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CAMBIAMENTI ANTERO POSTERIORI DELLA TOPOGRAFIA CORTICALE DELL'EEG DI SONNO NEI PRIMI 3 ANNI DI VITA
No full textParasomnias in children
No full textThe International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2) defines parasomnias as "undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, within sleep, or during arousal from sleep." Parasomnias in childhood are common, more often benign, self-limited and typically resolving in adolescence. However, for the diagnosis it is often difficult to distinguish between other epileptic and/or non-epileptic events during sleep. Polysomnography is not always sufficient for the diagnosis and video polysomnography may be indicated to assist in the definition of parasomnias or other sleep disruption thought to be seizure related or in a presumed parasomnia, especially when it is not possible for the clinician to identify the etiology of the motor activity in sleep. The correct recognition of parasomnias is important to avoid misdiagnosis and to choose the appropriate treatment, when needed. We review here the main form of childhood parasomnias divided into three groups: 1) disorders of arousal (from NREM sleep); 2) parasomnias usually associated with REM sleep; 3) other parasomnias. Further studies are needed to elucidate the genetics, the pathophysiology and the triggering factors and also to clarify the relationship between NREM sleep structure and the occurrence of the episodes. © 2008 Steinkopff-Verlag
Sleep cyclic alternating pattern and cognition in children: a review.
No full textSeveral studies have been recently focused on the relationship between sleep cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and daytime cognitive performance, supporting the idea that the CAP slow components may play a role in sleep-related cognitive processes. Based on the results of these reports, it can be hypothesized that the analysis of CAP might be helpful in characterizing sleep microstructure patterns of different phenotypes of intellectual disability and a series of studies has been carried out that are reviewed in this paper. First the studies exploring the correlations between CAP and cognitive performance in normal adults and children are described; then, those analyzing the correlation between CAP and cognitive patterns of several developmental conditions with neurocognitive dysfunction (with or without mental retardation) are reported in detail in order to achieve a unitary view of the role of CAP in these conditions that allows to detect a particular "sleep microstructure phenotype" of children with neurologic/neuropsychiatric disorders. © 2013 Elsevier B.V
Relationships between headache and sleep in a non-clinical population of children and adolescents
No full textBackground: Headache and sleep are related in different ways and alterations of chronobiological mechanisms are involved in headache. We investigated the relationships between headache and sleep quality in a large non-clinical population of children and adolescents and evaluated the relationship between headache and circadian typologies. Methods: A total of 1073 children and adolescents (50.9% males; mean age = 10.56; range = 8-15 years) were recruited from four schools in Rome. They filled out the questionnaires individually in classrooms, after brief group instruction about answer formats. The questionnaires included (a) a self-report headache questionnaire to collect information on different aspects of headache attacks based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders-2nd edition (ICHD-2); (b) the School Sleep Habits Survey that incorporated questions about sleep habits, the Sleep-Wake Problems Behaviour Scale (SWPBS), the Sleepiness Scale (SLS) and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Results: According to ICHD-2 criteria, we classified 70 (6.5%) children as Migraine Group (MG), 135 (12.7%) as Non-Migraine Headache Group (NMG), and the remaining 868 (80.8%) were classified as Headache-Free Group (HFG). No clear differences have been found between MG and NMG regarding the frequency of the attacks, although MG showed a significantly increased frequency of long-lasting attacks. The modality of onset of pain and the location of pain was similar in both groups. The most frequent triggering factor for headache in MG and NMG was "a bad sleep" (32.2%) followed by emotional distress (27.8%). No differences have been found between MG, NMG and HFG in sleep schedule or sleep duration. MG and NMG showed significantly higher scores on the SWPBS vs. HFG, while MG presented higher scores on the SLS compared to NMG and HFG. MG presented lower MEQ scores, indicating a more pronounced eveningness. Conclusions: The relationships between headache and sleep problems are evident even in a non-clinical population of children and adolescents, with MG showing poorer sleep quality, sleepiness and a tendency toward eveningness. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
NREM sleep instability in children with sleep terrors: The role of slow wave activity interruptions
No full textObjective: To evaluate NREM sleep instability, as measured by the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), in children with sleep terrors (ST) vs. normal controls. Methods: Ten boys (mean age: 8.5 years, range 5-13) meeting the following inclusion criteria: (a) complaint of ST several times a month, (b) a history of ST confirmed by a third person, and (c) a diagnosis of ST according to the ICSD-2 criteria. Eleven age-matched control children with parental report of at least 8.5 h of nightly sleep, absence of known daytime consequences of sleep disorders were recruited by advertisement from the community. Sleep was visually scored for sleep macrostructure and CAP using standard criteria. Results: Sleep macrostructure showed only a significantly increased number of awakenings per hour and reduced sleep efficiency in ST subjects. CAP parameters analysis revealed several significant differences in ST vs. controls: an increase of total CAP rate in SWS, of A1 index in SWS and of the mean duration of A phases while B phases had a decreased duration, exclusively in SWS. The normalized CAP interval-distribution graphs showed significant differences in SWS with interval classes 10 ≤ i < 35 s higher in children with ST and intervals classes above 50 s higher in normal controls. Conclusions: Children with ST showed faster alternations of the amplitude of slow EEG bursts during SWS. This abnormally fast alternation of the EEG amplitude in SWS is linked to the frequent intrusion of CAP B phases interrupting the continuity of slow delta activity and could be considered as a neurophysiological marker of ST. Significance: This abnormal alternation of the EEG amplitude in SWS is associated with the occurrence of parasomnias and might be considered as a neurophysiological marker of disorders of arousal. © 2008 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
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