145 research outputs found
VARIABLE AND FIXED COSTS IN COMPANY MANAGEMENT
No full textThe cost absorbs all the expenses of production for a company at acertain level of the activity. For eliminating the influence of the fixed costs’sabsorbtion and for a better supervision of other causes of digressions, the managerscan apply the method of rational imputation of the fixed costs. The managers should,in some cases, take into consideration the total costs and not the unit costs. Variablecosts, fixed costs and unit costs should be taken into consideration at all times. Whenmanagers decide on the products to be manufactured, they have to know how theincome and expenses vary along with the changes in the production volume. That iswhy they have to separate the fixed and the variable costs. The identification of avariable or fixed cost helps the manager to forecast the total costs and to take thedecisions based on an existent situation.fixed costs, variable costs, the cost of the under-activity
A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS REGARDING THE EVOLUTION OF PROFIT TAX REGULATIONS IN ROMANIA - AN EMPIRICAL VIEW
No full textThe study conducted a longitudinal analysis regarding Romanian profit tax regulations. Beginning with the first profit tax regulation implemented in 1991 and until now, we analyzed based on a empirical approach all changes that have occurred over time in the Romanian accounting environment. The motivation of the study conducted was based on the strong relationship between accounting and taxation in the Romanian accounting environment over time, the profit tax being one of the main items of this relation. This particular study is divided into five sections. After a short introduction and presenting the motivation of the study (section 1), in section 2 we conducted the literature review based on international and national studies regarding the profit tax regulations through the relationship between accounting and taxation. Section 3 presents a brief review of the main Romanian regulations that concerned the profit tax and the most important changes that have occurred over time. In section 4 we conducted the empirical analysis. In this section is realized a series of analysis, aiming the following: (1) the total number of regulations that have amend the main regulations presented in the previous section; (2) the type of amendments implemented over regulations (abolishment, text amendment, adding new articles or alignments); (3) the total number of amendments approved by law without modifications, respectively the total number of amendments approved on the Official Journal through Government Ordinance or Emergency Ordinance and unapproved by law. The empirical analysis conducted documented that the main shortcoming associated with the profit tax regulation is due by the multiple changes which have been subject of the 5 main profit tax regulations. The last section (section 5) consists in presenting the conclusions of the study. As main conclusion, the profit tax regulation is stable only in terms of the small number of main regulations, the large number of amendments creating difficulties in the understanding and application by practitioners.profit tax regulations, longitudinal analysis, Romania
Lattice-Isomorphic Groups, and Infinite Abelian <i>g</I>-cogalois Field Extensions
No full textThe aim of this paper is to provide a proof of the following result claimed by Albu (Infinite field extensions with Galois-Cogalois correspondence (II), Revue Roumaine Math. Pures Appl. 47 (2002), to appear): The Kneser group Kne(E/F) of an Abelian G-Cogalois extension E/F and the group of continuous characters Ch(Gal(E/F)) of its Galois group Gal(E/F) are isomorphic (in a noncanonical way). The proof we give in this paper explains why such an isomorphism is expected, being based on a classical result of Baer (Amer. J. Math. 61 (1939), 1-44) devoted to the existence of group isomorphisms arising from lattice isomorphisms of their lattices of subgroups.Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice din Invatamantul Superior, Romania; grant of Romanian AcademyThis work was completed during the stay of the first author at the Heinrich-Heine University of Dusseldorf as a Humboldt Fellow in April-June 2001. He is very indebted to the University for hospitality and to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support. He gratefully acknowledges partial support from grant D-7 awarded by the Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice din Invatamantul Superior, Romania. He would also like to thank Mihai Sabac for helpful discussions on characters of locally compact Abelian groups.r The second author gratefully acknowledges partial support from a grant of the Romanian Academy
Chenopodium album (Lamb's-quarters) : Lamb's-quarters
No full textClass: Dicotyledoneae
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Genus: Chenopodium
Species: albu
CALL FOR PAPERS FOR THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
No full textSustainable Development, Accounting and AccountantsContext for the Special IssueAccounting, traditionally considered a tool for optimizing the economic per-formance of entities, has also been perceived as a means for addressing the social and environmental areas of their operations (Unerman et al., 2007; Bebbington et al., 2017; Carnegie et al., 2021) to inform managers seeking to make businesses sustainable (Wenzig et al., 2022; Lambert and Sponem, 2011). Therefore, accountants are regarded, at least potentially, as a crucial element of a company’s contribution to sustainable development (e.g., Tilt, 2009; Albu et al., 2011; Bebbington and Unerman, 2018; 2020; IFAC, 2016; ACCA, 2021). This is not a new notion. In fact, it has been developing over the years as social environmental ac-counting (SEA) and has been evidenced by the involvement of accounting re-searchers, practitioners, and accounting-related organizations in sustainability issues (Chung and Cho, 2018).SEA is defined as the communication of an organization’s social and environmental economic impacts to specific stakeholder groups and the general public. It requires expanding the responsibilities of companies beyond the traditional provision of financial statements to owners of capital, particularly shareholders. This necessity is based on the assumption that companies have responsibilities other than making money for shareholders (Gray et al., 1996, 2017; Carnegie, 2022a, 2022b). As Bebbington et al. (2017) note, the original framing of the SEA literature is concerned with the social and environmental impacts of organiza-tions and accounting (e.g., Gray et al., 1987; Gray et al., 1996). It was recently expanded to explore the interrelationship between sustainability, Sustainable Development Goals, governance, organizing, management, and accounting.SEA has been developing as an area of research in accounting, while the broad understanding of accounting per se has remained unchanged. One of the popular definitions of accounting by the American Accounting Association defines it as “the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of information” (AAA, 1996). Drawing on the extensive accounting literature in the sociological, interpretive and critical tradition since the early 1980s (including Gray et al., 1996), Carnegie et al. (2021) propose to redefine accounting in order to the discipline to reach its full potential for shaping a better world. They proposed the following new multidimensional definition of accounting: “Accounting is a tech-nical, social and moral practice concerned with the sustainable utilization of resources and proper accountability to stakeholders to enable the flourishing of organizations, people and nature” (Carnegie et al., 2021, p. 69). Their proposal poses new challenges for accountants and the organized accounting profession. Principally, accounting information systems and accountants must evolve to respond to sustainability-related concerns by adapting traditional characteristics and developing new, broader concepts and capabilities (Twyford and Abbas, 2023).There are concerns about whether and to what extent the accounting profession may be willing to consider and meet these challenges. As Deegan (2013) argues, the fact that t-accounts, and therefore debits and credits, have been in use since the 1400s, and did not cease to be used after negative numbers were introduced into mathematics, shows that accountants are reluctant to change and inspires little confidence that they are capable of making quick adjustments as environments and technologies transform. This view is support-ed by others (e.g., Wenzig et al., 2022; Krasodomska et al., 2020) who note that accountants express eagerness to learn, though rarely about sustainability. However, this knowledge may prove useful to them in the context of recent changes in the sustainability reporting and assurance landscape, introduced – in the Eu-ropean Union – by the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and – at the global level – by the International Sustainability Standards Board mandated by the Inter-national Financial Reporting Standards Foundation.Guidance for AuthorsAgainst this background, the purpose of this Special Issue is to stimulate the debate on the challenges that contemporary accounting is facing in the con-text of sustainable development. We welcome submissions (ca. 32,000-44,000 characters long) on various aspects related to accounting and sustainability, literature reviews, and conceptual, quantitative, and qualitative studies. Possible topics include but are not limited to:•The contemporary understanding of accounting and the role of the ac-counting profession in relation to the sustainability agenda.•The current state of academic research on accounting and sustainability, sustainability reporting, Sustainable Development Goals reporting and as-surance.•The way existing management accounting systems and practices can sup-port managers in capturing commitment to sustainable development and/or undertaking efforts towards sustainability. •The organizational actors involved in external and internal sustainability reporting and the role of accountants and accounting systems.•The modifications that should be made to accounting education systems to enable them to equip future accountants and managers with the knowledge and skills to meet the challenges of sustainable development and how such modifications should be introduced.•The potential role of digitalization in helping accountants to get more in-volved in sustainability-related topics. The way AI transforms the roles of accountants and assurance providers regarding sustainability reporting and Sustainable Development Goals reporting.•The differences between sustainability-related challenges accountants face in large versus small companies, and whether these challenges are country or industry-specific. •The differences between mandatory versus voluntary sustainability re-porting initiatives in terms of consequences on the reporting quality and organizational responses.•The competencies that accountants or assurance providers need to suc-cessfully collaborate with non-accounting experts in sustainability-related areas. The factors that can facilitate such collaborations. •The way professional accounting organizations support the engagement of the profession in sustainability-related issues in various countries and in-ternationally. The factors that may influence their engagement in this field.•The extent to which accounting (and reporting) systems can address the Sustainable Development Goals and the relationships and interdependencies between them.•The impact of the recent regulatory changes within the European Union related to the forthcoming Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and European Sustainability Reporting Standards on the engagement of the accounting profession in sustainability, sustainability reporting, re-porting on Sustainable Development Goals, and assurance of information provided.•The impact of global changes, including the recent consolidation among the main standard setters and the establishment of the International Sustain-ability Standards Board by the International Financial Reporting Standards Foun-dation on how the accounting profession approaches sustainability.The deadline for submitting papers is 30th June 2024.The accepted papers will be published in December 2024 (Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości/The Theoretical Journal of Accounting, vol. 48, no. 4).To view the author guidelines for this journal, please visit the following page: http://ztr.skwp.pl/resources/html/cms/FORAUTHORS. Submissions for the Special Issue will be made through ICI Publishers Panel:http://ztr.skwp.pl/resources/html/cms/DEPOSITSMANUSCRIPT When submitting an article, please state that your paper is for Special Issue 2024 with Guest Editors in the additional comment in the Publishers Panel Index Copernicus system. The coordinators of this Special Issue are Anna Szychta and Marek Masztalerz ([email protected])
Assessing the impacts of IFRS adoption in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Saudi Arabia
No full textIn 2012, the road map for the transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) entitled “SOCPA Project for the transition to International Accounting and Auditing Standards” was proposed by the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA) alongside the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) and the Capital Market Authority (CMA). Under this convergence plan, the effective adoption date of IFRS standards in Saudi Arabia was set to be January 1, 2017, requiring all listed companies to shift from local GAAP to IFRS. Multiple studies have investigated the implementation of IFRS in the case of developing countries covering the importance of this adoption, its benefits, challenges, and impacts (Barth et al., 2008; Cameran et al., 2014; Sellami & Fakhfakh, 2014; Capkun et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2010). However, less frequent researchers have investigated the IFRS transition and the associated consequences in the case of Saudi Arabia. This thesis fills in the gap of empirically assessing the impacts of IFRS adoption in the case of emerging economies and more precisely in the case of Saudi Arabia covering the impact on earnings’ quality, value relevance of accounting information, Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), and stock market development. This thesis focuses on the adoption of IFRS in the case of Saudi Arabia, one of the leading countries in the emerging MENA region, to assess whether these standards have been beneficial or detrimental. Multiple important factors led to this selection: Saudi Arabia is the largest economy in the Middle Eastern area and a permanent and founding member of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) as well as a participant in the G20 forum and the World Trade Organization (WTO); Moreover, the economy of Saudi Arabia is transitioning to a contemporary market economy from an economic paradigm that is primarily dependent on oil exports. Furthermore, the context of Saudi Arabia that is modeled by the Shariah law has accepted together with other regional particulars, the motivators, and the barriers of the adoption of IFRS. This thesis provides an extensive background on Saudi Arabia considering the country, its demographics, the impact of religion on accounting profession, and the economic development as well as the history of accounting regulation in the country. The quantitative approach adopted to investigate the microeconomic impacts of IFRS adoption includes two main streams, namely earnings’ quality and value relevance of accounting information. For this end, the sample included non-financial listed firms for the period between 2014 and 2019 covering the pre-and post-IFRS adoption years. The sample of earnings’ quality models included 87 firms and 522 firm-year observations; however, the sample for the value relevance of accounting information included 98 firms and 588-firm years observations. To measure earnings’ quality, three hypotheses and in return three models were developed representing earnings smoothing, managing earnings toward a target, and timely loss recognition. However, for the value relevance of accounting information, two models were developed namely the Ohlson basic price model, and the expanded model. The results generated from the statistical analysis significantly confirm the positive impact of IFRS adoption on value relevance of accounting information and more precisely on the value relevance of equity, earnings, and cash flow from operations. Contrariwise, the results fail to provide supporting evidence concerning the positive impact of IFRS adoption on earning’s quality in Saudi Arabia. At the macroeconomic level, the impact of IFRS adoption on FDI and stock market development is assessed using a sample of four GCC countries namely: Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia with a period standing between 1990 and 2020 for FDI and 2005 and 2021 for stock market development. The results generated from the Pedroni panel co-integration and GMM regression analysis reveal that the IFRS adoption does not support the FDI inflows. However, the results of the GLM estimation technique indicate that the adoption of a single set of accounting standards, IFRS, positively and significantly affect the stock market development of Saudi Arabia and three other GCC countries under study. This thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion around the impacts of IFRS adoption in the case of emerging economies. For this end, this thesis is an attempt to assess the impacts of IFRS adoption in the case of a leading emerging economy namely Saudi Arabia which is considered an originality for this thesis. In addition, the primary conclusions drawn from the empirical and statistical research point to the uniqueness of this thesis and are of high and particular significance to academic environment, regulators, practitioners, and standard setters to respond appropriately.In 2012, the road map for the transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) entitled “SOCPA Project for the transition to International Accounting and Auditing Standards” was proposed by the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA) alongside the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) and the Capital Market Authority (CMA). Under this convergence plan, the effective adoption date of IFRS standards in Saudi Arabia was set to be January 1, 2017, requiring all listed companies to shift from local GAAP to IFRS. Multiple studies have investigated the implementation of IFRS in the case of developing countries covering the importance of this adoption, its benefits, challenges, and impacts (Barth et al., 2008; Cameran et al., 2014; Sellami & Fakhfakh, 2014; Capkun et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2010). However, less frequent researchers have investigated the IFRS transition and the associated consequences in the case of Saudi Arabia. This thesis fills in the gap of empirically assessing the impacts of IFRS adoption in the case of emerging economies and more precisely in the case of Saudi Arabia covering the impact on earnings’ quality, value relevance of accounting information, Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), and stock market development. This thesis focuses on the adoption of IFRS in the case of Saudi Arabia, one of the leading countries in the emerging MENA region, to assess whether these standards have been beneficial or detrimental. Multiple important factors led to this selection: Saudi Arabia is the largest economy in the Middle Eastern area and a permanent and founding member of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) as well as a participant in the G20 forum and the World Trade Organization (WTO); Moreover, the economy of Saudi Arabia is transitioning to a contemporary market economy from an economic paradigm that is primarily dependent on oil exports. Furthermore, the context of Saudi Arabia that is modeled by the Shariah law has accepted together with other regional particulars, the motivators, and the barriers of the adoption of IFRS. This thesis provides an extensive background on Saudi Arabia considering the country, its demographics, the impact of religion on accounting profession, and the economic development as well as the history of accounting regulation in the country. The quantitative approach adopted to investigate the microeconomic impacts of IFRS adoption includes two main streams, namely earnings’ quality and value relevance of accounting information. For this end, the sample included non-financial listed firms for the period between 2014 and 2019 covering the pre-and post-IFRS adoption years. The sample of earnings’ quality models included 87 firms and 522 firm-year observations; however, the sample for the value relevance of accounting information included 98 firms and 588-firm years observations. To measure earnings’ quality, three hypotheses and in return three models were developed representing earnings smoothing, managing earnings toward a target, and timely loss recognition. However, for the value relevance of accounting information, two models were developed namely the Ohlson basic price model, and the expanded model. The results generated from the statistical analysis significantly confirm the positive impact of IFRS adoption on value relevance of accounting information and more precisely on the value relevance of equity, earnings, and cash flow from operations. Contrariwise, the results fail to provide supporting evidence concerning the positive impact of IFRS adoption on earning’s quality in Saudi Arabia. At the macroeconomic level, the impact of IFRS adoption on FDI and stock market development is assessed using a sample of four GCC countries namely: Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia with a period standing between 1990 and 2020 for FDI and 2005 and 2021 for stock market development. The results generated from the Pedroni panel co-integration and GMM regression analysis reveal that the IFRS adoption does not support the FDI inflows. However, the results of the GLM estimation technique indicate that the adoption of a single set of accounting standards, IFRS, positively and significantly affect the stock market development of Saudi Arabia and three other GCC countries under study. This thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion around the impacts of IFRS adoption in the case of emerging economies. For this end, this thesis is an attempt to assess the impacts of IFRS adoption in the case of a leading emerging economy namely Saudi Arabia which is considered an originality for this thesis. In addition, the primary conclusions drawn from the empirical and statistical research point to the uniqueness of this thesis and are of high and particular significance to academic environment, regulators, practitioners, and standard setters to respond appropriately
Amaranthus albus (Tumble weed) : Tumble weed
No full textClass: Dicotyledoneae
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Amaranthus
Species: albu
Exploring the Recent Evolution of the Accounting Profession in Romania – An Institutional Approach
No full textThis paper mobilizes an institutionalism-based approach in order to discuss the factors influencing the recent evolution of the Romanian accounting profession and to advance a tentative prognosis. Using the case of Romania as context for the study, we illustrate how a national profession aligned to the main international requirements, but also remaining connected to local features in many cases. Using multiple sources to collect data, we discuss the main stages in the profession's evolution (formation, proliferation, and consolidation), the inter- and intra-professional conflicts, and the pressures for change. I argue that national professional bodies should consider themselves in competition with the international ones, in order to result mimetic and normative isomorphism which would be of benefit for the local profession. Therefore, the paper contributes to the research on the global – local dialectic in the accounting profession and has implications for the literature on the accounting profession, but also for professional bodies and academia
LE CONTRÔLE DE GESTION EN ROUMANIE – UN ESSAI D'IDENTIFICATION DES PRATIQUES ET PROPOSITIONS DE RECHERCHE
No full textInternational audienceLes changements radicaux dans l'environnement interne et externe de l'entreprise ont créé des nouvelles exigences et possibilités pour faire de la recherche en contrôle de gestion dans les économies en transition. Cet article se propose d'identifier quelques directions pour faire de la recherche en contrôle de gestion en Roumanie. Dans ce but, on réalise une revue des études menées dans d'autres économies en transition et on essaie d'identifier des pratiques de contrôle de gestion utilisées en Roumanie en examinant 48 annonces d'offres d'emploi dans ce domaine
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