1,721,057 research outputs found
NASWAR DIPPING, SHIFT IN BEHAVIOR IN MULTI ETHNICITY SETTING
No full textBackground:
Easy availability of various chewable options in big cities has lead to a shift in behavior in the ethnicity specific habit of smokeless tobacco (SLT). This study was designed to find out the usage of naswar and other SLTs in naswar specific ethnicity as well as non naswar ethnicities and frequency of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) in their oral cavities.
Methods:
Oral rinse (20-40ml) was collected and questionnaire was filled by 293 multiple ethnicity subjects habitual of naswar dipping, from Karachi and Peshawar after an informed consent. They were given dental floss with brush to gently sweep around oral cavity and over lesions. Floss was left in oral rinse and stored at 4°C. DNA was extracted and PCR was performed using HPV consensus primers Gp5+/Gp6+.
Results:
The 293 subjects selected were divided into 3 groups; i. Original naswar users (56, Pathan residents of Peshawar), ii. Settler naswar users (79, Pathan residents of Karachi), and iii. adapted naswar users (158, various non naswar ethnicities). Peshawar subjects were not positive for leukoplakia or rough mucosa compared to rough mucosa in 43(54.4%) and leukoplakia in 30(37.9%) in subjects living in Karachi. Genetic testing for HPV showed 15(18.9%) samples from Karachi and 20(35.7%) samples from Peshawar, positive for HPV with significance difference of p-value of 0.029.
Conclusion:
Epidemiological shift in behavior occurred due to change in ecology. Naswar dippers (Pathans) (40%) developed other addictions, whereas, subjects (22%) of other ethnicities became habitual to naswar. More comparative studies are required to further prove this
NASWAR DIPPING, SHIFT IN BEHAVIOR IN MULTI ETHNICITY SETTING
No full textBackground:
Easy availability of various chewable options in big cities has lead to a shift in behavior in the ethnicity specific habit of smokeless tobacco (SLT). This study was designed to find out the usage of naswar and other SLTs in naswar specific ethnicity as well as non naswar ethnicities and frequency of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) in their oral cavities.
Methods:
Oral rinse (20-40ml) was collected and questionnaire was filled by 293 multiple ethnicity subjects habitual of naswar dipping, from Karachi and Peshawar after an informed consent. They were given dental floss with brush to gently sweep around oral cavity and over lesions. Floss was left in oral rinse and stored at 4°C. DNA was extracted and PCR was performed using HPV consensus primers Gp5+/Gp6+.
Results:
The 293 subjects selected were divided into 3 groups; i. Original naswar users (56, Pathan residents of Peshawar), ii. Settler naswar users (79, Pathan residents of Karachi), and iii. adapted naswar users (158, various non naswar ethnicities). Peshawar subjects were not positive for leukoplakia or rough mucosa compared to rough mucosa in 43(54.4%) and leukoplakia in 30(37.9%) in subjects living in Karachi. Genetic testing for HPV showed 15(18.9%) samples from Karachi and 20(35.7%) samples from Peshawar, positive for HPV with significance difference of p-value of 0.029.
Conclusion:
Epidemiological shift in behavior occurred due to change in ecology. Naswar dippers (Pathans) (40%) developed other addictions, whereas, subjects (22%) of other ethnicities became habitual to naswar. More comparative studies are required to further prove this
Implementing smokeless tobacco control policy in Pakistan: a qualitative study among Naswar supply chain actors
No full textOBJECTIVE: To obtain insights into the perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) among smokeless tobacco (SLT) supply chain actors in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study to investigate the perceptions about SLT control policy formulation and implementation among exclusive Naswar sellers and point of sale vendors. We conducted five focus group discussions in three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using combined deductive-inductive thematic analyses. RESULTS: We identified three central themes that potentially impact policy formulation, its implementation and application. The first theme examines the role of children in the Naswar business: as potential customers, and as potential heirs to a Naswar-selling business. A second theme targets the ‘business of Naswar’, which includes a specific identity of Naswar sellers, its potential to generate profits and the special case of Naswar regulation as a socially accepted and culturally rooted product. The third theme addresses the unusual ingredients of Naswar and its production process, making Naswar a health risk for consumers and producers. We also report conflicting views regarding SLT control among the supply chain actors. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the perceptions of important SLT supply-side stakeholders regarding various SLT control policy options based on the FCTC. While there is some opposition to policy approaches like taxation and switching of business, implementing a ban on selling SLT to minors may be a viable option for policymakers in the short term
ANALYSIS OF SALIVARY BIOMARKERS INTERLEUKIN-8 LEVELS CORRELATED WITH DIFFERENT PARAMETERS OF NASWAR
No full textIntroduction: Almost one-fifth of the tobacco used in the world is smokeless form. Smokeless tobacco products are highly addictive due to their high nicotine content. Aims and objectives: The basic purpose of this study was to evaluate the salivary biomarkers interleukin-8 levels correlated with different parameters of naswar. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in August 2018 to January 2019 at Nishter Dental College, Multan. The data was collected from 100 patients who were used naswar from last one year. The data was collected through a non-probability sampling technique. The age range for this study was 30 to 60 years. Age, duration of use of naswar, frequency of use, type of naswar used and site of placement of naswar in oral cavity were noted. A morning sample of unstimulated whole saliva was collected. ollected samples were tested for levels of interleukin-8 cytokine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. Frequancy of usage of naswar were also noted. Results: The data was collected from 100 participants. The mean age of the participants was 35.65 years. Levels of salivary IL-8 were found from 173. 48 pg/ml to 296.78 pg/ml with mean and standard deviation of 173.48±46.52pg/ml. Naswar dippers mostly belonged to the Pathan community (76.2%). Regarding educational status in naswar users and non-users, 59.5% and 36.4% were uneducated, respectively. Most common reason for using naswar was that they were just addicted to it. Conclusion: It is concluded that there was a high level of IL-8 were present in naswar users. There is a positive correlation between salivary biomarkers and IL-8 levels and frequency of naswar usage
Comparison of clinical parameters among the three naswar groups.
No full textComparison of clinical parameters among the three naswar groups.</p
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Salivary Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Smokeless Tobacco (Naswar) Users
Full text linkNaswar, a smokeless tobacco product, commonly consumed in Pakistan, is associated with a 10-fold increase in the risk of oral cancer. However, little is known about Naswar's underlying toxicity mechanisms. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Naswar use on oral health and salivary parameters. A case-control study was conducted among Naswar users ( =42) and age-matched healthy controls ( =42) in Pakistan in 2019. Participant data were collected using questionnaires. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores were computed during clinical examinations. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected to assess salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary total oxidative stress (TOS)/total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using commercially available kits. Participants' oral health parameters were compared between cases and controls using ANOVA. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, oral health, and hygiene practices and mean DMFT score. Mean salivary pH and the salivary flow rate was significantly ( <0.001) higher in Naswar users (7.7 and 0.71 mL/minute, respectively) than in non-users (6.95 and 0.52 mL/minute, respectively). Although TOS and TAC were not significantly different between the groups, Naswar users generally had a higher TOS (51.6±42 µmol/L) and lower TAC (0.55±0.18 mmol/L) than non-users (TOS 45.5±38.2 µmol/L and TAC 0.57±0.17 mmol/L). Correlational analysis also revealed a significant positive correlation between DMFT score and Naswar use duration ( =0.796, <0.001) and the number of dips/units consumed each day ( =0.515; <0.001). Habitual Naswar use is associated with increased salivary flow rate, pH, and TOS, and reduced TAC levels in Pakistani adults compared to non-users. The pro-oxidant changes may contribute toward deleterious effects of Naswar use including oral cancer
Implementing smokeless tobacco control policy in Pakistan: a qualitative study among Naswar supply chain actors
No full textAhmad F, Böckmann M, Khan Z, et al. Implementing smokeless tobacco control policy in Pakistan: a qualitative study among Naswar supply chain actors. TOBACCO CONTROL. 2021;30(5):548-552.Objective To obtain insights into the perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) among smokeless tobacco (SLT) supply chain actors in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Methods We conducted a qualitative study to investigate the perceptions about SLT control policy formulation and implementation among exclusive Naswar sellers and point of sale vendors. We conducted five focus group discussions in three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using combined deductive-inductive thematic analyses. Results We identified three central themes that potentially impact policy formulation, its implementation and application. The first theme examines the role of children in the Naswar business: as potential customers, and as potential heirs to a Naswar-selling business. A second theme targets the 'business of Naswar', which includes a specific identity of Naswar sellers, its potential to generate profits and the special case of Naswar regulation as a socially accepted and culturally rooted product. The third theme addresses the unusual ingredients of Naswar and its production process, making Naswar a health risk for consumers and producers. We also report conflicting views regarding SLT control among the supply chain actors. Conclusions This study provides insights into the perceptions of important SLT supply-side stakeholders regarding various SLT control policy options based on the FCTC. While there is some opposition to policy approaches like taxation and switching of business, implementing a ban on selling SLT to minors may be a viable option for policymakers in the short term
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