tombs and Great Zimbabwe, Midrand, South Africa - African World Heritage Fund. 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