58 research outputs found
Phytosociological parameters of tree species around temperate zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.
No full textPhytosociological parameters of tree species around temperate zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.</p
Phytosociological parameters of shrub species around temperate zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.
No full textPhytosociological parameters of shrub species around temperate zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.</p
Regeneration status of trees species around BG and TLR sites, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.
No full textRegeneration status of trees species around BG and TLR sites, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.</p
Correlation matrix of floristic composition on the basis of frequency indicator at TLR site, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.
No full textCorrelation matrix of floristic composition on the basis of frequency indicator at TLR site, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.</p
Correlation matrix of floristic composition on the basis of frequency indicator at BG site, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.
No full textCorrelation matrix of floristic composition on the basis of frequency indicator at BG site, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.</p
Density (Ind.m<sup>-2</sup>) of herbaceous species at BG and TLR sites around the temperate region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.
No full textDensity (Ind.m-2) of herbaceous species at BG and TLR sites around the temperate region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya.</p
An optimized 128-bit cellular automata-based hash function for authentication of data at rest and in transit
No full textThe cryptographic hash functions are the most fundamental cryptographic concept. These functions are used as basic building blocks for digital signatures and message authentication. Boolean functions are the core of hash functions. These functions are expected to provide pseudo-randomness as well as input sensitivity. Cellular automata are a form of Boolean function that exhibits strong cryptography properties as well as chaotic behavior. This paper proposes a hash function, designed on the principle of cellular automata. The proposed algorithm is secure and meets the requirements for a successful hashing scheme. The hash function has strong statistical and cryptographic characteristics, according to the findings of the avalanche test and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Statistical Test Suite. The modularity of different operations of this algorithm makes it suitable for a high-capacity processing environment to produce efficient performance
Correspondence to Author:
No full textABSTRACT: An accurate, precise and reproducible UV-spectrophotometric methods and liquid chromatographic assay method were developed and validated for the determination of Levofloxacin and Ornidazole in tablet dosage form. Spectrophotometric estimation was done by simultaneous equation method and 50 % methanol as solvent. In this method λmax for LEVO and OZ were selected at 293.5nm and 318nm. RP-HPLC analysis was carried out using Prontosil C-18 column (4.6 x 250mm, 5μ particle size) and mobile phase composed of Acetonitrile: 0.05 % Ortho-phosphoric acid in water pH 3.0 (45:55 % v/v)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and chromatogram was recorded at 303 nm. Linearity was evaluated over the concentration range of 4-20 μg/ml and 8-40 μg/mL for LEVO and OZ in both UV spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC method (the value of r 2 Keywords
Modeling of a neural network based controller for vibration suppression of a building structure
No full textEffectiveness of Trade Promotions: Analyzing the Determinants of Retail Pass Through
No full textTrade promotions are temporary price cuts that manufacturers offer retailers to encourage them to reduce retail prices. While trade promotion spending as a percentage of marketing budget has increased dramatically, the inefficiency of trade promotion represents the “number-one concern” among manufacturers, as indicated by recent trade surveys. At the heart of this dissatisfaction lies manufacturers' concern regarding widespread retailer opportunism with low retail pass through. Our objective is to develop a simple game-theoretic framework to examine the strategic considerations that underlie a retailer's decision to pass through a trade deal. In particular, we are interested in answering the following questions: (I) What and how do product-market characteristics impact the extent of retail opportunism? (II) How can the manufacturer alleviate the retail pass-through problem by strategically supplementing trade promotions with advertising trade deals directly to consumers? To address these issues, we consider a stylized channel with a single manufacturer who serves two customer segments through a single (focal) retailer. We implicitly capture the essence of retail competition by allowing customers to have an outside option: other retailers that customers might search if they deem the price at the focal retailers to be “too high.” Customers differ in their valuation for the manufacturer's product and in the costs they incur when searching for a better price at other retailers. While customers are unaware of the existence of a trade deal in any particular time period, through prior experience they know the frequency of such deals and, furthermore, they update their beliefs about the occurrence of a deal by observing the posted retail price. The retailer decides whether to pass through a deal or not, recognizing the impact of his pass-through policy on customers' search propensity, and hence, their willingness to pay. The main message of the paper is that in an environment where manufacturer offers trade promotions, a retailer may not have the incentive to pass a low wholesale price onto consumers because consumers do not have perfect information about ongoing trade promotions. When consumers observe a high price at the focal retailer and yet are not sure if a trade promotion is on, they may not look around for a low price. Therefore, the retailer can price opportunistically to gain a higher margin by not passing a low price to consumers. However, if the retailer never passes savings on, consumers can infer opportunistic pricing based on prior knowledge of trade promotion frequency and have a higher tendency to shop elsewhere, thus reducing sales volume. The retailer resolves the conflicting incentives by occasionally charging a low price when a trade promotion is on, while posting a high price on other occasions. We find that the extent of retail opportunism depends on product-market characteristics, such as the retailer's clientele and the heterogeneity in consumer search costs, as well as on the characteristics of the manufacturer's trade promotion policy, such as the frequency of trade promotion and the depth of discount offered. When the low-valuation consumers have search costs that make them exit the market when the focal retailer posts a high price, the manufacturer will intervene by advertising his trade promotion directly to consumers, thus performing a channel coordination function. We consider several extensions of the base model—explicit retail competition, differentiated retailers, and heterogeneity in consumers' knowledge about the frequency of trade deals—and show that our results still hold.Trade Promotion, Price Uncertainty, Customer Search, Retail Pass Through, Channel Coordination, Semiseparating Sequential Equilibrium
- …
