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The cumulative semantic cost in speech production A semantic or lexical phenomenon?
No full textThe time required to name a picture is affected by the context in which that picture is named. The
cumulative semantic cost (CSC) describes a phenomen on in which picture naming latencies increase
monotonically with each additional within-category item that is named in a sequence of pictures. We test whether the CSC requires the assumption of lexical selection by competition. In Experiment 1 participants named a sequence of pictures, while in Experiment 2 participants named words instead of pictures, preceded by a gender marked determiner. In the picture naming experiment, we replicate the
basic CSC, while in the word naming experiment we find no CSC. These findings indicate that the
CSC arises prior to lexical access, and thus that the phenomenon does not require the assumption of
lexical selection by competition. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of lexical access
The Distractor Picture Paradox in Speech Production: Evidence from the Word Translation Task
Full text linkSeveral naming studies show that distractor pictures, even when intentionally ignored by the speaker, are still capable of activating their respective phonological representations. However results from word translation studies suggest that distractor pictures are only conceptually activated. Here we tested the reliability of the word translation results. In four experiments, bilingual participants translated words from one language to the other one while ignoring the presentation of pictures. In Experiment 1a phonological related pictures sped up translation latencies. However, the effect disappeared when the percentage of related trials was reduced (Experiment 1b). In Experiment 2a translation latencies were faster when the words were accompanied by semantically related pictures than by unrelated pictures. Importantly, the effect was still reliable when the proportion of related trials was reduced and the total number of semantic categories was increased (Experiment 2b). Theoretical implications of the influence of distractor pictures during speech production are discussed
Quando ricordare sedia rallenta la denominazione di tavolo: interazioni tra accesso semantico e accesso lessicale
Full text linkUn fenomeno ben noto è che l’accesso a informazioni della memoria ritarda
il successivo recupero di informazione semanticamente correlata. Il fenomeno
del Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF; Anderson et al., 1994) consiste nel fatto che il
recupero di una specifica parola (ad es. sedia) interferisce con il successivo accesso a
parole della stessa categoria semantica (ad es. tavolo). In questo lavoro esploriamo se
il RIF è presente durante compiti di produzione linguistica. In due esperimenti esploriamo
se il tempo per denominare una figura è influenzato da un precedente compito
di memorizzazione. In entrambi gli esperimenti, i partecipanti dovevano memorizzare,
in una prima fase, una sequenza di figure. Immediatamente dopo dovevano denominare
una sequenza di figure correlate semanticamente o meno con le figure che erano state
memorizzate precedentemente. I risultati mostrano che le latenze di denominazione relative
a figure correlate semanticamente con figure memorizzate sono più lente rispetto
a quelle correlate con figure non memorizzate. Discutiamo infine le implicazioni per gli
attuali modelli di produzione linguistica
About the locus of the distractor frequency effect: Evidence from the production of clitic pronouns
Full text linkIn this study, we report results from two experiments in which pictures were shown with superimposed
distractors that varied along two dimensions: frequency (high vs. low) and semantic relation with respect
to the picture (related vs. unrelated). In one condition of Experiment 1, participants named pictures with
a noun utterance; in the other condition of Experiment 1 and in Experiment 2 participants named
pictures with a pronominal utterance. Low frequency distractor words produced greater interference
with respect to high frequency words in noun production, but not in pronoun production. Critically, a
semantic interference effect, greater interference in the semantically related than unrelated condition,
was reported in both experiments, suggesting that distractor words were equally processed in both noun
and pronoun conditions. These results are discussed in the context of current models of picture–word
interference
Naming actions and objects in Italian preschool children
No full textDevelopmental studies show that in young children’s productions, nouns are acquired earlier and more frequently produced compared to verbs (Bates et al., 1994; Gentner, 1991, 1992). Masterson, Druks & Gallienne (2008) explored the noun advantage with three- and five-year old children in an action-object naming paradigm. They found that objects were named more accurately than actions in both groups of children. Objects were also named faster than actions in five-year old children. The present study further investigated the noun-verb difference in Italian three- and five- year old children. The test battery by Druks and Masterson (2001) was adapted to the Italian sample by selecting 60 objects and 60 actions. Thirty-two three-year old and 31 five-year old children were required to name the 120 stimuli. The results showed a noun advantage in both accuracy and latencies in both groups of children. The variables that best explained the noun-verb difference were age of acquisition, imageability for both nouns and verbs, and familiarity only for verbs. A qualitative analysis of errors showed a greater tendency to make circumlocutions, and to shift the grammatical class for verbs than for nouns, Results are discussed in light of the conceptual and linguistic differences between the two word classe
L’effetto di distanza semantica in compiti di denominazione di figure
No full textINTRODUZIONE
L’interferenza semantica in produzione linguistica è stata localizzata a diversi livelli a seconda del compito che veniva utilizzato. Qui esploriamo se il modello di selezione lessicale per competizione è in grado di spiegare effetti di distanza semantica in due diversi compiti. A) Denominare una figura rallenta la denominazione successiva di una altra figura della stessa categoria semantica. B) In un compito di interferenza parola-figura (PWI) i tempi di denominazione sono maggiore quando il distrattore è correlato semanticamente che quando non lo è.
Il modello di competizione lessicale predice che la magnitudine di entrambe interferenze è direttamente correlata con la somiglianza semantica tra la prima e la seconda figura nel compito A e tra la figura e il distrattore nel compito B. In due esperimenti testiamo questa predizione in ciascuno dei compiti.
METODO
Esp. 1: compito di denominazione di figure. La relazione semantica tra le figure prime e le figure target (denominate qualche trial dopo) poteva essere: non-correlate (sedia-cane), semanticamente lontane (pecora-cane) oppure semanticamente vicine (lupo-cane).
Esp. 2: compito di PWI con le stesse tre condizione semantiche che nel Esp.1.
RISULTATI
Latenza di denominazione furono significativamente diverse in tutte 3 condizione semantiche e per entrambi gli esperimenti. Con un andamento dei tempo di risposta: non-correlato < lontane < vicine.
CONCLUSIONI
I risultati suggeriscono che il modello di selezione lessicale per competizione è in grado di spiegare effetti di interferenza semantica in due diversi compiti di produzione. Così, questo modello è più parsimonioso che altri modelli di produzione del linguaggio che spiegano effetti di interferenza semantica in un compito ma non nel’altro
Distributional analyses in the picture-word interference paradigm: Exploring the semantic interference and the distractor frequency effects.
Full text linkhe present study explores the distributional features of two important effects within the picture-word interference paradigm: the semantic interference and the distractor frequency effects. These two effects display different and specific distributional profiles. Semantic interference appears greatly reduced in faster response times, while it reaches its full magnitude only in slower responses. This can be interpreted as a sign of fluctuant attentional efficiency in resolving response conflict. In contrast, the distractor frequency effect is mediated mainly by a distributional shift, with low frequency distractors uniformly shifting reaction times distribution towards a slower range of latencies. This finding fits with the idea that distractor frequency exerts its effect by modulating the point in time in which operations required to discard the distractor can start. Taken together, these results are congruent with current theoretical accounts of both the semantic interference and distractor frequency effects. Critically, distributional analyses highlight and further describe the different cognitive dynamics underlying these two effects, suggesting that this analytical tool is able to offer important insights about lexical access during speech productio
A joint investigation of semantic facilitation and semantic interference in continuous naming
No full textWhen speakers name multiple semantically related items, opposing effects can be found. Semantic facilitation is found when naming 2 semantically related items in a row. In contrast, semantic interference is found when speakers name semantically related items separated by 1 or more intervening unrelated items. This latter form of interference is cumulative, as it increases as a function of the number of related items that have been named beforehand. Semantic facilitation has therefore been envisaged as a product of transient and fast-decaying activation of related representations, whereas semantic interference has been linked to longer-lasting changes in the connections between semantic and lexical representations. In this work we attempted to explore and compare the 2 phenomena jointly, by means of contrasting naming sequences with noncontiguous semantically related items and sequences with contiguous semantically related items. Results provide evidence that mechanisms responsible for semantic facilitation and interference may jointly occur in parallel, producing opposing influences on behavior. Importantly, semantic facilitation may exhibit cumulative features too, though these are immediately disrupted when unrelated items intervene
A rose by any other name is still a rose: A reinterpretation of Hantsch and Mädebach
Full text linkThe Response Exclusion Hypothesis localises the semantic interference effect as observed
in the pictureword paradigm at a postlexical level of processing. An important aspect of
this proposal is that the ease with which distractor words can be excluded from
production at the response level is determined by the degree to which they satisfy criteria
demanded of a correct response. This proposal predicts that naming a picture of a ‘‘rose’’
with the response ‘‘flower’’ will be slower with the distractor ‘‘rose’’ than a distractor
word that would not be appropriate for the picture (e.g., ‘‘tulip’’). Hantsch and Ma ̈debach
report evidence consistent with this expectation; however, the authors argue that the
results are problematic for the Response Exclusion Hypothesis. Here we unpack Hantsch
and Ma ̈debach’s arguments about why their finding is (putatively) problematic for the
Response Exclusion Hypothesis. We conclude that the pattern of effects that the authors
report are not only in line with what would be expected by the Response Exclusion
Hypothesis, but are difficult to reconcile with Hantsch and Ma ̈debach’s preferred
theoretical position
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